Gender Inequality As Reflected In Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie

GENDER INEQUALITY AS REFLECTED IN TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ THE GLASS MENAGERIE.

A THESIS

BY

SRI WINDY NASTA SEBAYANG REG. NO. 070705062

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

MEDAN

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, Sri Windy Nasta Sebayang, declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. Except where reference is made in the text of this thesis, this thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of the thesis. This thesis has not been submitted in any tertiary education.

Signed :

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : Sri Windy Nasta Sebayang

Title of this thesis : Gender Inequality As Reflected In Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie

Qualification : S-1 / Sarjana Sastra Department : English

I am willing that my thesis should be available for reproduction at the discretion on the librarian of the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic Indonesia.

Signed :

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to praise my Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ who always loves, helps, and gives me His wonderful blessings in my life. I would also like to thank Him for He has given me strength and knowledge to finish my thesis entitled ‘An Analysis of Feminism in Maya Angelou’s Selected Poems’.

I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. Drs. Syahron Lubis, M. A.; the head of English Deparment, Dr. Drs. Muhizar Muchtar, M. S.; the secretary of English Department, Dr. Dra. Nurlela, M. Hum; and all the lecturers of English Department for all the opportunities and facilities that have been given to me and also for all of their attentions during my academic affairs.

I would also like to thank my supervisor, Drs. Parlindungan Purba, M. Hum, and my co-supervisor, Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M. Hum for their suggestions, advices, ideas, guidance, and all the corrections that they have given to me in the process of doing this thesis.

My unending gratitude is devoted to my beloved family. I would like to thank my dear parents who always support me mentally and financially and always pray to me. Thank you for everything Mom and Dad, I really love you.

I want to thank for Ray Priory Sitorus, special man in my life. Thank you for support and spirit you have given to me. It all are very valuable to me sweetheart.

I want to thank my closest friends in Manuk Matemate Mates, thanks to Nurianti, Elisa, Abrina, Mita, Bania. Thank you friends, you are great buddies. Also to Vinarcy, Nanda and Delifa, great struggles in finishing our thesis guys! Hahaha. And thanks to Bang Amran for so much help in registration and administration.

And to all relatives and friends who can’t be mentioned, I just can say: thank you all. I could not have finished my thesis without you. Finally, I hope this thesis will always be beneficial for the readers.

May God bless us all, forever and ever.

Medan, 2011 The Writer

Sri Windy Nasta Sebayang

ABSTRACT

Judul skripsi ini adalah Gender Inequality As Reflected in Tennessee Williams’

The Glass Menagerie. Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang ketidaksetaraan gender

yang membedakan antara pria dan wanita. Dimana gender merupakan ketidaksetaraan hak dan kebebasan yang tidak sama antar pria dan wanita di kehidupan sehari-hari dalam pendidikan, pekerjaan, politik yang disebabkan juga oleh pengaruh budaya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode analisis deskriptif. Dengan memakai metode ini akan membantu dalam menganalisis permasalahan ketidak setaraan gender yang terjadi di drama The Glass Menagerie karya Tennessee Williams.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION...i

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION...ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...iii

ABSTRACT...v

TABLE OF CONTENTS...vi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Background of Study...1

1.2 The Problem of Study...4

1.3 The Objective of Study...5

1.4 The Scope of Study...5

1.5 The Significance of Study...5

1.6 The Review of Related Literature ...6

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW 2.1 Gender...9

2.2 Literature...23

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

3.1 Data Collecting Procedure...31 3.2 Data Selecting Procedure...31 3.3 Data Analyzing Procedure...32

CHAPTER IV GENDER INEQUALITY AS REFLECTED IN

TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ THE GLASS

MENAGERIE.

4.1 Women Are Treated Differently From Men...33 4.2 Women Do Not Have The Same Opportunities Than Men...45

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions...49 5.2 Suggestions...50

BIBLIOGRAPHY...ix

APPENDIX: APPENDIX A (SUMMARY OF THE THE GLASS MENAGERIE)

APPENDIX B (BIOGRAPHY OF TENNESSEE WILLIAMS)

APPENDIX C (MAYA ANGELOU’S HONORS AND WORKS)

ABSTRACT

Judul skripsi ini adalah Gender Inequality As Reflected in Tennessee Williams’

The Glass Menagerie. Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang ketidaksetaraan gender

yang membedakan antara pria dan wanita. Dimana gender merupakan ketidaksetaraan hak dan kebebasan yang tidak sama antar pria dan wanita di kehidupan sehari-hari dalam pendidikan, pekerjaan, politik yang disebabkan juga oleh pengaruh budaya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah metode analisis deskriptif. Dengan memakai metode ini akan membantu dalam menganalisis permasalahan ketidak setaraan gender yang terjadi di drama The Glass Menagerie karya Tennessee Williams.

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of Study

The word ‘literature’ is derived from the Latin ‘littera’ which means letter. It refers to the written or printed works. This word was used to mention every kind of writing generally. The word "literature" has different meanings depending on who is using it and in what context. It could be applied broadly to mean any symbolic record, encompassing everything from images and sculptures to letters. In a more narrow sense the term could mean only text composed of letters, or other examples of symbolic written language. However, now, the term ‘literature’ is focused more and restricted to merely imaginative works, which comes up from the imaginative mind of the person who had talent to create stories. Literature is creative and an art implies a process of creating artistic writing that colors human life history through medium language (Wellek, 1951:15). Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction.

Literature is more important than just a historical or cultural artifact. Literature introduces us to new worlds of experience. Learning about books and literature, can increase knowledge about literary works, such as tragedies of poems, stories, and plays. Literature has three general genres. Those are poetry, prose, and drama. Each of them has its own characteristics. Poetry etymologically

derived from the Greek word poiein means ‘to make’ or ‘to construct’. Poietis means the maker, and the word poet and poetess, the writer. Poietis means the making and it became poetry, the art of poet. The word ‘prose’ is derived from the Latin prosa, which literally translate to ‘straight forward’. Drama is the object that I am going to analyze. Drama is a form of literature intended for performance by actors.

Play is a literary work written for performance on the stage or a drama. A play is a form o little preference whether their plays were performed or read. The term "play" can refer to both the written works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance.

In this thesis I want to discuss about gender inequality that contained in Tennessee Wiliams’s The Glass Menagerie. During 1944-1945, his "memory play" a success. It moved to New York where it had a successful Broadway run. The play tells the story of a young man Tom, his disabled sister, Laura, and their controlling mother Amanda, who tries to make a match between Laura and a gentleman caller. Many people believe that Tennessee used his own familial relationships as inspiration for the play. Williams' greatest successes) said of Williams: "Everything in his life is in his plays, and everything in his plays is in his life.”The Glass Menagerie won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for best play of the season.

