COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF FOAMED ASPHALT MIXTURE USINGRECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT COMPACTED BY SLAB Comparison Analysis Of Foamed Asphalt Mixture Using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Compacted By Slab Roller And Marshall Hammer.
COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF FOAMED ASPHALT MIXTURE
USINGRECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT COMPACTED BY SLAB
ROLLER AND MARSHALL HAMMER
Final Project
To complete the requirements of
Acheaving S-1 graduate degree of Civil Engineering
Submitted by:
MEGA WIDYADARA
Student Number : D100 110 042
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2017
APPROVALSHEET
COMPARISON ANALYSN OF'FOAMED ASPHALT MXTURE USING
RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT COMPACTED BY SLAB ROLLER
A}TDMARSHALLHAMMER
Final Project
Submitted and defended in Final Examination
Final Project in front of Examiners Committee
On:April 2017
Submittedby:
MEGAWIDYADARA
l{IM : D 100 110 042
Examiners Committee
Superyisor
/ty"
Ir. Agls Riyanto, MT
K :483
Member
I
Member
fija Rum Flamaeni, ST. MT
Ir. Sri una{ono, MT. PhD
NIK:
795
The Final Project Submitted as partial for Filling
Acheaving S-1 graduate degree of Civil Engineering
Surakarta 2017
Depaitment
Faculty
MT,PhD
Sunadono, MT, PhD
11
L
PREFACE
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah SWT who has given mercies and
blessing until this Final Project can be complete. This Final Project is prepared to
complete the requirements of achieving S-1 graduate degree of Civil Engineering
Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The
author also says thanks for all parties who give any support for arrangement this
Final Project. Because of the acomplishment of this Final Project, the author will
say thanks to :
1. Mr. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, PhD, as Dean of the Engineering Faculty,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Mr. Dr. Mochamad Solikin as Head of the
Department of Civil
Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3. Mr. Budi Setiawan ST., MT., as the Academic Supervisor.
4. Advisor of this Final Project, Mr. Ir. Agus Riyanto, MT., Mr. Ir. Sri
Sunarjono, PhD, and Mrs. Senja Rum Harnaeni, ST., MT., who have been
taking the time to provide guidance and direction to completion of this
final project.
5. Mr. Ir. Karim Fatchan, MT as Head of Civil Engineering Laboratory
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
6. Thanks to PT. Tindodi Karya Lestari who have helped and provide
exceptional amenities.s
7. All lecture in Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta thanks for your guidance and the knowledge you all given to us.
The author realize that the arrangement of this Final Project is not perfect
one. Because of that, the authore hopes there are any suggestion and criticism tto
make this Final Project better and can be useful for all of us.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
iii
MOTTO
Try to not only be succesful alone, but being a useful person
(Albert Einsten)
You must do the thing which you think you cannot do
(Eleanor Roosevelt)
Some beautiful paths can’t be discovered without getting lost
(Erol Ozan)
It is good to have an end to journey toward but it is the journey that matters,
in the end
(Ernest Hemingway)
iv
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to :
1. Allah who has given guidence, smoothness and facilites in the pursuit of
knowledge, work, and duties.
2. Prophet Muhammad is as a role model and a good example for us.
3. Special thanks to Papa and Mama .
4. All my friends of Civil Engineering, especially in International Program
Class, thanks for your time as my partner.
5. Friend who have helped in the settlement of this final report : Jodi Kusuma
Negara, Erwin Kristian, and AlfiaMaghfirona, thank you for your
cooperation and help.
6. Mahrizal Rosdiana who gives my spirit, support, and always understand
please never be bored of doing so.
v
TABLE OF COTENTS
TITLE .............................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL SHEET .....................................................................................
ii
PREFACE .......................................................................................................
iii
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................
iv
DEDICATION ................................................................................................
v
STATEMENT OF FINAL PROJECT .........................................................
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................
vii
LIST OF TABLE ...........................................................................................
x
LIST OF FIGURE .........................................................................................
xii
APPENDICES ................................................................................................
xvi
NOTATION .................................................................................................... xvii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................
xix
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
xx
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................
1
A. Background ....................................................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation .....................................................................
2
C. Research Porpose ...........................................................................
2
D. Benefits of Research ......................................................................
3
E. Limitation .......................................................................................
3
F. Similarities and differences with similar research .........................
4
G. Originality of the study ..................................................................
5
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................
6
A. Cold Mix Asphalt ...........................................................................
6
B. RAP(Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) ..............................................
6
C. Foam Asphalt ................................................................................
7
D. Void Distribusion ...........................................................................
8
E. Aggregate Orientation ....................................................................
8
F. Originality of the study ..................................................................
9
CHAPTER III. THEORITICAL BASIS ....................................................
10
vii
A. Slab Roller .....................................................................................
10
B. Marshall Hammer...........................................................................
12
C. Foam Asphalt .................................................................................
12
D. Core Drill .......................................................................................
13
E. Effect of compaction Aggregate Against Orientation ....................
13
F. Effect of Solidified Against the Void Distribution ........................
14
G. Density ...........................................................................................
14
H. Volumetric Personality Of Asphalt Mixture ..................................
15
1. VIM (Void In The Mix) ...........................................................
15
2. VMA (Void In Mineral Aggregate) .........................................
16
3. VFWA (Void Filled With Asphalt)..........................................
17
I. Cold Mixing Requirements ............................................................
18
CHAPTER 1V. RESEARCH METHOD ....................................................
