Coastal ecosystem can be divided into 3 main ecosystems, namely: mangrove, coral reef and seagrass.
2.1.1. Mangrove Ecosystem
Mangrove ecosystem is a peculiar habitat because it is found on the boundary of land and sea. This ecosystem is important coastal natural resources
because it supports other animal life. Change of mangrove ecosystem will bring impact on other ecosystem such as coral and seagrass ecosystems. Based on
existing potencies and its protection function, mangrove ecosystem is very supporting sustainable coastal resources ecosystem.
The complexity of the mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia is different from one area to another place, depending on the coastal physiography and the tidal on
which along with the straight coastal area, the mangrove growth in relatively narrow, 25 to 50 m, while in the deltas where the river flows bring some
materials, such as mud and sands, the mangrove can growth very well and spread out widely throughout the coast. Basically, the zonation in mangrove forest is
grouped naturally based topographical condition, tidal frequency, stability, sedimentation, watersoil salinity, etc Moosa et al, 1996
2.1.2. Coral Reef Ecosystem
Coral reef is specific habitat that provides shelter, food and breeding sites for numerous plants and animals. Coral reef development occurs only in areas
with specific environmental characteristic: a solid structure for the base; warm and predictable water temperatures; oceanic salinities, clear, transparent waters low in
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phosphate and nitrogen nutrients, and moderate wave action to disperse wastes and bring oxygen and plankton to the reef Halili, 2001.
Physically, coral reef is important material for protecting an island. In some conditions, coral reef can protect coastal such as erosion hazard, current and
wave. For biological resources, coral reef ecosystem can generate many kinds of species such as fish, alga, mollusks, pearl, etc. Meanwhile, the role of coral reef
for aesthetics value, it is can offer beautiful view Nontji, 1987.
2.1.3. Seagrass Ecosystem
Seagrass is an ecosystem that grows by marine flowering plants species called seagrass. This ecosystem is very important component of coastal
ecosystem along tropical, temperate and subartic coasts. It has already been found on lowest seawater level until light sun penetrate depth. Seagrass ecosystem has a
very important role in coastal ecosystem because of its location between mangrove and coral reef ecosystems, which has function to export important
nutrients to surrounding ecosystems. The most important area for seagrass is the lower intertidal and upper
subtidal zone, where the complex vegetation may occur in which 7 – 8 species grow together Moosa et al, 1996. Furthermore, seagrass can interact with other
ecosystems through several mechanisms. Seagrass beds are important to finfish communities worldwide on which in the tropics, many nearshore and offshore
fisheries are closely linked to seagrass and to adjacent mangrove and coral reef as well. And also provide major habitat and food sources for a large variety of
finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, marine reptiles and mammals.
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2.2. Coastal Region Master Zoning and Planning
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