The play is centered around the theme of family starting with the father of Laura and Tom abandoning the family when they were just children and finally Tom’s selfish abandonment of his family who is entirely dependent on him. In The Glass Menagerie, family means obligations. This play raises questions of duty and responsibility to your other family members, and for the most part in gender specific roles. We see that it is the job of the male to bring home money, and the daughter to look pretty and get married.

Gender is a social construction with important consequeces in everybody life. Social role theory proposes that the social structure is the underlying force for the gender differences. Social role theory proposes that the sex-differentiated behavior is driven by the division of labor between two sexes within a society. Division of labor creates gender roles, which in turn, lead to gendered social behavior.

Gender inequality is the social construct that results in women not having the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men . The gender-based violence against women theory emphasizes the importance of educating women and men as to the dangers and limitations of gender role conditioning and the supporting belief systems specific to those roles. The violence against women perspective connects all forms of male violence against women such as child sexual abuse, rape, sexual harassment, workplace violence, beatings, and homicide across the age spectrum of women’s lives. It also acknowledges a connection between male violence against women and other forms of domination based on race, sexual orientation, class, and other social constructs. This perspective implies an intimate interrelationship between women’s freedom from violence and their freedom from

political,economic, and social exploitation. Thio (1985:242), said that there are basic differences in what societies expect of men and women. Even when men and women hold the same jobs with the same status, they may face different expectations.

According to the explaination above, I am interested in analyzing about Gender Inequality as Reflected in Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie because in this play the issue of gender is dominant and the play portrayal differences of male and female in terms of gender inequality. Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie is great play and it was best play of the season and in this play there are many gender differences that occurred. Although they resist the roles prescribed to them, Laura and Tom both eventually assimilate to the gender inequality cast by their mother (Amanda).

1.2 The Problems of Study

Perkins in The American Tradition in Literature Tenth Edition (2002:1260-1301), show that the relation with gender inequality in Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie. Based on the statement above, I finally formulate the problems of study as follows:

1. How are women treated differently than men?

1.3 The Objective of Study

Related to statements of problem, the objectives of the study of the thesis are:

1. To find out how women are treated differently from men.

2. To show how women don’t have the same opportunities than men in Tennessee Wiliams’s The Glass Menagerie.

1.4 The Scope of Study

In this thesis, the scope of study is limited and focused on the gender inequality as reflected in Tennessee Williams’ The Glass Menagerie, that problem is limited to how women are treated differently in comparison with men and how women themselves can not have equal opportunities than men. And in this play, women who experience these differences is Laura, who always treated differently by his mother Amanda than his brother Tom. And this thesis, will be analyze to be focused on gender inequality that contained in the play The Glass

Menegerie.

1.5 The Significance of Study

This thesis explains about the gender differences that found in The Glass

Menagerie. This study can expand the reader’s knowledge and this thesis can be

one of the sources of information for students. It also can be usefull for the readers so that they can get some important information about gender roles in knowledge of sociology because I use extrinsic theory by analyze my thesis. By reading from contents of this drama I can conclude that there are social problems therein who

experienced by the characters, that is the existence of gender inequality that occurred in it. So the readers can understand about gender inequality as reflected in Tennessee Williams’The Glass Menagerie especially to find the problem how the gender inequality experienced by the characters in the play. I hope the finding of this study can make the readers want to continue and find desire to reading other literary works.

1.6 The Review of Related Literature

In this thesis I use some books from the library that useful to help me find the information about the play and the teory that related to sociology, they are: 1. The American Tradition in Literature Tenth Edition by Barbara Perkins(2002). This book is the source of my information so i can know about the play of The Glass Menagerie itself, and also in this book I can find the biography by the author along with his works.

2. Sociology An Introduction by Alex Thio (1985). I use this book as one of references to find the explanation of the theory of gender and to find out problems related to the gender itself. Here i know that sociology is the study of human social life, groups and societies. It is a dazzling and compelling enterprise, having as its subject matter our own behaviour as social beings. The scope of sociology is extremely wide, ranging from the analysis of passing encounters between individuals in the street up to the investigation of world-wide social processes. 3. Sociology in Our Times by Diana Kendall (1996). I also use this book as a reference on the social problems that can support the statement of my problem. This book help me to make my analyze becomes clearer and easier, and I found

many important data here. That family, gender and sexuality form a broad area of inquiry studied in many subfields of sociology. The sociology of the family examines the family, as an concern for the comparatively modern historical emergence of th and its distinct

4. Theory of Literature by Rene Wellek and Warren Austin (1967). In this book said that, There are two approaches in analyzing literary works. They are intrinsic and extrinsic approach

And I also find some suitable and usefull references from the internet about gender itself to complete my data. Here i found that, Gender role is a term used in the social sciences and humanities to denote a set of behavioral norms that accompany a given gendered status (also called a gendered identity) in a given social group or system. Gender is one component of the gender or sex system, which refers to "the set of arrangements by which a society transforms biological sexuality into products of human activity, and in which these transformed needs are satisfied" (Reiter 1975: 159). Every known society has a gender or sex system, although the components and workings of this system vary widely from society to society. And here, knowledge of sociology helps me to get the deeper understanding about gender inequality in my problem. (Quoted from

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Gender

Gender is a social construction with important consequeces in everybody life. Gender is constructed both socially through social interactions as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. Gender refers to the social, psychological, and cultural attributes of masculinity and femininity that are based on the above biological distinctions. Gender pertains to the socially learned patterns of behaviour and the psychological or emotional expression or attitudes that distinguish males from females. Ideas about masculinity and femininity are culturally derived and pattern the ways in which males and females are treated from birth onward. Gender is an important factor in shaping people’s self image and social identities. Gender is learned through the socialization process and thus is and achieved status. Gender is a major source of social inequality, not only are man and women as signed different roles, but these roles are also judged and rewarded unequally. Just as our society has inequalities based on race and ethic background, so it has inequalities based on sex. Men and women have unequal access to social rewards.

Gender is a social construction with important consequences in everyday life. Just have stereotypes regardings race/ethnicity have built in notions of superiorty and inferiority, gender stereotypes hold that men and women are inherently different in attributes, behavior, and aspirations. Stereotypes define men as strong, rational, dominant, independent, and less concerned with their

appearance. Women are stereotyped as weak, emotional, nurturing, dependent, and anxious about their appearance.