19
A. General Description .......................................................................
19
B. Research site...................................................................................
19
C. Material ..........................................................................................
19
D. Research Tools ...............................................................................
19
E. Stages of Research .........................................................................
29
F. Flowchart Research Laboratory .....................................................
31
CHAPTER V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...........................................
33
A. Examination of materials quality ...................................................
33
B. Examinationof nature RAP ............................................................
34
1.
Examination of RAP color .....................................................
34
2.
Examination RAP density and RAP absorption.....................
34
C. Examination of aggregate gradation ..............................................
35
D. Density examination RAP ..............................................................
37
E. Void Distribution Analysis ............................................................
38
1. Test specimen in one piece ......................................................
38
2. Specimen cuts in 3 parts ...........................................................
44
a.
Slab roller ..........................................................................
44
b.
Marshall hammer ...............................................................
46
viii
F. Analysis of aggregate orientation...................................................
48
A. Orientation aggregate compacted roller slab......................
48
1. Pieces horizontal top layer RAP ..................................
49
2. Pieces horizontal middle layer RAP ............................
52
3. Pieces horizontal bottom layer RAP ............................
55
4. Vertical pieces RAP .....................................................
58
B. Orientation aggregate equipment Marshall compactor ......
61
1. Pieces horizontal top layer RAP ..................................
62
2. Pieces horizontal middle layer RAP ............................
66
3. Pieces horizontal bottom layer RAP ............................
70
4. Vertical piecesof RAP ..................................................
74
G. Density examination of slab roller and Marshall ...........................
76
H. Discussion ......................................................................................
79
A. Distribusion Void .....................................................................
79
a. Intact condition ..................................................................
79
b. In case 3 parts cut ..............................................................
79
B. OrientationAgregat ...................................................................
80
a.
Horizontal ..........................................................................
80
b.
Vertical ..............................................................................
81
CHAPTER VI.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS.................
82
A. Conclusions ............................................................................
82
B. Recommendations ..................................................................
83
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TableI.1
Similarities and differences in similar studies ............................
4
Table 111.1 Cold mixing requirements ..........................................................
18
Table V.1
Examination results aggregate coarse RAP ................................
33
Table V.2
Examination fine aggregate RAP ...............................................
33
Table V.3
Sieve analysis results ..................................................................
33
Table V.4
Examination Results RAP Density .............................................
35
Table V.5
Sieve Analysis.............................................................................
36
Table V.6
The results of examination with modified proctor density
RAP .............................................................................................
37
Table V.7
The results of the VIM intact compactor roller slab ...................
39
Table V.8
The results of the VIM intact Marshall compactor .....................
39
Table V.9
Results VMA values intact compactor roller slab ......................
41
Table V.10 Results VMA values intact Marshall compactor ........................
41
Table V.11 Results VFWA value intact compactor roller slab .....................
43
Table V.12 Results VFWA values intact Marshall compactor ......................
43
Table V.13 VIM value results in a state of 3 parts compactor roller slab .....
44
Table V.14 VMA value results in a state of 3 parts compactor roller
slab ..............................................................................................
44
Table V.15 VFWA value results in a state of 3 parts compactor roller
slab ..............................................................................................
44
Table V.16 VIM value results in a state of 3 parts compactor Marshall .......
46
Table V.17 VMA value results in a state of 3 parts compactor Marshall......
46
Table V.18 VFWA value results in a state of 3 parts compactor
Marshall ......................................................................................
46
Table V.19 The observation of specimen orientation RAP aggregate
sample 1 ......................................................................................
48
Table V.20 The observation of specimen orientation RAP aggregate
sample 2 ......................................................................................
48
Table V.21 Observations RAP vertical orientation specimen 1 ....................
58
x
Table V.22 Observations RAP vertical orientation specimen 2 ....................
60
Table V.23 The observation of specimen orientation RAP aggregate
sample 1 ......................................................................................
62
Table V.24 The observation of specimen orientation RAP aggregate
sample 2 ......................................................................................
62
Table V.25 The total yield mixtures trip RAP vertical pieces .......................
76
Table V.26 The results of specimen density values on the slab roller...........
77
Table V. 27 The results of specimen density values on the Marshall ............
77
xi
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure III.1
Parts of the slab roler compactor ........................................
11
Figure III.2
Roller slab compactor ..........................................................
11
Figure III.3
Marshall hammer compactor ...............................................
12
Figure III.4
Core drill tool .......................................................................
13
Figure IV.1
Sieve ....................................................................................
20
Figure IV.2
Vibrator ...............................................................................
20
Figure IV.3
Largescales ..........................................................................
20
Figure IV.4
Small scale ...........................................................................
20
Figure IV.5
Oven .....................................................................................
21
Figure IV.6
Grindstone............................................................................
21
Figure IV.7
Vacum machines ..................................................................
22
Figure IV.8
Core drill ..............................................................................
22
Figure IV.9
Roller Slab ...........................................................................
23
Figure IV.10
Marshall hammer .................................................................
23
Figure IV.11
Mold .....................................................................................
24
Figure IV.12
Ejector ..................................................................................
24
Figure IV.13
Sand equivalent tube ............................................................
25
Figure IV.14
Sand equivalent load ............................................................
25
Figure IV.15
Refluks .................................................................................
25
Figure IV.16
Modofied proctor .................................................................
26
Figure IV.17
Point coordinate ...................................................................
26
Figure IV.18
Formwork ............................................................................
