POLITENESS STRATEGIES OF FIVE YEARS OLD CHILDREN.
ABSTRACT
Ningrum, Arie Wahyu. Registration Number: 81326112003. Politeness
Strategies Of Five Years Old Children. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic
Study Program. Post Graduate Program. State University of Medan. 2016.
This study dealt with The Politeness Strategies of Five Years Old Children. It
employs descriptive qualitative research method. This study was aimed to
describe: (1) the types of politeness strategy used by five-years-old children in
requesting something in their social environment, (2) the process of using
politeness strategies by five-years-old children in requesting something in their
social interaction, (3) the reason of using politeness strategies in requesting
something by five-years-old children in their social interaction. The subjects of
the study were 5 children of five years old of PAUD Khairin Kids Medan. The
instruments used in this study are observation and note taking. All the utterances
which are related to politeness strategies that producing by the children was to
rewrite down in the note. All types of Politeness Strategies were used by five
years old children namely: (1) Bald on record, (2) Positive Politeness, (3)
Negative Politeness, and (4) Off Record and (5) Adult Suggestion. But there were
two of the subjects only used three types of politeness strategies. The dominant
type are used is bald on record strategy. In producing politeness strategies the five
subjects of five years old used directive request and indirective request, where
directive request was dominant used. Furthermore, the reasons why do the
children of five years old used politeness strategies because their cognitive and
psychosocial were developed.
ABSTRAK
Ningrum, Arie Wahyu. NIM: 81326112003. Strategi Kesopanan Berbahasa
oleh Anak Usia Lima Tahun. Tesis. Program Studi Lingusitik Terapan
Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan.2016.
Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan kajian tentang Strategi Kesopanan Berbahasa
Anak Usia Lima Tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif
kualitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan, (1) Tipe-tipe dari
strategi kesopanan berbahasa yang digunakan anak usia lima tahun dalam
meminta sesuatu dalam interaksi sosial, (2) Proses penggunaan strategi
kesopanan berbahasa anak usia lima tahun dalam meminta sesuatu dalam
interaksi sosial, (3) Alasan-alasan dalam penggunaan strategi kesopanan dalam
meminta sesuatu oleh anak usia lima tahun di interaksi sosial. Subjek penelitian
ini adalah lima orang anak usia lima tahun di PAUD Khairin Kids Medan.
Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi dan
pengambilan catatan. Semua ujaran yang berhubungan dengan strategi kesopanan
berbahasa yang diproduksi oleh subjek ditulis kembali kedalam catatan.
Berdasarkan analysis data semua tipe strategi kesopanan berbahasa digunakan
oleh anak usia lima tahun, yaitu: (1) bald on record (disampaikan secara
langsung), (2) Kesopanan yang positif, (3) kesopanan yang negatif, dan (4) off
record (disampaikan secara tidak langsung) dan (5) Saran dari orang dewasa.
Tetapi ada dua dari subjek penelitian hanya menggunakan tiga tipe dari semua
tipe strategi kesopanan berbahasa. Tipe yang paling dominan digunakan adalah
tipe bald on record (disampaikan secara langsung). Dalam memproduksi strategi
kesopanan berbahasa didalam meminta sesuatu anak usia lima tahun
menggunakan cara meminta yang langsung dan meminta yang tidak langsung.
Dimana cara meminta yang langsung lebih dominan digunakan. Adapun alasan
lain, mengapa anak usia lima tahun menggunakan strategi kesopanan berbahasa
dalam meminta sesuatu karena kemampuan kognitif dan psikososial mereka
sudah berkembang.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to thank Allah SWT, the most gracious
and the most merciful for blessing her to write this thesis. This study is concerned
with politeness strategies of five years old children. It is submitted to the English
Applied Linguistics Study Program of the Postgraduate School, the State
University of Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Magister Humaniora. In particular, the writer would like to address her deep
thankfulness to the Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd, her first Advise for her time spent
in guiding, correcting and supporting her to complete this thesis, Prof. Dr. Sri
Minda Murni, M.S, her second Adviser for her super attention in giving the
support, suggestion, comments and ideas from the beginning of writing of this
thesis until the present. The writer also expresses her great gratitude to Dr.
Rahmad Husein, Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S, and Farid Ma’ruf, Head,
Secretary and Staff of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program for their
assistance in completing the administrative procedures. She is deeply grateful to
all the lecturers who have given the valuable knowledge and experiences during
her study in this university. Special thanks are expressed to her examiners: Prof.
Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa
Tangkas, M.Hum for their criticisms and suggestion in improving this thesis.
A very special gratitude is given for her beloved parents, Hidayati and
Supriadi (Alm) for sincerely love, big support, motivation and a great pray.
Thanks for your love. Her Beloved Brother, Arief Budiman, who always be her
motivator, always give all that her need, thanks for the big effort in serving her till
she finished her second study in the university. Her beloved sister and her
husband, Vera Werdaningsih, A.Ma and Kopda Tekad Gunarso, and also Her
beloved sister and husband Nurkholika and Sukirman, thanks for the great spirit
for her to finish her study well. And to her lovely niece Haura Zalfa Arindha and
Queen Asyitta Zarqa and also her handsome nephew Quthbi Athifal Azrie, thanks
to give your aunty the funny and cheer spirit.
Thanks to the Head of Khairin Education Centre, Dra. Hj. Murni, M.A and
H. Burhanuddin, S.H, M.H and also as her parents, thanks for the big attention on
her, always give her support and advice as long as finish this thesis. And her
partner, her best friend Khairina Ramadhani Lubis, S.Pd.I, M.Hum, thanks to
always be her partner, and it is the time they get the Master degree. All of the
educators of PAUD Khairin Kids (Nita, Omi, Linda, Novi, Asma, Ria, Lita, Dwi,
Lila, Maya and Shishi) thanks for all the understanding her during finished this
study.
Finally, she would like to thank to all friends in English Applied
Linguistics Study Program B1 2013, all her sisters in boarding house (Syam,
Ririn, Puri, Lailan, Rizky and Indah), and all her friends who cannot be mentioned
here for giving the valuable support in finishing this thesis. May Allah SWT
always bless us.
Medan, 10 March 2016
Arie Wahyu Ningrum
Registration Number: 8136112003
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
……………………………………………….
ABSTRAK
………………………………………………
ACKNOWWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………
TABLE OF CONTENT
………………………………………
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………
LIST OF FIGURE
………………………………………………
LIST OF APPENDIXES …………………………………………..
i
ii
iii
v
vii
viii
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………
1.1 The Background of the Study
………………………………
1.2 The Problems of the Study
………………………………
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
………………………………
1.4 The Scope of the Study
………………………………
1.5 The Significance of the Study
………………………………
1
1
6
7
7
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
…………………………
A. Theoretical Framework
…………………………
2.1 The Nature of Pragmatics
………………………………..
2.2 Conversational Analysis
……………………………….
2.3 Children of Five Years Old
………………………………
2.4 Cognitive Developmental of Five Years Old…………………
2.5 Psychosocial Developmental of Five Years Old ……………..
2.6 Politeness ……………………………………………………….
2.7 Politeness Strategies
……………………………………….
2.8 Types of Politeness Strategies ……………………………….
2.8.1 Bald on Record Strategy ………………………………..
2.8.2 Positive Politeness Strategy
………………………..
2.8.3 Negative Politeness Strategy
………………………..
2.8.4 Off – Record Strategy
………………………...
2.9 Speech Act and Theory Request
…………………………
2.10 The Process of Politeness Strategies
…………………………
2.10.1. Directive Request (Impossitives) …………………………
2.10.1.1 Imperatives Request
…………………………
2.10.1.2 Interrogatives Request
…………………
2.10.1.3 Declaratives Request
…………………………
2.10.2 Indirect Request
…………………………………
2.10.2.1 Conventionally Indirect ………………………
2.10.2.2 Non-conventional Indirect …………………………
9
9
9
11
13
16
18
19
21
24
25
28
29
31
32
34
35
35
36
36
37
38
39
B. Relevance of the Studies
C. Conceptual Framework
…………………………………
…………………………………
CHAPTER III
THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
…………………………
3.1 Research Design
…………………………………
3.2 The Subjects of the Study
………………………………….
3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection
………………………….
3.4 The Technique of Data Collection
………………………….
3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Study
………………………….
3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis
…………………………..
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ……………..
A. The Data Analysis………………………………………………….
4.1 Types of Politeness Strategies used By Children
of Five Years Old in Request Something …………………….