Not only that, Gender is a status characteristic, which can be used to support discrimination in much the same way that other statused such as race, religion, and age are used. It is the status of beeing a woman that influences a woman’s career aspirations, her hiring possibillities, her promotion changes, and her salary, as much ass the personal qualifications she prossesses or gains throgh education. Much of the discrimination againts women is a matter of the upper status group, men, retaining power, and privilege.

Gender role is a lifelong process whereby people learn the values, attitudes, motivation, and behaviour considered appropriate to each sex by their culture. Even before a baby is born, its sex is a subject of speculation, and the different gender role relationships it will from birth on already are being decided. Tischler (1996:327) states that:

A scene from the early musical “Carousel” epitomizes (in somewhat caricatured form) some of the feelings that parents have about bringing up sons as opposed to daughters. A young man discovers he is to be a father. He rhapsodizes about what kind of son expects to have. The boy will be tall and tough as a tree, and no one will dare to boss him around, it will be alright for his mother to teach him manners but she mustn’t make a sissy out of him. He will be good at wrestling and will be able to herd cattle, run a riverboat, drive spikes, etc. Then the prospective father realizes, with a start that the child may be a girl. The music changes to a gentle theme. She wiil be have ribbons in her hair, she will be sweet and polite (just like her mother) and suitors will flock around her. There’s a slightly discordant note, introduced for comic relief from sentimentality, when the expectant father brags that she will be half again as bright as a girls are meant to be, she must be protected, and he must

find enough money to raise her in a setting where she will the right kind of man to marry.

A society reveals its cocepts of gender through the social roles it assigns to each sex. A social role is a set of expectations and behaviors associated with a specific position in a social system. A gender role, then, is a social role associated with being male or female.

Different habits of men and women are explained by different roles in the process of evolution. Although life conditions have changed, both men and women tend to follow their biological programs.Men tend to retain a firm sense of direction – they need to trace the game, catch it, and find the way home, while women have a better peripheral vision that helps them to see what happening around the house, to spot an approaching danger, to notice changes in the childrens behavior and appearance. Mens brains are programmed to hunting, which explains their narrow range of vision, while womens brains are able to decipher a wider range of information

In our society , as in all others, males and females are socialized differently. In addition, each culture defines gender role differently. This process is not limited to childhood but continues through adolescence, adulthood, and old age. From birth, parents interact differently with children depending on their sex, and through this interaction parents can instill different values or traits in their children on the basis of what is normative for their sex. This internalization of gender norms can be seen through the example of which types of toys children are typically given (“feminine” toys often reinforce interaction, nurturing, and closeness, “masculine” toys often reinforce independence and competitiveness)

that parents give to their children. Education also plays an integral role in the creation of gender norms.

Gender role definitions in Western society have reflected a tension between two oppsing forces the similarities between the sexes and the differences. This focus on the home strengthened the value and role of women, who were seen as faithful Christians (Protestants believed that everyone should read scripture, this promoting female literacy), loving spouses, and responsible parents.There were thought to be few innate differences between the sexes, yet women remained subordinate to their husbands. Men were dominant in the competitive economic and political worlds, while women held sway in sacred, moral, and emotional sprheres, particularly in the family.

Gender roles is some persistent differences between men and women. Women eexperience a mandate to both marry and be a mother. Often, marriage is viewed as the true entry into adulthood. And women are expected not only to become mother but to want to be mothers. Obviously, men play a role in these events,but they do not appear to be as critical in identifying the life course for a man. Society defines men’s roles by economic success. Traditional gender roles have most severely restricted females. Gender stereotypes have been consistent over time although the study of sex differences is a modern discipline. Research has shown that while girls do have advantages in verbal abilities (grammar, spelling and writing) and boys do appear to be more advanced in their visual-spatial abilities than girls, no sex differences in math concepts have been supported. This appears to affect career choices as there is a larger portion of men

in jobs such as firefighters, doctors, and police officers and more women in nurturing type careers such as nurses and teachers. There are numerous theories on why sex differences exist but most can be categorized in supporting either a nature or nurture theory. Those that support biological factors argue that people behave as they do just because they are biologically male or female.

Men and women have traditionally played certain familiar gender roles. Sometimes these roles are very apparent. Gender roles are largely culturally defined, and so vary over time, from one culture to the next, and even within a society. No matter what gender roles that play, will be maintain a single gender identity. Gender identity cuts across to sexual preference. Being male or female includes having a personal sense of gender, as well as culturally defined norms and roles.

Gender Equality is a social order in which women and men share the same opportunities and the same constraints on full participation in both the economic and the domestic realm. Gender equality is central to economic and human development in a country. Removing inequalities gives societies a better chance to develop. When women and men have relative equality, economies grow faster, children's health improves and there is less corruption. Gender equality is an important human right. Gender equality and women's empowerment are human rights that lie at the heart of development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Despite the progress that has been made, six out of ten of world's poorest people are still women and girls, less than 16 percent of the world's parliamentarians are women, two thirds of all children shut outside the

school gates are girls and, both in times of armed conflict and behind closed doors at home, women are still systematically subjected to violence. That is why UNDP integrates gender equality and women's empowerment in its four main areas of work: poverty reduction, democratic governance, crisis prevention and recovery, and environment and sustainable development. Rossi (1964:261) states that:

The traditional conception of masculine and feminine are inappropriate to the kind of world we can live in during the second half of the twentieth century. An androgynous conception of sex role means that each sex will cultivate some of the characteristics usually associated with the other in traditional sex role difinition.

Rossi proposed that boys be socialized to be tender and expressive so they will later feel free to express these equalities in their social relationships. He also recomends that girls be inculcated with achievement need, workmanship, and assertiveness so they will feel free to express these equalities in their adult life . This socialization strategy is assumed to ultimately enable both men and women to develop the full range of human equalities regardless of their gender. The movement towards gender equality, especially in Western countries, began with the relation to a woman's property rights in marriage. This situation has begun to change in recent years. As more and more women have entered the job market, husbands have begun to share responsibilities of home with their wives. It is also easy for a working wife to feel responsible for any problems her children might have. Whereas she may feel guilty for not staying at home, her husband is likely to assume that it is normal, and he will be take care their home. Gender equality is also the goal of th in the injustice of myriad forms of

Putri also talked about gender in her speech about gender equality that should happened in this country. Megawati Soekarno Putri (Metro TV, June 9th 2011, 11:50 am) said that:

Gender should not differentiate between men and women, because they are actually equal. Who can distinguish them is actually a level of intelligence and their intellect. When sister is smarter than her brother, then who will be success and stand out must be the sister, not the brother. Similarly, women also can be a president, it can be happen because of knowledge and the level of her intelligence, no different from the man who can become a president.