27
Figure IV.19
Synthetic stone .....................................................................
27
Figure IV.20
WLB 10 ...............................................................................
28
Figure IV.21
Los angeles machine ............................................................
28
Figure IV.22
Flowchart research ...............................................................
31
Figure IV.23
Flowchart research ...............................................................
32
Figure V.1
RAP color ............................................................................
34
FigureV.2
Engineering graph gradation RAP .......................................
36
xii
Figure V.3
Density graph RAP ..............................................................
Figure V.4
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of passes with a value of VIM ................................
Figure V.5
40
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of passes at grades VFWA ......................................
Figure V.9
40
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of blowss with the value of VMA ..........................
Figure V.8
38
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of passes with a value of VMA ..............................
Figure V.7
38
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of blowss with the value of VIM ............................
Figure V.6
37
42
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of blows with the values of VFWA ........................
42
Figure V.10
Section variation relationship with VIM .............................
45
Figure V.11
Section variation relationship with VMA ............................
45
Figure V.12
Section variation relationship with VFWA .........................
45
Figure V.13
Section variation relationship with VIM .............................
47
Figure V.14
Section variation relationship with VMA ............................
47
Figure V.15
Section variation relationship with VFWA .........................
47
Figure V.16
15 passing at top ..................................................................
49
Figure V.17
30 passing at top ..................................................................
50
Figure V.18
45 passing at top ..................................................................
50
Figure V.19
Top layer changes the coordinates of assing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 1 ................................................................
Figure V.20
51
Top layer changes the coordinates of assing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 2 ................................................................
51
Figure V.21
15 passing at middle ............................................................
52
Figure V.22
30 passing at middle ............................................................
53
Figure V.23
45 passing at middle ............................................................
53
Figure V.24
Middle layer changes the coordinates of passing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 1 ................................................................
xiii
54
Figure V.25
Middle layer changes the coordinates of passing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 2 ................................................................
54
Figure V.26
15 passing at bottom ............................................................
55
Figure V.27
30 passing at bottom ............................................................
56
Figure V.28
45 passing at bottom ............................................................
56
Figure V. 29
Bottom layer changes the coordinates of passing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 1 ................................................................
Figure V.30
Bottom layer changes the coordinates of passing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 2 ................................................................
Figure V.31
57
Change the coordinates of the bottom layer of the track
15, 30, and 45 specimen 1....................................................
Figure V.32
57
59
Synthetic stone movement patterns of variation passing
15, 30, and 45 each section specimen 2 ...............................
61
Figure V.33
Blows 2x25at top .................................................................
63
Figure V.34
Blows 2x50at top .................................................................
63
Figure V.35
Blows 2x75 at top ................................................................
64
Figure V.36
Change the coordinates of the top layer blow 2x25, 2x50,
2x75 specimen 1 ..................................................................
Figure V.37
65
Change the coordinates of the top layer blow 2x25, 2x50,
2x75 specimen 2 ..................................................................
65
Figure V.38
Blow 2x25 at middle ............................................................
66
Figure V.39
Blow 2x50 at middle ............................................................
67
Figure V.40
Blow 2x75 at middle ............................................................
68
Figure V.41
Change the coordinates of midle layer blows 2x25, 2x50,
2x75 specimen 1 ..................................................................
Figure V.42
69
Change the coordinates of midle layer blows 2x25, 2x50,
2x75 specimen 2 ..................................................................
69
Figure V.43
Blows 2x25 at bottom ..........................................................
70
Figure V.44
Blows 2x50 at bottom ..........................................................
71
Figure V.45
Blows 2x75 at bottom ..........................................................
72
Figure V.46
Bottom layer changes the coordinates of blows 2x25,
xiv
2x50, 2x75 specimen 1 ........................................................
Figure V.47
73
Bottom layer changes the coordinates of blows 2x25,
2x50, 2x75 specimen 2 ........................................................
73
Figure V.48
Vertical blow 2x25...............................................................
74
Figure V.49
Vertical blow 2x50...............................................................
75
Figure V.50
Vertical blow 2x75 ..............................................................
75
Figure V.51
Movement stone vertical peces agent mixture RAP ............
76
Figure V.52
Graph density slab roller ......................................................
77
Figure V.53
Density graph Marshall........................................................
78
xv
APPENDICES
Appendices 1. Results of testing the characteristics of RAP.
Appendices 2. Results of research slab roller compactor.
Appendices 3. Marshall compactor research results.