4.1.1 Bald On Record Strategy………………………………
4.1.2 Positive Politeness Strategy …………………..………
4.1.3 Negative Politeness Strategy ………………… ……….
4.1.4 Off Record Strategy …………………..………………
4.1.5 Adult Suggestion ………………………………………
4.2 The Process of Politeness Strategy in Request Something………..
4.2.1. Directive Request (Impossitives)…………………………
4.2.1.1 Imperatives Request
…………………………
4.2.1.2 Interrogatives Request
…………………
4.2.1.3 Declaratives Request
…………………………
4.2.2 Indirect Request
…………………………………
4.2.2.1 Conventionally Indirect
………………………
4.2.2.2 Non-conventional Indirect …………………………
4.3 The Reasons of Using Politeness Strategy in Request Something…….
4.3.1 Cognitive Development of Children of five year old………….
4.3.2 Psychosocial Developmental of Children of Five Years old……
40
41
43
43
43
44
44
45
46
49
49
48
51
60
64
69
73
76
77
77
79
80
78
82
84
86
86
88
B. Findings ……………………………………………………………...
90
C. Discussion …………………………………………………………..
91
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS…………………………….
A. Conclusions ……………………………………………………
B. Suggestion ………………………………………………………
93
93
93
REFERENCES
95
………………………………………………
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The Occurrence of Politeness Strategies
in Request something Used by Student
to Student of Five Years Old ……………………………………
50
Table 2. The Occurrence of Politeness Strategies
in Request something Used by Student to Teacher ……………
51
Table.3 The Occurrence Of Process of Politeness
Strategies by Children of Five Year Old ……………………….
77
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. Possible Strategies for Doing FTA ………………………….
23
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix 1. Politeness Strategies Produced by Children
of Five Years Old ………………………………………..
98
Appendix 2. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The First Subject …………………………
108
Appendix 3. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The Second Subject ………………………
110
Appendix 4. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The Third Subject ……………………….
112
Appendix 5. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The Fourth Subject ………………………..
114
Appendix 6. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The Fifth Subject ………………………….
115
Appendix 7. The Process of Using Politeness Strategies
of Requesting Something …………………………………
116
Appendix 8. The Utterances of Politeness Strategies
by The Subjects …………………………………………
123
Appendix 9. The Biography of The Subject …………………………
126
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, the conclusions were stated as follows:
1. The children of five years old in PAUD Khairin Kids Medan were used
all types of politeness strategies in request something, they were, bald on
record; positive politeness; negative politeness, and off record strategy.
And the dominant type of politeness strategy used was bald on record.
2. The children of five year old used directive ways and indirective request
in producing politeness strategy.
3. There are two reasons of children used politeness strategies when they
want to request something, but for this research, the children of five years
old have a reason why they used politeness strategies, one of them
because their cognitive have been developed, besides it, their
psychosocial also grow up and help them used more various way in
request something.
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusion stated above, this research has some suggestions
to the readers, such as
1. It is suggested to parent as the first teacher at home to guide the children of
five years old politeness strategies in order to make them acquire and
master it quickly. Even though, their cognitive have increased as they grow
up, but they should be taught about many things include how to used
politeness strategies especially in request someone to do something.
2. In order to their capability in using politeness strategies, teacher also have a
big role to help them in using politeness in request something, it’s because
they are still early learner so they need a guide to apply their understanding
about politeness strategies.
3. In relation with the findings of this research, it will be very interest if the
others people will find another reason why children of five years are using
politeness strategies in request something.
REFERENCES
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Barron,Anne. 2003. Acquisition in Interlanguage Pragmatics: Learning How to
Do Things With Words in a Study-Abroad Context. John Benjamins.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, House, Juliane and Kasper, Gabriele 1989
CrossCultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood: N.J. Ablex.
Bogdan and Biklen. 1992.Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction
Theory and Methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Brown, P., and Levinson, S. 1987. Politeness, Some Universals in Language
Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Clark, E.V.2003. First Language Acquisition. New York: Cambrigde University
Press
Dagarin, M. 2004. Classroom interaction and communication strategies in
learning English. Journal of Studies in the English language and literature
in Slovenia I: 1-2
Davison, Alice.1975.“Indirect speechacts and what to do withthem”. In Syntax
and Semantics 3: speech acts, P. Cole and J. Morgan, 143–185. New
York: Academic Press
Dewi, Khairina.2014.Politeness Strategies used in Directive Speech Acts in
Classroom Interaction. Medan: Postgraduate School, State University of
Medan.