It is clearly seen that Megawati did not agree the existence of gender differences between men and women in the opportunity to get a chance to success and become a leader. It can be seen from her background that Megawati was a former president of the Republic of Indonesia, which once headed and powerful in Indonesia.

Gender Inequality refers to the obvious or hidden disparity between gender. Gender inequality can further be understood trough the mechanism of sexism. Discrimination takes place in this manner as men and women are subject to prejudicial treatment on the basis of gender alone Gender inequality is one which has been publicly reverberating through society for decades. The problem of inequality in employment being one of the most pressing issues today. In order to examine this situation one must try to get to the root of the problem and must understand the sociological factors that cause women to have a much more difficult time getting the same benefits, wages, and job opportunities as their male counterparts. The society in which we live has been shaped historically by males. The policy-makers have consistently been male

and therefore it is not surprising that our society reflects those biases which exist as a result of this male-domination. It is important to examine all facets of this problem, but in order to fully tackle the issue one must recognize that this inequality in the workforce is rooted in what shapes future employees and employers education. Gender inequality refers to the obvious or hidden disparity between individuals due to gender.

Gender inequality is constructed both socially through social interactions as well as biologically through chromosomes, brain structure, and hormonal differences. gender systems may reflect on to the inequalities that manifest in numerous dimensions of daily life. Gender inequality stems from distinctions, whether empirically grounded or socially constructed. Gender inequality can further be understood through the mechanisms of manner as men and women are subject to prejudicial treatment on the basis of gender alone. Sexism occurs when men and women are framed within two dimensions of social cognition. In our society there are inequalities based on sex, man and women have unequal access to social rewards. This gender stratification reflects male dominance, the social situation in which more power and prestige are given to men than to women. Benevolent sexism takes place when women are viewed as possessing low degrees of competency and high degrees of warmth. Although this is the result of a more positive stereotype of women, this still contributes to gender inequality as this stereotype is only applied to women who conform to the caring or nurturing stereotypes, with the remaining women still being discriminated against as they are not viewed in this positive light. Also, this

form of sexism has negative effects as well, as these notions of women include the idea that women are weak and in need of the protection of men.

Gender inequalities often stem from social structures that have institutionalized conceptions of gender differences. From birth, parents act toward children on the basis of the child’s sex. Baby boys are perceived to be less fragile than girls and tend to be treated more roughly by their parents. Girl babies are thought to be cute, sweet, and cuddly and receive more gentle treatment (Kendall 1996:361). And here Popenoe (1986:334) states that:

Men and women are different physically, and they think, feel, act, and relate to others in different ways. Mens are rational, and womens are emotional. Men go out and earn living, women are mother and homemakers. Men seek money and power, women find fulfillment through their husband and children.

Differential treatment continues as children grow. Parents tend to use physical punishment on boys more often than on girls, and boys especially are strongly discouraged from playing with the ‘wrong’toys, such as dolls.

The man’s world outside the home was viewed as a harsh and heartless jungle in which men needed strenght, ambition, and aggresion. Woman’s world was the home, and her job was to comfort and care for husband and children, maintaining harmony and teaching her children to comform to society’s norms. Thio (1985:242) said that:

Men are supposed to be ambitious and agrresive. Women, shy, easily intimidated, and passive. Men should be strong and atheletic; women, weak and dainty. It is bad form for men, but not for women, to worry about their apprence and aging. Men should

hold back their emotions and must not cry, but women are expected to be emotional, even to cry easily.

Gender differences are also commonly found in employment, career and the acceptance of wages between men and women. There are three main reasons for the deferential between man’s and women’s wages, that they are:

1. Human capital factors. On this condition there are some factors that influence, such as education, experience, training, and commitment to work. Human capital factors account for less than half of the gap in the earnings between man and woman.

2. Institutional barriers such as occupational seregation. 3. And discrimination.

Wage differentials occur with job segregation because concentraining only in certain fields, women increase the supply of workers for these jobs and decrease their own wages. Socialization , training, and costom have made it difficult for women to enter male-dominated fields, although more and more women are doing so,many barriers still remain. Occupations staffed may be given higher prestige than those staffed by women. Men’s work, no matter what it is, tends to be seen as more prestigious.

To the high degree, the job market is still segregated by gender . The worlds of “men’s work” and “women’s work” are as different, they are vastly unequal in power, pay and prestige. In some case, whole industries and occupations are dominated by one sex or the other, such as coal mining and logging or nursing and textile manufacturing (all most all female). In other cases, man and women work in the same setting but hold different position, where men menage the office, whilw women do the clerical work. “Female” occupations not

only pay less than “male” occupations but usually offer fewer benefits ( such as health insurance and pension plans ), fewer oppurtunities for promotions, and less job security.

Gender inequality specifically addresses the interface between human rights obligations and trade rules as well as the linkages between intellectual property norms and gender issues. Finally, a number of concrete approaches to improving the gender sensitivity of both international trade activities and policy-making are examined. These include an exploration of “gender trade impact assessment” as a tool to ensure gender-conscious trade policy formulation, a review of some capacity-building experiences targeted specifically at women, an examination of information and communication technologies as empowering tools for women traders, as well as an analysis of the gender dimension of fair trade and other corporate social responsibility initiatives. The views expressed in this volume are varied and no straightforward conclusions can be established. Nonetheless, with regard to the developing countries’ experiences reviewed here, it can be said that international trade has, in a number of cases, contributed to the redistribution of income in favour of women. This is generally due to the numerous employment and business opportunities created by trade in the manufacturing and services sectors. As a result, not only is the status of women in society and within their households enhanced by their capacity to earn income, countries as a whole also benefit from women’s work as it significantly contributes to export competitiveness and industrial diversification. Gender inequality and discrimination is argued to cause and perpetuate poverty and vulnerability in society as a whole. Household and intra-household knowledge

and resources are key influences in individuals' abilities to take advantage of external livelihood opportunities or respond appropriately to threats. High education levels and social integration significantly improve the productivity of all members of the household and improve equity throughout society. Gender Equity Indices seek to provide the tools to demonstrate this feature of poverty.

Men and women receive significantly different economic rewards for their work. Men’s work moved away from the home, women’s became more home centered and lost its commercial value. Women’s work was considered “useful,” men’s work had monetary and exchange value and so contributed to the market economy. Power and prestige in a market system can be gained mainly through earning money, those with the most earning power will have the highest status. Men’s work has ranked as much more important than women’s work.