Appendices 4. Calculation DMF cold mix reclycling by foam asphalt, CMRFB
xvi
NOTATION
a
= Asphalt content of the total aggregate (%)
A
= Spacious look of the test object (cm2)
AC
= Asphalt Concrete
AC – Base
= Asphalt Concrete Base
AC – BC
= Asphalt Concrete Binder Course
AC – WC
= Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course
AMP
= Asphalt Mixing Plan
ASTM
= American Society fot Testing Material
b
= Bitumen content of the asphalt aggregate mixture (%)
BD
= Bulk Density (gr/cm3)
BJ Agregat
= Density aggregate mix (gr/cm3)
BJ Aspal
= Density of asphalt (gr/cc)
BK
= Oven dry weight of the specimen (gram/cc)
c
= The dry weight of the specimen before soaking (gram)
cc
= Centimeter Cubik
c
= Centimeter
d
= Weight of the specimen in an SSD (gram)
e
= Weight of the specimen in water (gram)
f
= Volume specimen (cc)
g
= Weight volume of specimen (gr/cc)
gr
= Gram
GSag
= Density aggregate (gram/cc)
GSas
= Density of asphalt (gram/cc)
xvii
h
= Thick dense asphalt aggregate mixture (mm)
k
= Permeability coefficient (cm/d)
Kg
= Kilogram
p
= o x proving ring calibration thick test specimen (Kg)
m
= Levels of cavities filled with asphalt (%)
MF
= Marshall Flow (mm)
Mpa
= Mega Pascal
MQ
= Marshall Quotient (kg/mm)
MS
= Marshall Stability
R
= Decrease in stability (Kg)
S
= Stability (Kg), soaking 0.5 hours
Si
= Stability (Kg), soaking 24 hours and 48 hours
SHRP
= Strategic Highway Research Program
SMA
= Split Mastic Asphalt
SSD
= Saturated Surface Dry
STOA
= Short Term Oven Aging
TFOT
= Thin Film Oven Test
Ti
= Soaking time (hours)
VIM
= Voids In The Mix
VMA
= Voids in Mineral Agregat
VFWA
= Voids Filled With Asphalt
o
= Degrees Celsius
C
xviii
Abstrak
Pemadatan adalah proses yang mana partikel-partikel solid dirapatkan
sehingga volume rongga dalam campuran mengalami kepadatan yang meningkat.
Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis perbandingan hasil orientasi agregat dan
distribusi void yang dipadatkan menggunakan alat pemadat roller slab dan
Marshall hammer. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan
melakukan variasi jumlah lintasan dan tumbukan yang berbeda-beda untuk
mencari hasil orientasi agregat dan distribusi void. Material yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini pencampuran antara RAP dan foam asphalt untuk pembuatan
benda uji. Hasil pengujian orientasi agregat pada alat pemadat roller slab bagian
atas batu berpindah signifikan dibandingkan dengan alat pemadat Marshall. Pada
bagian tengah dan bawah alat pemadat roller slab batu bergeser karena mengikuti
arah gerak gilasan roda sehingga batu yang awalnya diatas dapat berpindah dan
mengisi ke bawah dan samping. Alat pemadat Marshall hanya terjadi penurunan
karena bekerja statis. Hasil pengujian distribusi void utuh alat pemadat roller slab
pada lintasan awal menghasilkan VIM 14,24 %, alat pemadat Marshall 14,68 %.
Pada fase berikutnya alat pemadat roller slab menghasilkan VIM 13,53 %, alat
pemadat Marshall menghasilkan VIM 13,72 %. Pada fase terakhir alat pemadat
roller slab menghasilkan VIM 12,58 % dan alat pemadat Marshall menghasilkan
VIM 12,01%. Hasil penelitian distribusi void benda uji yang dipotong tiga bagian
pada alat pemadat roller slab fase sepertiga menghasilkan VIM bagian atas 13,03
%, 14,46 %, dan 15,48 %, alat pemadat Marshall 14,52 %, 13,72 %, dan 13,35 % .
Fase dua pertiga alat pemadat roller slab menghasilkan VIM 12,16 %, 13,74 %,
dan 14,13 % sedangkan pada alat pemadat Marshall 12,91 %, 12,44 %, dan 12,09
%. Fase terakhir alat pemadat roller slab menghasilkan VIM 11,28 %, 12,45 %,
dan 13,42%, alat pemadat Marshall 11,51 %, 11,08 %, dan 11,00 %.
Kata Kunci: Roller Slab, Marshall, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Foam Asphalt,
Void Distribution, Orientasi Agregat
xix
COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF FOAMED ASPHALT MIXTURE USING
RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENTCOMPACTED BY SLAB ROLLER
AND MARSHALL HAMMER
Abstract
Compaction is the process by which solid particles are pressed together so
that the volume voids in the mixture experiencing increased density. The aim to
research to analyze te aggregate results of the orientation and distribution of voids
were pressed using a slab roller and Marshall hammer to comparison aggregate
orientation and void distribution. The study used an experimental method by
varying the amount of assing and collision different to search result aggregate
orientation and void distribution. The material used in this study between the
foam asphalt and reclaimed asphalt pavement for the manufacture of test
specimen. The test results aggregate orientation slab roller compactor at the top,
the rock moved significantly compared to the Marshall hammer. In the middle and
bottom slab roller compactor, the rock shifted due to follow directions so that the
stone was originally above could move down and to the side. Marshall compactor
is only reuced due to static work. The test results void distribution intact slab
roller compactor at the beginning of the track resulted in VIM 14.24%, compactor
Marshall 14.68%. In the next phase the slab roller compactor to produce VIM
13.53%, Marshall compactor produce VIM 13.72%.In the last phase of the slab
roller compactor to produce VIM 12.58% and Marshall compactor produce VIM
12.01%. Distribution of research results void test specimen was cut into three
parts on a slab roller compactor to produce a third phase VIM top 13.03%,
14.46% and 15.48%, Marshall compactor 14.52%, 13.72% and 13.35%. Phase
two thirds slab roller compactor to produce VIM 12.16%, 13.74% and 14.13%,
while the Marshall compactor 12.91%, 12.44% and 12.09%. The last phase of the
slab roller compactor to produce VIM 11.28%, 12.45% and 13.42%, Marshall
compactor 11.51%, 11.08% and 11.00%.