Eelen, Gino.2001. A critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester. Jerome
Publishing Eisenstein, M. and Bodman, J. W. 1986. “I very appreciate”:
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English.AppliedLinguistics,7,167-185.
Elfrida, R. 2012. Pragmatics. Medan: Universitas HKBP Nomensen.
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Gibbs, Raymond. 1979. “Contextual e ects in understanding indirect requests”.
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Gleason and Ratner.1998.Psycholinguistics. Forth Worth: Holt, Rinehart and
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Goody, E. N. 1978. Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social
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Green, Georgia.1975 .“How to get people to do things with words”. In Syntax
and Semantics 3: Speech Acts, P. Cole and J. Morgan (eds), 107–141.
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Grundy, P. 1995. Doing Pragmatics. New York: E. Arnold.
Holmes, J. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. London and New
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Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1989). Language, context, and text: Aspect of
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Janney, Richard W. and Horst Arndt. 1993. Universality and Relativity in
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Ningrum, Arie Wahyu. Registration Number: 81326112003. Politeness
Strategies Of Five Years Old Children. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistic
Study Program. Post Graduate Program. State University of Medan. 2016.
This study dealt with The Politeness Strategies of Five Years Old Children. It
employs descriptive qualitative research method. This study was aimed to
describe: (1) the types of politeness strategy used by five-years-old children in
requesting something in their social environment, (2) the process of using
politeness strategies by five-years-old children in requesting something in their
social interaction, (3) the reason of using politeness strategies in requesting
something by five-years-old children in their social interaction. The subjects of
the study were 5 children of five years old of PAUD Khairin Kids Medan. The
instruments used in this study are observation and note taking. All the utterances
which are related to politeness strategies that producing by the children was to
rewrite down in the note. All types of Politeness Strategies were used by five
years old children namely: (1) Bald on record, (2) Positive Politeness, (3)
Negative Politeness, and (4) Off Record and (5) Adult Suggestion. But there were
two of the subjects only used three types of politeness strategies. The dominant
type are used is bald on record strategy. In producing politeness strategies the five
subjects of five years old used directive request and indirective request, where
directive request was dominant used. Furthermore, the reasons why do the
children of five years old used politeness strategies because their cognitive and
psychosocial were developed.
ABSTRAK
Ningrum, Arie Wahyu. NIM: 81326112003. Strategi Kesopanan Berbahasa
oleh Anak Usia Lima Tahun. Tesis. Program Studi Lingusitik Terapan
Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan.2016.
Penelitian ini berkenaan dengan kajian tentang Strategi Kesopanan Berbahasa
Anak Usia Lima Tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif
kualitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan, (1) Tipe-tipe dari
strategi kesopanan berbahasa yang digunakan anak usia lima tahun dalam
meminta sesuatu dalam interaksi sosial, (2) Proses penggunaan strategi
kesopanan berbahasa anak usia lima tahun dalam meminta sesuatu dalam
interaksi sosial, (3) Alasan-alasan dalam penggunaan strategi kesopanan dalam
meminta sesuatu oleh anak usia lima tahun di interaksi sosial. Subjek penelitian
ini adalah lima orang anak usia lima tahun di PAUD Khairin Kids Medan.
Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi dan
pengambilan catatan. Semua ujaran yang berhubungan dengan strategi kesopanan
berbahasa yang diproduksi oleh subjek ditulis kembali kedalam catatan.
Berdasarkan analysis data semua tipe strategi kesopanan berbahasa digunakan
oleh anak usia lima tahun, yaitu: (1) bald on record (disampaikan secara
langsung), (2) Kesopanan yang positif, (3) kesopanan yang negatif, dan (4) off
record (disampaikan secara tidak langsung) dan (5) Saran dari orang dewasa.
Tetapi ada dua dari subjek penelitian hanya menggunakan tiga tipe dari semua
tipe strategi kesopanan berbahasa. Tipe yang paling dominan digunakan adalah
tipe bald on record (disampaikan secara langsung). Dalam memproduksi strategi
kesopanan berbahasa didalam meminta sesuatu anak usia lima tahun
menggunakan cara meminta yang langsung dan meminta yang tidak langsung.