The number of women in the workforce has increased dramatically in recents decades, but a pattern of gender inequality on the job continues. Women still tend to be channeled into traditionally “feminime” occupations and to earn less than men even thought they may perform comparable jobs. Current efforts to close this gap focus on the notion of comparable worth, basing wages on the amount of skill, effort, responsibility, and risk the job entails, plus the amount of income the job produces. And men’s power in the workplace sets the stage of gender bias, which can be especially strong when women enter traditionally male occupations. The darkest aspect of gender bias is sexual harrasment, the demand that someone respond to or tolerate unwanted sexual attention from a person with power over the victim. Since men and women have had different life experiences, the issues they approach are different, and even when they have similiar concerns,

they approach them from different perspectives. For example, women who enter politics today typically do so for different reasons from men. Men often embark on a political career to make business contacts or build on them, a natural extension of their livelihood, women generally become involved because they want to help. This difference in interest is relevant to the likelihood of their future success.

There are many kinds of gender inequality which are as follows:

1. Natality inequality

In this type of inequality a preference is given for boys over girls that many male-dominated societies have, gender inequality can manifest itself in the form of the parents wanting the newborn to be a boy rather than a girl. There was a time when this could be no more than a wish (a daydream or a nightmare, depending on one's perspective), but with the availability of modern techniques to determine the gender of the foetus, sex-selective abortion has become common in many countries.

2. Professional or Employment inequality

In terms of employment as well as promotion in work and occupation, women often face greater handicap than men. A country like Japan and India may be quite egalitarian in matters of demography or basic facilities, and even, to a great extent, in higher education, and yet progress to elevated levels of employment and occupation seems to be much more problematic for women than for men.

3. Ownership inequality

In many societies the ownership of property can also be very unequal. Even basic assets such as homes and land may be very asymmetrically shared. The absence of claims to property can not only reduce the voice of women, but also make it harder for women to enter and flourish in commercial, economic and even some social activities. This type of inequality has existed in most parts of the world, though there are also local variations.

4. Household inequality

There are often enough, basic inequalities in gender relations within the family or the household, which can take many different forms. Even in cases in which there are no overt signs of anti-female bias in, say, survival or son-preference or education, or even in promotion to higher executive positions, the family arrangements can be quite unequal in terms of sharing the burden of housework and child care.

5. Special opportunity inequality

Even when there is relatively little difference in basic facilities including schooling, the opportunities of higher education may be far fewer for young women than for young men. Indeed, gender bias in higher education and professional training can be observed even in some of the richest countries in the world.

2.2 Literature

Literature is a term used to describe written or spoken material. Broadly speaking, "literature" is used to describe anything from creative writing to more technical or scientific works, but the term is most commonly used to refer to works of the creative imagination, including works of poetry, drama, fiction, and nonfiction. The word "literature" has different meanings depending on who is using it and in what context. It could be applied broadly to mean any symbolic record, encompassing everything from images and sculptures to letters. In a more narrow sense the term could mean only text composed of letters, or other examples of symbolic written language. An even more narrow interpretation is that text have a physical form, such as on paper or some other portable form, to the exclusion of inscriptions or digital media.

Literature is a body of written works related by subject‐matter (e.g. the literature of computing), by language or place of origin (e.g. Russian literature), or by prevailing cultural standards of merit. In this last sense, ‘literature’ is taken to include oral, dramatic, and broadcast compositions that may not have been published in written form but which have been (or deserve to be) preserved. Since the 19th century, the broader sense of literature as a totality of written or printed works has given way to more exclusive definitions based on criteria of imaginative, creative, or artistic value, usually related to a work's absence of factual or practical reference. Until the mid‐20th century, many kinds of non‐fictional writing in philosophy, history, biography, science, and politics were counted as literature; implicit in this broader usage is a

definition of literature as that body of works which, deserves to be preserved as part of the current reproduction of meanings within a given culture. This sense seems more tenable than the later attempts to divide literature as creative, imaginative, fictional, or non‐practical from factual writings or practically effective works of propaganda,

In analyzing Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie, feminist theory and gender theory in analyzing the problems will be used. Because gender and feminism have close relation in literary works. Feminist theory is the extension of nature of experience, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as theory based on the idea that women have a different relationship with nature and environment to men. While generally providing a critique of much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing promotion of include

And gender is an important area of study in many disciplines, such as disciplines sometimes differ in their approaches to how and why they study

gender. For instance in anthropology, sociology and psychology, gender is often studied as a practice, whereas in cultural studies representations of gender are more often examined. Gender studies is also a discipline in itself, an wide range of disciplines.

a number of phases. The first she calls "feminist critique", where the feminist reader examines the ideologies behind literary phenomena. The second Showalter calls "the language, the trajectory of the individual or collective female literary career and inscription and the literary effects of th

Wellek and Warren in their Theory of Literature proposed two approaches in analyzing literary works, they are intrinsic approach and extrinsic approach. Intrinsic approach is an approach which analyzes the literary work based on the text and the structural points of literary work which comprises the characters, plot, setting, theme, style, and point of view. Extrinsic approach is an approach which analyzes the literary work and its connection with other knowledge and external factors such as biography, history, culture, psychology, sociology, etc.

In analyzing The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams, extrinsic approach which focuses on sociology and culture will be used. Where in social

construct results that in women not having the same rights, opportunities, or privileges as men and men’s superiority has also been supported by the culture.

And according to M. H. Abrams in his book The Mirror and the Lamp in 1953 (quoted from www.uwec.edu/ranowlan/intr_crit_rdg_lit_081400.htm) divides critical theory of literature into four kinds, they are mimetic theory, pragmatic theory, expressive theory, and objective theory.

Mimetic theory (the theory of imitation) defines literature in relation to life, seeing it as a way of reproducing or recreating the experiences of man’s life in words. Abrams (1976:8-9) stated that mimetic theory is the most primitive aesthetic approach. The idea was developed through Plato’s vision that the literary work itself cannot represent the real life, but is only the imitation of what happened in our surroundings. Aristotle, on the other hand, declined Plato’s argument by stated that literary work as an art aims to purify the emotion (the Latin word ‘catharsis’).

Pragmatic theory relates literary work to its readers. It is called pragmatic because literature may give the practical result to its readers, and is sometimes also called affective since literature may give emotional effect to its readers. Pragmatic theory is used to reveal the functions of literary work in the middle of society, the spread, and the development. Pragmatic theory deals with the competence of the readers.

Expressive theory focuses on the relation between the literary work and its writer. This kind of theory believes that literary work is produced through the

expression and the emotion of its writer which are influenced by the background and the experience of the writer.