Keyword: SlabRoller, Marshal Hammer, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Foam
Asphalt, Void Distribution, Orientasi Agregat
xx
USINGRECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT COMPACTED BY SLAB
ROLLER AND MARSHALL HAMMER
Final Project
To complete the requirements of
Acheaving S-1 graduate degree of Civil Engineering
Submitted by:
MEGA WIDYADARA
Student Number : D100 110 042
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING FACULTY ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2017
APPROVALSHEET
COMPARISON ANALYSN OF'FOAMED ASPHALT MXTURE USING
RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT COMPACTED BY SLAB ROLLER
A}TDMARSHALLHAMMER
Final Project
Submitted and defended in Final Examination
Final Project in front of Examiners Committee
On:April 2017
Submittedby:
MEGAWIDYADARA
l{IM : D 100 110 042
Examiners Committee
Superyisor
/ty"
Ir. Agls Riyanto, MT
K :483
Member
I
Member
fija Rum Flamaeni, ST. MT
Ir. Sri una{ono, MT. PhD
NIK:
795
The Final Project Submitted as partial for Filling
Acheaving S-1 graduate degree of Civil Engineering
Surakarta 2017
Depaitment
Faculty
MT,PhD
Sunadono, MT, PhD
11
L
PREFACE
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah SWT who has given mercies and
blessing until this Final Project can be complete. This Final Project is prepared to
complete the requirements of achieving S-1 graduate degree of Civil Engineering
Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. The
author also says thanks for all parties who give any support for arrangement this
Final Project. Because of the acomplishment of this Final Project, the author will
say thanks to :
1. Mr. Ir. Sri Sunarjono, MT, PhD, as Dean of the Engineering Faculty,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Mr. Dr. Mochamad Solikin as Head of the
Department of Civil
Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3. Mr. Budi Setiawan ST., MT., as the Academic Supervisor.
4. Advisor of this Final Project, Mr. Ir. Agus Riyanto, MT., Mr. Ir. Sri
Sunarjono, PhD, and Mrs. Senja Rum Harnaeni, ST., MT., who have been
taking the time to provide guidance and direction to completion of this
final project.
5. Mr. Ir. Karim Fatchan, MT as Head of Civil Engineering Laboratory
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
6. Thanks to PT. Tindodi Karya Lestari who have helped and provide
exceptional amenities.s
7. All lecture in Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta thanks for your guidance and the knowledge you all given to us.
The author realize that the arrangement of this Final Project is not perfect
one. Because of that, the authore hopes there are any suggestion and criticism tto
make this Final Project better and can be useful for all of us.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
iii
MOTTO
Try to not only be succesful alone, but being a useful person
(Albert Einsten)
You must do the thing which you think you cannot do
(Eleanor Roosevelt)
Some beautiful paths can’t be discovered without getting lost
(Erol Ozan)
It is good to have an end to journey toward but it is the journey that matters,
in the end
(Ernest Hemingway)
iv
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to :
1. Allah who has given guidence, smoothness and facilites in the pursuit of
knowledge, work, and duties.
2. Prophet Muhammad is as a role model and a good example for us.
3. Special thanks to Papa and Mama .
4. All my friends of Civil Engineering, especially in International Program
Class, thanks for your time as my partner.
5. Friend who have helped in the settlement of this final report : Jodi Kusuma
Negara, Erwin Kristian, and AlfiaMaghfirona, thank you for your
cooperation and help.
6. Mahrizal Rosdiana who gives my spirit, support, and always understand
please never be bored of doing so.
v
TABLE OF COTENTS
TITLE .............................................................................................................
i
APPROVAL SHEET .....................................................................................
ii
PREFACE .......................................................................................................
iii
MOTTO ..........................................................................................................
iv
DEDICATION ................................................................................................
v
STATEMENT OF FINAL PROJECT .........................................................
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................
vii
LIST OF TABLE ...........................................................................................
x
LIST OF FIGURE .........................................................................................
xii
APPENDICES ................................................................................................
xvi
NOTATION .................................................................................................... xvii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................
xix
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................
xx
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................
1
A. Background ....................................................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation .....................................................................
2
C. Research Porpose ...........................................................................
2
D. Benefits of Research ......................................................................
3
E. Limitation .......................................................................................
3
F. Similarities and differences with similar research .........................
4
G. Originality of the study ..................................................................
5
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................
6
A. Cold Mix Asphalt ...........................................................................
6
B. RAP(Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement) ..............................................
6
C. Foam Asphalt ................................................................................
7
D. Void Distribusion ...........................................................................
8
E. Aggregate Orientation ....................................................................
8
F. Originality of the study ..................................................................
9
CHAPTER III. THEORITICAL BASIS ....................................................
10
vii
A. Slab Roller .....................................................................................
10
B. Marshall Hammer...........................................................................
12
C. Foam Asphalt .................................................................................
12
D. Core Drill .......................................................................................
13
E. Effect of compaction Aggregate Against Orientation ....................
13
F. Effect of Solidified Against the Void Distribution ........................
14
G. Density ...........................................................................................
14
H. Volumetric Personality Of Asphalt Mixture ..................................
15
1. VIM (Void In The Mix) ...........................................................
15
2. VMA (Void In Mineral Aggregate) .........................................
16
3. VFWA (Void Filled With Asphalt)..........................................
17
I. Cold Mixing Requirements ............................................................
18
CHAPTER 1V. RESEARCH METHOD ....................................................
19
A. General Description .......................................................................
19
B. Research site...................................................................................
19
C. Material ..........................................................................................
19
D. Research Tools ...............................................................................
19
E. Stages of Research .........................................................................
29
F. Flowchart Research Laboratory .....................................................
31
CHAPTER V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ...........................................