Dimana cara meminta yang langsung lebih dominan digunakan. Adapun alasan
lain, mengapa anak usia lima tahun menggunakan strategi kesopanan berbahasa
dalam meminta sesuatu karena kemampuan kognitif dan psikososial mereka
sudah berkembang.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, the writer would like to thank Allah SWT, the most gracious
and the most merciful for blessing her to write this thesis. This study is concerned
with politeness strategies of five years old children. It is submitted to the English
Applied Linguistics Study Program of the Postgraduate School, the State
University of Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Magister Humaniora. In particular, the writer would like to address her deep
thankfulness to the Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd, her first Advise for her time spent
in guiding, correcting and supporting her to complete this thesis, Prof. Dr. Sri
Minda Murni, M.S, her second Adviser for her super attention in giving the
support, suggestion, comments and ideas from the beginning of writing of this
thesis until the present. The writer also expresses her great gratitude to Dr.
Rahmad Husein, Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S, and Farid Ma’ruf, Head,
Secretary and Staff of the English Applied Linguistics Study Program for their
assistance in completing the administrative procedures. She is deeply grateful to
all the lecturers who have given the valuable knowledge and experiences during
her study in this university. Special thanks are expressed to her examiners: Prof.
Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd, Dr. Zainuddin, M.Hum and Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa
Tangkas, M.Hum for their criticisms and suggestion in improving this thesis.
A very special gratitude is given for her beloved parents, Hidayati and
Supriadi (Alm) for sincerely love, big support, motivation and a great pray.
Thanks for your love. Her Beloved Brother, Arief Budiman, who always be her
motivator, always give all that her need, thanks for the big effort in serving her till
she finished her second study in the university. Her beloved sister and her
husband, Vera Werdaningsih, A.Ma and Kopda Tekad Gunarso, and also Her
beloved sister and husband Nurkholika and Sukirman, thanks for the great spirit
for her to finish her study well. And to her lovely niece Haura Zalfa Arindha and
Queen Asyitta Zarqa and also her handsome nephew Quthbi Athifal Azrie, thanks
to give your aunty the funny and cheer spirit.
Thanks to the Head of Khairin Education Centre, Dra. Hj. Murni, M.A and
H. Burhanuddin, S.H, M.H and also as her parents, thanks for the big attention on
her, always give her support and advice as long as finish this thesis. And her
partner, her best friend Khairina Ramadhani Lubis, S.Pd.I, M.Hum, thanks to
always be her partner, and it is the time they get the Master degree. All of the
educators of PAUD Khairin Kids (Nita, Omi, Linda, Novi, Asma, Ria, Lita, Dwi,
Lila, Maya and Shishi) thanks for all the understanding her during finished this
study.
Finally, she would like to thank to all friends in English Applied
Linguistics Study Program B1 2013, all her sisters in boarding house (Syam,
Ririn, Puri, Lailan, Rizky and Indah), and all her friends who cannot be mentioned
here for giving the valuable support in finishing this thesis. May Allah SWT
always bless us.
Medan, 10 March 2016
Arie Wahyu Ningrum
Registration Number: 8136112003
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT
……………………………………………….
ABSTRAK
………………………………………………
ACKNOWWLEDGEMENT ………………………………………
TABLE OF CONTENT
………………………………………
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………
LIST OF FIGURE
………………………………………………
LIST OF APPENDIXES …………………………………………..
i
ii
iii
v
vii
viii
ix
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………
1.1 The Background of the Study
………………………………
1.2 The Problems of the Study
………………………………
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
………………………………
1.4 The Scope of the Study
………………………………
1.5 The Significance of the Study
………………………………
1
1
6
7
7
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
…………………………
A. Theoretical Framework
…………………………
2.1 The Nature of Pragmatics
………………………………..
2.2 Conversational Analysis
……………………………….
2.3 Children of Five Years Old
………………………………
2.4 Cognitive Developmental of Five Years Old…………………
2.5 Psychosocial Developmental of Five Years Old ……………..
2.6 Politeness ……………………………………………………….
2.7 Politeness Strategies
……………………………………….
2.8 Types of Politeness Strategies ……………………………….
2.8.1 Bald on Record Strategy ………………………………..
2.8.2 Positive Politeness Strategy
………………………..
2.8.3 Negative Politeness Strategy
………………………..
2.8.4 Off – Record Strategy
………………………...
