3.2.2 Hardware and Software Requirements
This research used some hardware’s and software’s to support field data recording and analysis process. The hardware and software needed are shown in
the Table 3. Table 3 Hardware and software requirements
HardwareSoftware Specification
Function Hand held GPS
Receiver Garmin 60i
Positioning
Camera Digital Pocket Camera Digital
Documentation Mobile Computer
Acer Notebook with Intel Core i5-450M processor, 2 GB
Memory and 640 GB HDD Processing Unit
Color Printing HP DeskJet F2180 all in-One
printer, Scanner and copier Hardcopy
ILWIS 3.4 Version
Spatial Data Analysis Microsoft Office
Word and Excel 2007 Version
Writing Report
3.3 Method
The Method of this research was based on multi criteria decision making by implementing GIS model technology using spatial multi criteria evaluation that
will determine location of oil palm plantation potential. Each criterion and alternatives should be evaluated and weighted using pairwise comparison method
to determine the best location for oil palm plantation potential in Musi Banyuasin Regency. The research framework is show in Figure 4.
Figure 4 General framework of the study
Factory Location
Distance from
Factory
Accessibility Suitability Map
Musi Banyuasin Regency
Rainfall Map
Temperature Map
Soil Map
River Map
DEM Roads
Map
Distance from
River Slope
Map Distance
from Roads
Land Condition Suitability Map
Weighting Climate
Suitability Map Spatial
Analyst
Weighting Criteria
Landuse Constrain
Set of Alternatives
Spatial Plan Map
Oil Palm Plantation Potential Map of Musi Banyuasin
Regency Weighting
Weighting
3.3.1 Definition of Goal and Objectives
Definition the goal and objectives were based on interview with the stakeholders by considering the entire criteria and possible alternatives. In order to
reach the goal, there are some sets of objective that also should be considered as stated below:
• Where the optimal location for development of oil palm plantation • All factors that may be considered for the affecting plantation location,
such as road, river and factory location of Crude Palm Oil CPO. 3.3.2
Identification and Grouping of Criteria Factor and Constrains 3.3.2.1 Climate Factor
a Rainfall
The major climatic factor influencing plant growth is rainfall, the plants can grow well if the water supply is enough. The quantity of water needed to grow
plant will depend upon soil and climatic conditions and as well as the nature of the plant itself, the soil moisture must be retained at levels high enough that the
plants will not suffer during dry periods.
b Temperature
Temperature is one of the most important climate factors in the development plantation. It influences rate of photosynthesis from which the plant
can be use the necessary food for the growth. The temperature requirement of plant is different from another depend on the type of plant and origin of a
particular plant.
3.3.2.2 Land Condition Factor a Soil Type
Soil is a physical factor that serves as a planting medium; each region has the characteristics of different soil types. Plants grow well in an area where it
satisfies the requirements grow.
b Distance from River
River is one factor to consider in determining the location of plantations as a source of water needed for crops and also serves as a pathway of water
transportation.
c Slope
Slope information is needed for land management. Particularly, the information is required in relation to activity of agriculture, erosion risk hazard
and the protection function of a land. The relationship with other parameter is quite dominant as well. Usually, if the slope is different, automatically the
topography is also different.
3.3.2.3 Accessibility Factor a Distance from Road
Roads as a means of transportation are a factor to be considered for plantation development. Distances by road will determine the value of plantation
locations accessibilities suitability. Distance of plantation location close to the road will provide a high value of accessibility.
b Distance from Factory Location
Factory location is also one factor to consider in determining the location for the development of plantations. Distance plantation area with the location of
the plant is very influential on transportation costs. The closer the plantation to the factory location then the value of accessibility will be higher.
3.3.2.4 Constrains Factor Constrains factor in the development of oil palm plantations should be
based on regulations and government policies. Constraint factors include: settlement, water body, paddy fields and protected forest areas will not be
converted into oil palm plantation area.
3.3.3 Preparation of Maps for Each Factors and Constraints
All the maps prepared for the process of spatial analysis, data obtained from various sources in the vector and raster formats and using a projection
system using the UTM Universal Transverse Mercator, with the same map scale is 1: 250.000.
3.3.4 Weighting Factor and Constrains
In principle, the weighted method gives value to each factor which influences location suitability for palm oil plantation. In this observation there are
three kinds of value, climate factor, land condition factor and accessibility factor. Weighting method used in this study using the pairwise comparison method.
3.3.4.1 Pairwise Comparison Method PCM
Pairwise Comparison Method PCM was developed by Saaty 1991 as part of analytical hierarchy process AHP concept for multi-criteria decision
approach. The main concept for PCM involves one-on-one comparisons between each of Indicators CIFOR 1999. The comparison between each indicator asked
from expert teams, which have objective to make comparative judgment on the relative importance of each pair of indicators in term of the criterion they
measure. Therefore numerical values expressing a judgment of the relative importance or preference of one factor against another have to be assigned to
each factor. Saaty 1988 suggested a scale for comparison consisting of values ranging from 1 to 9 which describe the intensity of importance, where by a value
of 1 expresses “equal importance” and a value of 9 is given to those factors having an “extreme importance” over another factor Table 4.