33
A. Examination of materials quality ...................................................
33
B. Examinationof nature RAP ............................................................
34
1.
Examination of RAP color .....................................................
34
2.
Examination RAP density and RAP absorption.....................
34
C. Examination of aggregate gradation ..............................................
35
D. Density examination RAP ..............................................................
37
E. Void Distribution Analysis ............................................................
38
1. Test specimen in one piece ......................................................
38
2. Specimen cuts in 3 parts ...........................................................
44
a.
Slab roller ..........................................................................
44
b.
Marshall hammer ...............................................................
46
viii
F. Analysis of aggregate orientation...................................................
48
A. Orientation aggregate compacted roller slab......................
48
1. Pieces horizontal top layer RAP ..................................
49
2. Pieces horizontal middle layer RAP ............................
52
3. Pieces horizontal bottom layer RAP ............................
55
4. Vertical pieces RAP .....................................................
58
B. Orientation aggregate equipment Marshall compactor ......
61
1. Pieces horizontal top layer RAP ..................................
62
2. Pieces horizontal middle layer RAP ............................
66
3. Pieces horizontal bottom layer RAP ............................
70
4. Vertical piecesof RAP ..................................................
74
G. Density examination of slab roller and Marshall ...........................
76
H. Discussion ......................................................................................
79
A. Distribusion Void .....................................................................
79
a. Intact condition ..................................................................
79
b. In case 3 parts cut ..............................................................
79
B. OrientationAgregat ...................................................................
80
a.
Horizontal ..........................................................................
80
b.
Vertical ..............................................................................
81
CHAPTER VI.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS.................
82
A. Conclusions ............................................................................
82
B. Recommendations ..................................................................
83
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ix
LIST OF TABLE
TableI.1
Similarities and differences in similar studies ............................
4
Table 111.1 Cold mixing requirements ..........................................................
18
Table V.1
Examination results aggregate coarse RAP ................................
33
Table V.2
Examination fine aggregate RAP ...............................................
33
Table V.3
Sieve analysis results ..................................................................
33
Table V.4
Examination Results RAP Density .............................................
35
Table V.5
Sieve Analysis.............................................................................
36
Table V.6
The results of examination with modified proctor density
RAP .............................................................................................
37
Table V.7
The results of the VIM intact compactor roller slab ...................
39
Table V.8
The results of the VIM intact Marshall compactor .....................
39
Table V.9
Results VMA values intact compactor roller slab ......................
41
Table V.10 Results VMA values intact Marshall compactor ........................
41
Table V.11 Results VFWA value intact compactor roller slab .....................
43
Table V.12 Results VFWA values intact Marshall compactor ......................
43
Table V.13 VIM value results in a state of 3 parts compactor roller slab .....
44
Table V.14 VMA value results in a state of 3 parts compactor roller
slab ..............................................................................................
44
Table V.15 VFWA value results in a state of 3 parts compactor roller
slab ..............................................................................................
44
Table V.16 VIM value results in a state of 3 parts compactor Marshall .......
46
Table V.17 VMA value results in a state of 3 parts compactor Marshall......
46
Table V.18 VFWA value results in a state of 3 parts compactor
Marshall ......................................................................................
46
Table V.19 The observation of specimen orientation RAP aggregate
sample 1 ......................................................................................
48
Table V.20 The observation of specimen orientation RAP aggregate
sample 2 ......................................................................................
48
Table V.21 Observations RAP vertical orientation specimen 1 ....................
58
x
Table V.22 Observations RAP vertical orientation specimen 2 ....................
60
Table V.23 The observation of specimen orientation RAP aggregate
sample 1 ......................................................................................
62
Table V.24 The observation of specimen orientation RAP aggregate
sample 2 ......................................................................................
62
Table V.25 The total yield mixtures trip RAP vertical pieces .......................
76
Table V.26 The results of specimen density values on the slab roller...........
77
Table V. 27 The results of specimen density values on the Marshall ............
77
xi
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure III.1
Parts of the slab roler compactor ........................................
11
Figure III.2
Roller slab compactor ..........................................................
11
Figure III.3
Marshall hammer compactor ...............................................
12
Figure III.4
Core drill tool .......................................................................
13
Figure IV.1
Sieve ....................................................................................
20
Figure IV.2
Vibrator ...............................................................................
20
Figure IV.3
Largescales ..........................................................................
20
Figure IV.4
Small scale ...........................................................................
20
Figure IV.5
Oven .....................................................................................
21
Figure IV.6
Grindstone............................................................................
21
Figure IV.7
Vacum machines ..................................................................
22
Figure IV.8
Core drill ..............................................................................
22
Figure IV.9
Roller Slab ...........................................................................
23
Figure IV.10
Marshall hammer .................................................................
23
Figure IV.11
Mold .....................................................................................
24
Figure IV.12
Ejector ..................................................................................
24
Figure IV.13
Sand equivalent tube ............................................................
25
Figure IV.14
Sand equivalent load ............................................................
25
Figure IV.15
Refluks .................................................................................
25
Figure IV.16
Modofied proctor .................................................................
26
Figure IV.17
Point coordinate ...................................................................
26
Figure IV.18
Formwork ............................................................................
27
Figure IV.19
Synthetic stone .....................................................................
27
Figure IV.20
WLB 10 ...............................................................................
28
Figure IV.21
Los angeles machine ............................................................