2.9 Speech Act and Theory Request
…………………………
2.10 The Process of Politeness Strategies
…………………………
2.10.1. Directive Request (Impossitives) …………………………
2.10.1.1 Imperatives Request
…………………………
2.10.1.2 Interrogatives Request
…………………
2.10.1.3 Declaratives Request
…………………………
2.10.2 Indirect Request
…………………………………
2.10.2.1 Conventionally Indirect ………………………
2.10.2.2 Non-conventional Indirect …………………………
9
9
9
11
13
16
18
19
21
24
25
28
29
31
32
34
35
35
36
36
37
38
39
B. Relevance of the Studies
C. Conceptual Framework
…………………………………
…………………………………
CHAPTER III
THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
…………………………
3.1 Research Design
…………………………………
3.2 The Subjects of the Study
………………………………….
3.3 The Instrument of Data Collection
………………………….
3.4 The Technique of Data Collection
………………………….
3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Study
………………………….
3.6 The Technique of Data Analysis
…………………………..
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION ……………..
A. The Data Analysis………………………………………………….
4.1 Types of Politeness Strategies used By Children
of Five Years Old in Request Something …………………….
4.1.1 Bald On Record Strategy………………………………
4.1.2 Positive Politeness Strategy …………………..………
4.1.3 Negative Politeness Strategy ………………… ……….
4.1.4 Off Record Strategy …………………..………………
4.1.5 Adult Suggestion ………………………………………
4.2 The Process of Politeness Strategy in Request Something………..
4.2.1. Directive Request (Impossitives)…………………………
4.2.1.1 Imperatives Request
…………………………
4.2.1.2 Interrogatives Request
…………………
4.2.1.3 Declaratives Request
…………………………
4.2.2 Indirect Request
…………………………………
4.2.2.1 Conventionally Indirect
………………………
4.2.2.2 Non-conventional Indirect …………………………
4.3 The Reasons of Using Politeness Strategy in Request Something…….
4.3.1 Cognitive Development of Children of five year old………….
4.3.2 Psychosocial Developmental of Children of Five Years old……
40
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43
43
43
44
44
45
46
49
49
48
51
60
64
69
73
76
77
77
79
80
78
82
84
86
86
88
B. Findings ……………………………………………………………...
90
C. Discussion …………………………………………………………..
91
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS…………………………….
A. Conclusions ……………………………………………………
B. Suggestion ………………………………………………………
93
93
93
REFERENCES
95
………………………………………………
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The Occurrence of Politeness Strategies
in Request something Used by Student
to Student of Five Years Old ……………………………………
50
Table 2. The Occurrence of Politeness Strategies
in Request something Used by Student to Teacher ……………
51
Table.3 The Occurrence Of Process of Politeness
Strategies by Children of Five Year Old ……………………….
77
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1. Possible Strategies for Doing FTA ………………………….
23
LIST OF APPENDIXES
Appendix 1. Politeness Strategies Produced by Children
of Five Years Old ………………………………………..
98
Appendix 2. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The First Subject …………………………
108
Appendix 3. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The Second Subject ………………………
110
Appendix 4. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The Third Subject ……………………….
112
Appendix 5. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The Fourth Subject ………………………..
114
Appendix 6. Politeness Strategies in Requesting Something
Produced by The Fifth Subject ………………………….
115
Appendix 7. The Process of Using Politeness Strategies
of Requesting Something …………………………………
116
Appendix 8. The Utterances of Politeness Strategies
by The Subjects …………………………………………
123
Appendix 9. The Biography of The Subject …………………………
126
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the data, the conclusions were stated as follows:
1. The children of five years old in PAUD Khairin Kids Medan were used
all types of politeness strategies in request something, they were, bald on
record; positive politeness; negative politeness, and off record strategy.
And the dominant type of politeness strategy used was bald on record.
2. The children of five year old used directive ways and indirective request
in producing politeness strategy.
3. There are two reasons of children used politeness strategies when they
want to request something, but for this research, the children of five years
old have a reason why they used politeness strategies, one of them
because their cognitive have been developed, besides it, their
psychosocial also grow up and help them used more various way in
request something.
B. Suggestions
Based on the conclusion stated above, this research has some suggestions
to the readers, such as
1. It is suggested to parent as the first teacher at home to guide the children of
five years old politeness strategies in order to make them acquire and
master it quickly. Even though, their cognitive have increased as they grow
up, but they should be taught about many things include how to used
politeness strategies especially in request someone to do something.
2. In order to their capability in using politeness strategies, teacher also have a
big role to help them in using politeness in request something, it’s because
they are still early learner so they need a guide to apply their understanding
about politeness strategies.
3. In relation with the findings of this research, it will be very interest if the
others people will find another reason why children of five years are using
politeness strategies in request something.
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