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when heshe is writing. The last stage is after writing. In this stage, the writing is usually published. Before the publishing, the writing needs to be checked.
5. English for Specific Purposes ESP
As English becomes one of major in vocational schools, students of those schools are expected to perform well in English. However, as implied before that
students of vocational schools are people who have their own expertises, English taught to students should also be based on English for Specific Purposes.
Hutchinson and Waters 1987: 19 state that ESP is an approach that takes into account learners’ preferences in order to develop a good language teaching.
ESP has characteristics in which the teaching and learning concern on how students can meet the specific needs they want to learn Anthony, 1997: 1.
Basturkmen 2006: 17 also supports the idea in which ESP is about preparing learners to use English within academic, professional, or workplace environment.
In language teaching, ESP is important as Nunan 2004: 7 in Basturkmen 2006: 17 also declares that ESP is the subcomponent of language teaching, with its own
approaches to curriculum development, materials design, pedagogy, testing and research.
ESP is an approach that takes into account learners’ preferences in order to
develop a good language teaching.
a. Learners’ needs
The first analysis that should be done in ESP is the target needs which are described as something will be needed by the learners in the future, especially
the use of language, by Hutchinson Waters 1987: 55. They divided the target
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needs into three aspects: necessities, lacks, and wants.
1. Necessities
Necessities are the learners’ needs to know the knowledge demanded by target situations where learners are involved.
2. Lacks
Every learner have problems in the English learning such as the lack of proficiency, vocabulary, grammar, and it is possible that the problem varies
depend on the each student. Lacks are defined as the gap occurs between the difficulties and the necessities by Hutchinson Waters 1987: 55-56. When
learners cannot achieve the necessities that concern demanded knowledge, lacks are things that need to be solved.
3. Wants
ESP learners also can determine the needs by their own out of the necessities. This refers to Wants in which learners are also given an opportunity to
be active in deciding the needs because people can have their own thought that may be different from what the students are supposed to do.
As stressed by Hutchinson and Waters 1987: 55 about target needs, it can be concluded that to determine target needs, the course planner should take
three categories related to target needs analysis into account.
b. Learning needs
After getting the whole picture of learners’ needs, there is an aspect that should be considered in planning an ESP course is learning needs. Hutchinson
and Waters 1987: 60 imply that learning needs is the route to achieve the goals