28
Figure IV.22
Flowchart research ...............................................................
31
Figure IV.23
Flowchart research ...............................................................
32
Figure V.1
RAP color ............................................................................
34
FigureV.2
Engineering graph gradation RAP .......................................
36
xii
Figure V.3
Density graph RAP ..............................................................
Figure V.4
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of passes with a value of VIM ................................
Figure V.5
40
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of passes at grades VFWA ......................................
Figure V.9
40
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of blowss with the value of VMA ..........................
Figure V.8
38
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of passes with a value of VMA ..............................
Figure V.7
38
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of blowss with the value of VIM ............................
Figure V.6
37
42
Graph of the relationship between the value of the
number of blows with the values of VFWA ........................
42
Figure V.10
Section variation relationship with VIM .............................
45
Figure V.11
Section variation relationship with VMA ............................
45
Figure V.12
Section variation relationship with VFWA .........................
45
Figure V.13
Section variation relationship with VIM .............................
47
Figure V.14
Section variation relationship with VMA ............................
47
Figure V.15
Section variation relationship with VFWA .........................
47
Figure V.16
15 passing at top ..................................................................
49
Figure V.17
30 passing at top ..................................................................
50
Figure V.18
45 passing at top ..................................................................
50
Figure V.19
Top layer changes the coordinates of assing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 1 ................................................................
Figure V.20
51
Top layer changes the coordinates of assing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 2 ................................................................
51
Figure V.21
15 passing at middle ............................................................
52
Figure V.22
30 passing at middle ............................................................
53
Figure V.23
45 passing at middle ............................................................
53
Figure V.24
Middle layer changes the coordinates of passing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 1 ................................................................
xiii
54
Figure V.25
Middle layer changes the coordinates of passing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 2 ................................................................
54
Figure V.26
15 passing at bottom ............................................................
55
Figure V.27
30 passing at bottom ............................................................
56
Figure V.28
45 passing at bottom ............................................................
56
Figure V. 29
Bottom layer changes the coordinates of passing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 1 ................................................................
Figure V.30
Bottom layer changes the coordinates of passing 15, 30,
and 45 specimen 2 ................................................................
Figure V.31
57
Change the coordinates of the bottom layer of the track
15, 30, and 45 specimen 1....................................................
Figure V.32
57
59
Synthetic stone movement patterns of variation passing
15, 30, and 45 each section specimen 2 ...............................
61
Figure V.33
Blows 2x25at top .................................................................
63
Figure V.34
Blows 2x50at top .................................................................
63
Figure V.35
Blows 2x75 at top ................................................................
64
Figure V.36
Change the coordinates of the top layer blow 2x25, 2x50,
2x75 specimen 1 ..................................................................
Figure V.37
65
Change the coordinates of the top layer blow 2x25, 2x50,
2x75 specimen 2 ..................................................................
65
Figure V.38
Blow 2x25 at middle ............................................................
66
Figure V.39
Blow 2x50 at middle ............................................................
67
Figure V.40
Blow 2x75 at middle ............................................................
68
Figure V.41
Change the coordinates of midle layer blows 2x25, 2x50,
2x75 specimen 1 ..................................................................
Figure V.42
69
Change the coordinates of midle layer blows 2x25, 2x50,
2x75 specimen 2 ..................................................................
69
Figure V.43
Blows 2x25 at bottom ..........................................................
70
Figure V.44
Blows 2x50 at bottom ..........................................................
71
Figure V.45
Blows 2x75 at bottom ..........................................................
72
Figure V.46
Bottom layer changes the coordinates of blows 2x25,
xiv
2x50, 2x75 specimen 1 ........................................................
Figure V.47
73
Bottom layer changes the coordinates of blows 2x25,
2x50, 2x75 specimen 2 ........................................................
73
Figure V.48
Vertical blow 2x25...............................................................
74
Figure V.49
Vertical blow 2x50...............................................................
75
Figure V.50
Vertical blow 2x75 ..............................................................
75
Figure V.51
Movement stone vertical peces agent mixture RAP ............
76
Figure V.52
Graph density slab roller ......................................................
77
Figure V.53
Density graph Marshall........................................................
78
xv
APPENDICES
Appendices 1. Results of testing the characteristics of RAP.
Appendices 2. Results of research slab roller compactor.
Appendices 3. Marshall compactor research results.