Objective theory focuses on the literary work itself, its language, forms, and devices. This kinds of critical theory of literature, makes sense of the meaning and significance of literature by focusing upon the literary text in deliberate abstraction from its relations to its writer, its readers, and surrounding social-historical and political-ideological contexts; the aim here is to understand the literary work. Each work is to be judged by its own criteria for internal consistency, its intrinsic rather than extrinsic qualities.

In this thesis, also will be use expressive theory to discuss Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie. Because in expressive theory believes that a literary work is produced through the expression and the emotion of the playwright which are influenced by his/her background and experiences.

2.3 Play

A play is a form o scripted than just have had little preference whether their plays were performed or read. The term "play" can refer to both the written works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. A has continued to evolve over the years. During the 18th and 19th centuries, developed as a combination of poetry, drama, a

verse form until comparatively recently A play is something to act out or do a performence. And drama is similar to it, its not acting out from something, but doing a play is drama.

Genres which includes in play are:

• Comedy

Comedies are plays which are designed to b often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances. Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups. the two original play types of of a comedy would be William Shakespeare's play "A Midsummer Night Dream," or for a more modern example the skits from "Saturday Night Live".

• Farce

A generally nonsensical genre of play, involve play "The Comedy of Errors," or Mark Twain's play "Is He Dead?"

• Satirical

people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement, for example pointing out governmental corruption. An example of a satire would be George Orwell novel "Animal Farm," or Jonathan Swift book "Gulliver's Travels."

• Tragedy

These plays often involve death and are designed to cause the reader or viewer to fee dramatic conflicts. Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeare's play "Romeo and Juliet," and also John Webster's play "The Duchess of Malfi."

• Historical

These plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are often neither of these. popularised by Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace," and William Shakespeare's play "King John."

• Terminology

The term "play" can be either a general term, or more specifically refer to a non-musical play. Sometimes the term "straight play" is used in contrast to play's characters. For a short play, the term "playlet" is sometimes used.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH

3.1 Data Collecting Procedure

The first procedure is data collecting data. In this procedure, the library research is applied by searching and collecting the references that contain and support the topics from the library and any other places.

In this first procedure, Tennessee Williams’ play The Glass Menagerie is used as the main source of the data. The play is read many times to get full understanding about the content of the play. In addition to that, other suitable references, such as The American Tradition in Literature books that discuss about Tennessee Williams’s literary works and the whole biography of Tennessee Williams, books or articles that talk about gender, are also collected to support the analysis of this thesis.

3.2 Data Selecting Procedure

The second procedure is selecting the data. All the data collected in the first step that are significant and related to the topic of the study are selected. All the information and quotations that have been collected will be selected and only the data that are very significant are used in the process of making the analysis of this thesis.

3.3 Data Analyzing Procedure

The last procedure is analyzing the data. Since I apply analytical descriptive method, I analyze the data by describing all the selected data that is continued with analyzing then giving the sufficient understanding. In Teori,

Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra dari Strukturalisme Hingga Prostrukturalisme Perspektif Wacana Naratif (2004:53), Kutha Ratna states that:

Metode deskriptif analitik dilakukan dengan cara mendeskripsikan fakta-fakta yang kemudian disusul dengan analisis. Secara Etimologis deskripsi dan analisis berarti menguraikan. Meskipun demikian, analisis yang berasal dari bahasa Yunani, analyein (‘ana’ = atas, ‘lyein’ = lepas, urai), telah diberikan arti tambahan, tidak semata-mata menguraikan, melainkan juga memberikan pemahaman dan penjelasan secukup-cukupnya.

Therefore, this last procedure is the process of describing the collected data and analyzing them. The data are including the significant things which deal with gender inequality in Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Manegerie, such as how women are treated differently than men as well as how women don’t have the same opportunities than men.

Since this thesis uses expressive theory that shows the play is the result of the playwright’s imagination and experience, finally the collected data from the play will be analyzed clearly. This is intended to make the conclusions of the analysis.

CHAPTER IV

GENDER INEQUALITY AS REFLECTED IN TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’S THE GLASS MENAGERIE

4.1 Women Are Treated Differently From Men

Man and woman treated diffrently because their differences between the sex have been attributed to inborn biologgical factors. Gender role distiction within societies were said to drive from biologically based differences in ability, motivation, and interest. Eagly (1997: 146) said that: Social role theory “treats these differing distributions of women and men into roles as the primary origin of sex-differentiated social behavior, their impact on behavior is mediated by psychological and social processes” . In all societies the obvious biological difference between men and women is used as a justification for forcing them into different social roles which limit and shape their attitudes and behavior. That is to say, no society is content with the natural difference of sex, but each insists on adding to it a cultural difference of gender. The simple physical facts therefore always become associated with complex psychological qualities. It is not enough for a man to be male, he also has to appear masculine. A woman, in addition to being female, must also be feminine. Gelles (1999:361) said that: Gender is part of social structure that a set of social and cultural practices that both reflect and rainforce assumptions about differences between men and women.

Right from birth, babies are usually treated according to their gender. Baby boys tend to be wrapped in blue blankets,while girls in pink. Boys are handled more roughly than girls, boys are bounced around and lifted high in the air but girls are cuddled cooed over. Boys are often left alone to explore their environment but girls are protected against any posible accident. In everyday life, it can be seen that a mother always wants her daughter to look pretty all the time and looking forward for her daughter can marry to the right man. Whereas for boys, she wants her son to become a great man, have a good career in his work and give her son responsiblity in family. This such thing can be seen in The Glass Menagerie. Amanda differentiates between her daughter and son by telling Laura to keep looking beautiful and interesting to attract the gentelman callers. Amanda believes in the importance of a woman’s appearance. Mother wants her children learn to categorize themselves by gender very early on in life. A part of this is learning how to display and perform gendered identities as masculine or feminine. Boys learn to manipulate their physical and social environment through physical strength or other skills, while girls learn to present themselves as objects to be viewed.

The term ‘gender inequality’ is often related to a condition where women and men are treated differently. In The Glass Menagerie itself, it can be seen how a mother named Amanda treats her both children in different ways. Generally, men are often treated in more special ways than women. But in The Glass

Menagerie, a contrastive thing is revealed. In this case, Amanda treats her

Amanda believes in the importance of a woman’s appearance. She is sure that a woman is a creature who is born to be treated in special ways. So, when there is a party in Wingfield’s apartment, Amanda asks Laura to stay fresh and pretty to attract gentelmen callers because she is a young woman whose beauty and attractiveness are assets for her to look more special in men’s views. This is reflected on page 1262 of the play:

Amanda: Resume your seat, little sister – I want you to stay fresh and pretty – for gentlemen callers!" (p.1262, Amanda).

