Types of Translation REVIEW OF LITERATURE

9 In analyzing the linguistics elements, the text was analyzed at all level such as in the level of sentence, clause, phrase and word. By doing the translator can fully comprehend the ideas from the ST. 2. Transferring Ideas After the translator can comprehend the ideas and the structure of the ST, then he can gain the meaning from the ST. The next thing to do is to transfer the meaning from the ST into TT. In this step the translator has to find the equivalent of the ST in TT. This process happens in the translator mind Nababan called it as proses batin. 3. Restructuring The last step is restructuring. After finding the equivalent of ST, the translator reconstruct it in the form of target language TL becoming TT. In this step, we must decide what style that suits best to the text and the readers.

2.3. Types of Translation

Generally, translation is divided into two types: literal translation and non- literal translation or free translation. Larson 1984:15 states that translation is classified into two main types, namely form-based and meaning based translation. Form-based translation attempts to follow the form of the Source Language and is known as literal translation, while meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the receptor language. Such translation is called idiomatic translation. Idiomatic translation uses Universitas Sumatera Utara 10 the natural form of receptor language. A truly idiomatic translation does not sound like a translation. It sounds like it was written originally in the receptor language. Nida and Taber 1969 classify translation into literal translation and dynamic translation. Dynamic translation in Nida and Taber is similar with meaning-based translation from Larson. Dynamic translationpurpose is to produce a dynamic equivalence in the TL.Dynamic equivalence refersto the target text having the same effect on the target text reader as the source text has on the sourcetext reader. According to Larson 1984:17, translation also has gradation which can be described in the diagram below: Diagram 2: Translation Gradation by Larson The translation is often a mixture of literal and idiomatic forms of language. Translation then falls on a continuum from very literal to literal, to modified literal, to near idiomatic, to idiomatic, and may fall, even more on the unduly free. Unduly free translation is considered unacceptable translations for most purposes. Translation is called unduly free according to the following characteristics: a. If they add extraneous information not in the source text b. If they change the meaning of Source Language Universitas Sumatera Utara 11 c. If they distort the facts of the historical and cultural setting of the Source Language text. Larson 1984:17 says that sometimes unduly free translation is made for the purposes of humor for bring about a special response from the receptor language speaker. However, they are unacceptable as normal translation. For example: Table 1: Example of Unduly Free Translation English text Unduly free translation into English Unduly translation into Indonesian Explanation “I was glad when Stepahnus, Fo rtunatus and Achaicus arrived, because they supplied what was lacking from you. For they refreshed my spirit and yours also. Such men deserve recognition.” Larson 1984:17 “It sure is good to see Steve, Lucky and ´Big Bam´ . They sorta make up for your not being here. They´re a big boost to both me and you all. Let´s give them a big hand.” Larson 1984:17 “GuagembiradehsiSte ve, siUntungdansiAkaikus datangsebagaipengga ntikangenguapadalu. Merekatelahmemberse mangatameguadan kalian semua.Merekapantesd apattepuktangan yang meriah.” • The name of “Stepahnus, Fortunatus and Achaicus” from the original text had been changed become “Steve, Lucky and Big bam” in English and “Steve, Untung and Akaikus” in Indonesian. • The translation Universitas Sumatera Utara 12 gives extraneous information that doesn´t exist in the source text. According to Newmark 1995:45, there are eight types of translation, those are: 1. Word For Word translation The SL word order is preserved and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process. For example: Batak language Word for word translation into Indonesia Dang di rohakumangan Tidak di hatikumakan Here, the accurate translation is “Akutidakberseleramakan”. By using this method we can know the mechanics of batak language, as the SL, in telling “has no appetite”. 2. Literal translation The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved. For example: English Indonesia I love you Akucintakamu Universitas Sumatera Utara 13 Here, the appropriate translation should be “Akumencintaimu”. By using literal translation, we can indicate the problem that in Indonesia we usually use article “me-” in front of a lexical verb to indicate doing something. 3. Faithful Translation It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation of the SL writer. For example: English John is too well aware that he is naughty Indonesian John menyadariterlalubaikbahwaianaka l 4. Semantic translation It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small concessions to the readership. While `faithful´ translation is dogmatic, semantic translation is more flexible. For example: English He is a book-worm Indonesian Universitas Sumatera Utara 14 Dia laki-laki adalah orang yang suka sekali membaca. Book-worm translated flexibelly appropriate with culture context and functional restriction that accepted in target language. But translated above appropriate less and have to translated become “Dia seorang kutu buku”. 5. Communicative translation It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way that both language and content are readily acceptable and comprehensible to the readership. For example: English I would admit that I am wrong I will admit that I am wrong Indonesian Sayamaumengakuibahwasayasala h Sayaakanmengakuibahwasayasala h For native English speaker two sentences above will have difference effect, the differences is the employing words “would and” will, the first sentence indicate that someone desire to do something and the word “will” in second sentences indicate that activities will be done by subject of the sentence. Remember in this case tenses is not influence the meaning of the sentence. 6. Idiomatic translation It reproduces the message of the original but tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialisms and idioms. For example: Universitas Sumatera Utara 15 English What are you doing? Indonesian Lagi ngapain? Idiomatic translation produces a translation that sound natural. Therefore, sometimes it even sounds like it is not even a translation. 7. Free translation It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form of the original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original. For example: English How they live on what he makes? Indonesian Bagaimanamerekadapathidupdenganpenghasilannya? 8. Adaptation This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry: themes characters plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture text is rewritten. For example: Indonesian Yang aku cari hanyalah cinta Hanya cinta yang tak terganti Yang aku mau hanyalah cinta Hanyalah cinta yang ku beri English All I´m looking for is only love There is only love that I need What I´m looking for is only love There is only love that I see Universitas Sumatera Utara 16 Yang selalu ku tunggu hanyalah cinta Hanya cinta yang tak terganti Yang aku nanti hanyalah cinta Hanyalah cinta yang abadi Nothing is worth fighting only love There is only love that makes me bleed Nothing is worth living only love There is only love that makes me breath Here, we can see the translation of Anggun C. Sasmi song “hanyacinta” into “Only Love”, the English version. But the translation does not exactly transfer the same idea but still have equivalent aim.

2.4. Procedures of Translation