Appendices 4. Calculation DMF cold mix reclycling by foam asphalt, CMRFB
xvi
NOTATION
a
= Asphalt content of the total aggregate (%)
A
= Spacious look of the test object (cm2)
AC
= Asphalt Concrete
AC – Base
= Asphalt Concrete Base
AC – BC
= Asphalt Concrete Binder Course
AC – WC
= Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course
AMP
= Asphalt Mixing Plan
ASTM
= American Society fot Testing Material
b
= Bitumen content of the asphalt aggregate mixture (%)
BD
= Bulk Density (gr/cm3)
BJ Agregat
= Density aggregate mix (gr/cm3)
BJ Aspal
= Density of asphalt (gr/cc)
BK
= Oven dry weight of the specimen (gram/cc)
c
= The dry weight of the specimen before soaking (gram)
cc
= Centimeter Cubik
c
= Centimeter
d
= Weight of the specimen in an SSD (gram)
e
= Weight of the specimen in water (gram)
f
= Volume specimen (cc)
g
= Weight volume of specimen (gr/cc)
gr
= Gram
GSag
= Density aggregate (gram/cc)
GSas
= Density of asphalt (gram/cc)
xvii
h
= Thick dense asphalt aggregate mixture (mm)
k
= Permeability coefficient (cm/d)
Kg
= Kilogram
p
= o x proving ring calibration thick test specimen (Kg)
m
= Levels of cavities filled with asphalt (%)
MF
= Marshall Flow (mm)
Mpa
= Mega Pascal
MQ
= Marshall Quotient (kg/mm)
MS
= Marshall Stability
R
= Decrease in stability (Kg)
S
= Stability (Kg), soaking 0.5 hours
Si
= Stability (Kg), soaking 24 hours and 48 hours
SHRP
= Strategic Highway Research Program
SMA
= Split Mastic Asphalt
SSD
= Saturated Surface Dry
STOA
= Short Term Oven Aging
TFOT
= Thin Film Oven Test
Ti
= Soaking time (hours)
VIM
= Voids In The Mix
VMA
= Voids in Mineral Agregat
VFWA
= Voids Filled With Asphalt
o
= Degrees Celsius
C
xviii
Abstrak
Pemadatan adalah proses yang mana partikel-partikel solid dirapatkan
sehingga volume rongga dalam campuran mengalami kepadatan yang meningkat.
Tujuan penelitian untuk menganalisis perbandingan hasil orientasi agregat dan
distribusi void yang dipadatkan menggunakan alat pemadat roller slab dan
Marshall hammer. Penelitian menggunakan metode eksperimen dengan
melakukan variasi jumlah lintasan dan tumbukan yang berbeda-beda untuk
mencari hasil orientasi agregat dan distribusi void. Material yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini pencampuran antara RAP dan foam asphalt untuk pembuatan
benda uji. Hasil pengujian orientasi agregat pada alat pemadat roller slab bagian
atas batu berpindah signifikan dibandingkan dengan alat pemadat Marshall. Pada
bagian tengah dan bawah alat pemadat roller slab batu bergeser karena mengikuti
arah gerak gilasan roda sehingga batu yang awalnya diatas dapat berpindah dan
mengisi ke bawah dan samping. Alat pemadat Marshall hanya terjadi penurunan
karena bekerja statis. Hasil pengujian distribusi void utuh alat pemadat roller slab
pada lintasan awal menghasilkan VIM 14,24 %, alat pemadat Marshall 14,68 %.
Pada fase berikutnya alat pemadat roller slab menghasilkan VIM 13,53 %, alat
pemadat Marshall menghasilkan VIM 13,72 %. Pada fase terakhir alat pemadat
roller slab menghasilkan VIM 12,58 % dan alat pemadat Marshall menghasilkan
VIM 12,01%. Hasil penelitian distribusi void benda uji yang dipotong tiga bagian
pada alat pemadat roller slab fase sepertiga menghasilkan VIM bagian atas 13,03
%, 14,46 %, dan 15,48 %, alat pemadat Marshall 14,52 %, 13,72 %, dan 13,35 % .
Fase dua pertiga alat pemadat roller slab menghasilkan VIM 12,16 %, 13,74 %,
dan 14,13 % sedangkan pada alat pemadat Marshall 12,91 %, 12,44 %, dan 12,09
%. Fase terakhir alat pemadat roller slab menghasilkan VIM 11,28 %, 12,45 %,
dan 13,42%, alat pemadat Marshall 11,51 %, 11,08 %, dan 11,00 %.
Kata Kunci: Roller Slab, Marshall, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Foam Asphalt,
Void Distribution, Orientasi Agregat
xix
COMPARISON ANALYSIS OF FOAMED ASPHALT MIXTURE USING
RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENTCOMPACTED BY SLAB ROLLER
AND MARSHALL HAMMER
Abstract
Compaction is the process by which solid particles are pressed together so
that the volume voids in the mixture experiencing increased density. The aim to
research to analyze te aggregate results of the orientation and distribution of voids
were pressed using a slab roller and Marshall hammer to comparison aggregate
orientation and void distribution. The study used an experimental method by
varying the amount of assing and collision different to search result aggregate
orientation and void distribution. The material used in this study between the
foam asphalt and reclaimed asphalt pavement for the manufacture of test
specimen. The test results aggregate orientation slab roller compactor at the top,
the rock moved significantly compared to the Marshall hammer. In the middle and
bottom slab roller compactor, the rock shifted due to follow directions so that the
stone was originally above could move down and to the side. Marshall compactor
is only reuced due to static work. The test results void distribution intact slab
roller compactor at the beginning of the track resulted in VIM 14.24%, compactor
Marshall 14.68%. In the next phase the slab roller compactor to produce VIM
13.53%, Marshall compactor produce VIM 13.72%.In the last phase of the slab
roller compactor to produce VIM 12.58% and Marshall compactor produce VIM
12.01%. Distribution of research results void test specimen was cut into three
parts on a slab roller compactor to produce a third phase VIM top 13.03%,
14.46% and 15.48%, Marshall compactor 14.52%, 13.72% and 13.35%. Phase
two thirds slab roller compactor to produce VIM 12.16%, 13.74% and 14.13%,
while the Marshall compactor 12.91%, 12.44% and 12.09%. The last phase of the
slab roller compactor to produce VIM 11.28%, 12.45% and 13.42%, Marshall
compactor 11.51%, 11.08% and 11.00%.
Keyword: SlabRoller, Marshal Hammer, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Foam
Asphalt, Void Distribution, Orientasi Agregat
xx