Thio (1985) in his book said that: “Girls seeing their mother, they learn the importance of being pretty and feel that they must rely more on their beauty than intelligence to attract man”.

Girls are always treated gently in his family with full attention. A mother always wants her daughter always look beautiful and attractive because she think it is capital of important for woman in daily life to get attention from the opposite sex. In this case it does not mean that a mother not think that how importance for a woman to master the ways to interacting with other people while the speech. Women are also in demands for can be flexible in mastering words and conversation. As can be seen in play The Glass Menagerie, Amanda assigns certain responsibilities to her daughter and her son, according to their genders. The resulting difference in the male and female character is then described as inborn and used to defend the existing power arrangement. Only those who accept it are normal, and only they can expect to succeed. The male social role is designed to reward masculine men, while the female social role offers its relative

advantages only to feminine women. The aggressive man will run the bigger business; the pretty, agreeable woman will find the richer husband. In other words, masculinity and femininity are gender qualities which are developed in response to social discrimination. However, once they have been developed, they justify and cement it. The masculine and feminine gender roles mutually reinforce each other and thereby perpetuate the inequality on which they are based. Nevertheless, Amanda still focuses on her daughter, Laura than Tom. Amanda asks Laura to not only have to possess a pretty face and a graceful figure to attract gentlemen callers, but also have to have a nimble wit and an eloquence in speaking so that she can entertain those gentlemen callers. It showed on page 1263:

Amanda: They knew how to entertain their gentlemen callers. It wasn’t enough for a girl to be possessed of a pretty face and a graceful figure – although I wasn’t slighted in either respect. She also needed to have a nimble wit and a tongue to meet all occasions." (The Glass Menagerie, p.1263 ).

Amanda judges a woman’s worth by how much attention she receives from men. Image on screen, Amanda as a girl on a porch, greeting callers. In here Amanda shows gender inequality between women and men, she showed that men are stronger than women in doing work that involves physical.Eagly (1997:148) said that: Social role theory “treats these differing distributions of women and men into roles as the primary origin of sex-differentiated social behavior, their impact on behavior is mediated by psychological and social processes”.

Amanda’s repeated instructions to ‘stay fresh and pretty’ underscore the value she places on attractiveness for women. Kendall (1996: 361) said: From birth, parents act toward child’s sex. Baby boys are perceived to be less fragile than girls and tend to be treated more roughly by their parents. Girl babies are thought to be “cute, sweet, and cuddly” and receive more gentle treatment. Amanda assigns certain responsibilities to her daughter and her son, according to their genders. She taught his children to behave accordance by their gender that should be. She believes that women are the most special creatures in the world. Therefore, she really wants her daughter, Laura, to look fresh and pretty in gentlemen callers’ views.

Laura [rising]: Mother, let me clear the table.

Amanda: No, dear, you go in front and study your typewriter chart. Or practice your shorthand a little. Stay fresh and pretty! - It's almost time for our gentlemen callers to start arriving. [She flounces girlishly toward the kitchenette] How many do you suppose we're going to entertain this afternoon?" (The Glass

menagerie, p.1263).

Laura recognizes clearly the gender roles that she is expected to fill. Neverthless, her mother fears if she may fail to do so. Therefore, Amanda always treats Laura in more special ways because she does not want her to be an old maid.It quotations faund on pages 1264 and 1266 in the play:

LAURA: Mother’s afraid I’m going to be an old maid. (The Glass

AMANDA: I know so well what becomes of unmarried woman who aren't prepared to occupy a position. I've seen such pitiful cases in the South - barely tolerated spinsters living upon the grudging patronage of sister's husband or brother's wife! - stuck away in some little mousetrap of a room - encouraged by one in-law to visit another - little birdlike women without any nest - eating the crust of humility all their life! Is that the future that we've mapped out for ourselves? I swear it's the only alternative I can think of! [She pauses.] It isn't a very pleasant alternative, is it? [She pauses again.] Of course - some girls do marry." (The Glas Menagerie, p.1266)

A mother always wants her children to know the gender rules as that children ought to behave when face of to the opposite sex. And here Amanda teaches to his son and daughter that man should come to women with manly and woman has the rights to choose the right man for her. Amanda explains about how gender rules that supposed happen between men and women.

Well, in the South we had so many servants. Gone, gone, gone. All vestige of gracious living! Gone completely! I wasn’t prepared for what the future brought me. All of my gentlemen callers were sons of planters and so of course I assumed that I would be married to one and raise my family on a large piece of land with plenty of servants. But man proposes—and woman accepts the proposal! (The Glass menagerie, p.1287)

Amanda really loves Laura. She treats her differently from Tom. She even asks Tom to look out for Laura before she gets married because she is still young and dependent. Amanda stresses on Tom that Laura is his only sister and he still has responsibility to take care of her and find out the right man for her. Because of gender stereotyping, Amanda makes Tom to have a responsibility to find out a couple for his older sister Laura. Popenoe (1986:342) said: But men and women tend to have diffrent attitudes toward marriage. For most women today, marriage is stil the realization of a dream. And mother who have been unhappy in their own marriages hope that their daughters will find the “right man”. Here Amanda wants Laura to get a good man and he makes it become Tom’s responsibility.It showed on pages 1274:

AMANDA: I mean that as soon as Laura has got somebody to take care of her, married, a home of her own, independent ?- why, then you'll be free to go wherever you please, on land, on sea, whichever way the wind blows you !

But until that time you've got to look out for your sister. I don't say me because I'm oldand don't matter - I say for your sister because she's young and dependent. (The Glass menagerie, p.1274)

Because of Amanda’s over protection and love to Laura, she has even made many plans for Laura which are not based on a desire for her daughter’s own satisfaction, but a fulfillment of the gender roles she sees in the world around her. Can be seen on page 1274:

AMANDA: ...I put her in business college - a dismal failure! Frightened so it made her sick at the stomach.

I took her over to the Young People's League at the church. Another fiasco. She spoke to nobody, nobody spoke to her. Now all she does is fool with those pieces of glass and play those worn-out records. What kind of life is that for a girl to lead?(The Glass Menagerie, p.1274)

Amanda absolutely wants a better life for Laura. She wants her only daughter to have a good husband in her life. Amanda does not really care about Tom because she still focuses on Laura’s future. Amanda even places the responsibility on Tom to help Laura fulfill the duties of her gender as a woman. So, it is clear that Tom only becomes a tool for Amanda to find the right man to be Laura’s husband.