Table 4 Pairwise comparison scale Intensity of
Importance Description
1 Equal importance
3 Moderate importance of one factor over
another 5
Strong or essential importance 7
Very strong importance 9
Extreme importance 2,4,6,8
Intermediate values Reciprocals
Values for inverse comparison
The simple comparison between criteria describe in simple matrix comparison, which is form in order 3 where three criteria C1, C2, and C3. They
are compared against each other. For instance; criterion C1 has been regarded strongly more important than C3, hence a value of 5 has been assigned to the
corresponding matrix position. The transpose position automatically gets the reciprocal value, in this case 15 which equals 0.2 Table 5.
Table 5 Example of a pairwise comparison matrix Criteria
C1 C2
C3 C1
1 7
5 C2
17 1
13 C3
15 3
1
For the next step of the calculation process, the assigned preference values are synthesized to determine a ranking of the relevant factors in terms of
numerical values which are equivalent to the weights of the factors. Therefore the eigen values and eigenvectors of the square preference matrix revealing important
details about pattern in the data matrix are calculated.
Some experience in AHP process, the values of the pairwise comparison matrix will normally be well considered and not set arbitrarily. However, people’s
feeling and preferences remain inconsistent and intransitive and may then lead to perturbations in the eigenvector calculations Marinoni, 2004. Saaty 1986
defined a consistency ratio CR as a ratio of the consistency index CI to an average consistency index RI, thus;
RI or resulting average consistency index, also called the random index, was calculated by Saaty 1986 as the average consistency of square matrices of
various orders n which he filled with random entries. When we faced multidiscipline expert with various judgments, it’s
important to check one by one those consistency of judgments. After that process, the selected result has good consistency should merging into one value. To
merging values of expert judgment use geometric mean method Marimin, 2008:
Where; XG = Geometric mean
n = Total Respondent
Xi = Judgment value from respondent i
The result from calculate with used by geometric average method will calculate as there is in PCM process.
3.3.5 GIS-Spatial Multi Criteria Evaluation
Multi-criteria evaluation is a technique in decision making using multiple criteria or scenarios. Multi-criteria evaluation function is to assist policymakers in
choosing from several alternatives based on the priority scale. SMCE method is to give a weight to each criterion to bring up the priority scale. Input from SMCE are
maps of an area which later referred to as criteria and a tree criteria which contains the information grouping criteria, standardization of criteria, and weights
for each criterion, then the output is a map in the same region of the suitability which helps in making policy.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Suitability Evaluation
Suitability evaluation is an assessment process of suitability class for a particular purpose. Evaluation results will provide information about the land
suitability FAO,1976. Results of suitability evaluation represented as a map
layer in the GIS database. The suitability map represents the spatial distribution of an attribute that measure the degree of suitability for development of oil palm
plantation in Musi Banyuasin regency. The generated suitability maps are climate suitability map, land condition suitability map, accessibility suitability map, and
constrains map. 4.1.1 Climate Suitability Map
4.1.1.1 Rainfall Map
Rainfall is classified into 3 based on grow requirement for oil palm namely the class of rainfall Highly Suitable S1 1700 - 2500 mm, Moderately Suitable
S2 1450 - 1700 mm or 2500 - 3500 mm, Marginally Suitable S3 1250 – 1450 mm or 3500 - 4000 mm and Not Suitable N 4000 mm. Based on the
data obtained from BMKG annual rainfall in Musi Banyuasin Regency is 1673 - 2829 mmyear. Classification map for the rainfall is presented in Figure 5.
Figure 5 Rainfall suitability map
Figure 5 shows the rainfall in the Musi Banyuasin regency has suitability classes very well, which has a suitability class S1 40.82 and S2 59.18. It
means that oil palm plantations could be developed in all areas in Musi Banyuasin regency.
4.1.1.1 Temperature Map
Temperature are also classified into three classes based on requirement grows of oil palm, namely the class S1 25
- 28 C, class S2 22
- 25 C or 28
- 32
C, class S3 20 - 22
C or 32 - 35
C, and class N 20 or 35
C. Temperature classification for Musi Banyuasin regency based on data from
BMKG obtained that the temperature for Musi Banyuasin regency suitable for oil palm namely S1 class with temperatures of 26
- 28 C.
Map of climate suitability was created by combining a rainfall map and temperature maps based on suitability classification. The weights from several
experts with pairwise comparison method was added into the attribute map using weighted overlay with a value of 89 percent weight for rainfall and temperatures
of 11 percent, in order to get suitability climate Figure 6.
Figure 6 Climate suitability map
Figure 6 shows the climate suitability map obtained from overlaying process between rainfall and temperature that have highly suitable S1 and
moderately suitable S2 suitability classes. Moderately suitable S2 class dominate all area with 59.19 and 40.81 area is highly suitable S1. Based on
climate suitability classes, oil palm crops can grow and develop in the Musi Banyuasin regency.
4.1.2 Land Suitability Map 4.1.2.1 Soil Type Map
Soil types are classified into 3 based on growing required for oil palm, namely the class S1 sandy clay loam, S2 loam, sandy loam, S3 sandy loam
and class N sand. Maps of soil suitability are presented in Figure 7.
Figure 7 Soil suitability map Figure 7 shows the soil suitability classes in the study area that showed the
class S1 37.92 and S2 62.08. Different suitability class spread out in some areas of study, it means that the soil suitability factors are not a limiting factor for
the development of oil palm plantations in Musi Banyuasin regency.
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