AMANDA: Do you realize he’s the first young man we’ve introduced to your sister? It’s terrible, disgraceful that poor little sister has never received a single gentleman caller! Tom, come inside!(The Glass menagerie, p.1278)

When Laura gets a special treatment from Amanda, Tom only becomes a person who is teased by his mother. While they are having dinner together, Amanda always criticizes Tom on page 1262 in the play:

AMANDA [to her son]: Honey, don't push with your fingers. If you have to push with something, the thing to push with is a crust of

bread. And chew !chew! Animals havesections in their stomachs which enable them to digest flood without mastication, but human beings are supposed to chew their food before they swallow it down. Eat food leisurely, son, and really enjoy it. A well-cooked meal has lots of delicate flavours that have to be held in the mouth for appreciation. So chew your food and give your salivary glands a chance to function ! (The Glass Menagerie, p.1262)

Amanda always ctiticizes Tom. She thinks that Tom never cares about her and her sister, Laura who is crippled and has no job at all. She also blames on Tom for his selfishness. And this finally causes Tom feel uncomfortable. Therefore, he prefers going somewhere outside the house to staying at home.

AMANDA: Don't think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried

sister who's crippled and has no job ! Don't let anything interfere with your selfish pleasure I just go, go, go - to the movies !(The Glass Menagerie, p.1299)

Man and woman is treated differently because of gender responsibilities that already exist in a social environment that has existed and applied. Woman who were seen as innately maternal and social where naturally suitedto managing the children and house hold. While man who were regarded as bold and competitive, rational, and not inclined to be swayed by emotions, where naturally suited to managing the bussiness of goverment, war and commerce. Like Popenoe (1986) said that: Men and women are different physically, and they think, feel, act, and relate to others in different ways. Mens are rational, and womens are

emotional. Men go out and earn living, women are mother and homemakers. Men seek money and power, women find fulfillment through their husband and children. And in this play Amanda has forced Tom to work at a warehouse (a shoes factory). However, Tom actually dislikes that job because he does not feel free working there. Unfortunately, Amanda is too imposing the gender roles on Tom because she believes that a man has to possess a great job and good career advancement. And that’s what Amanda wants from Tom. Finally, Tom complains about her mother’s will because he wants to get a job which suits him. It showed on page 1269:

TOM: Listen !You think I'm crazy about the warehouse? [He bonds fiercely toward her slight figure.] You think I'm in love with the Continental Shoemakers? You think I want to spend fifty-five years down there in that - celotex interior! with - fluorescent – tubes! Look! I'd rather somebody picked up a crowbar and battered out my brains - than go back mornings! I go ! Every time you come in yelling that God damn 'Rise and Shine!'(The Glass Menagerie, p.1269)

From the quotation above, Tom complains about coercionfrom his mother who has always stressed his obligations as men to work to earn money and continue to increase his career. Here, Tom shows how he rebels against the gender rule that should be on its way. He does not like the way his mother forces him to follow the gender rule.

Again, Tom is treated differently from Laura. Tom is burdened by her mother to work and pay the rent of the house. Because it has become the

obligations of a man to work and finance his family. In the play The Glass

Menagerie can be seen clearly that Amanda acted as a dominant mother who has

the power in differentiate her children as men and women. Wilson (1966: 98) said that: The wife dominant type of structure is associated with high-achieving but tense and rejecting son. For the boy, the socialization process requires read judements not demanded of the girl. Like in the labor force in the United States is based on the assumption that most workers are men with families to support. And here Tom, complains again for the gender roles that his mother made for him to do. It showed on page 1268:

TOM: House, house ! Who pays rent on it, who makes a slave of himself to – (The Glass Menagerie, p.1268).

In the role gender inequality, man should be the one who should be working in the family, become successful and experienced an increase in his job, and show masculinity at work. Wilson (1966: 124) said that : Gender may play an important role in the ways that people make attribution about success and failures. For the male-linked items, when a male did well his success was attributed primarily to skill. In case when a female did well, however, her successful performance was more likely to be attributed to luck. Similar pattern way man’s failures exist in attributed to external circumstance but woman failures to be attribute more lack of hand work and ability. In this play, Amanda continues to remind Tom that he must rise in the world of his job and do not let fail. And it showed in quotation on page 1272:

I’ve had to put up solitary battle as these years. But you are my right-hand bower! Don’tfail down, don’t fail! (The Glass

Menagerie, p.1272).

Here, Amanda reminds Tom again to be on his duty as a man. Amanda makes clear how gender inequality is stressed on her children. Gender inequality is the unequal and biased treatment between the two sexes. That strongly believe that the unequal treatment is something that should have stayed in social life.

In the play, Amanda as a mother distinguish her treatment to Tom and Laura, as man and woman. Where Amanda wants Tom to behave as a man according to his gender. While Laura behave vulnerable as a woman who needs protection from a man. In religion according to Browne (1988:56) said that: Women are either invisible or occupy subordinates position to men in most religious scriptures. For example, in the Christian Bible, Eve is formed from a rib taken from a man, and it was Eve the evil temptress who led Adam astray and laid the basis for original sin in Christianity and Judaism. God is always seen as male, Jesus is male, Christ’s 12 apostles were all men. In Islam, Mohammed is a man. Aldrige (2007) notes that, in the Qur’an, women are legally inferior to men, lacking the same rights as their husbands, to whom they must submit. De Beauvior (1953) argues that most scriptures in most religions suggest that ‘man is master by divine right’. And in the religion women associate God with love, comfort and forgiveness, which are linked with traditional femininity and family roles. In contrast, men associate God more commonly with power and control. The fact that women lean more to people-orientation than to concerns with power may explain their greater involvement in religion.

4.2 Women Do Not Have The Same Opportunities Than Men

In everyday social life sometimes women can not have equal opportunities than the men. Women usually just stay at home and take care of the housework. Women are usually not in habit to do the work in office and not important for a women to get a job, because women usually will only need to get married and become a good housewife. While men, he was on duty to earn money for his family.

In here showed that women have limitation to actualize themselves. As Popenoe (1986:334) states that: Men and women are different physically, and they think, feel, act, and relate to others in different ways. Mens are rational, and womens are emotional. Men go out and earn living, women are mother and homemakers. Men seek money and power, women find fulfillment through their husband and children. Women do not have good opportunities because of gender role in cultural influences. According to Gelles (1999:361) stated that: Gender involves differences in power. Like race and social class, gender assigns roles in ways that afford women lower opportunities and prileges than men enjoy. It distinguishes between two kinds of power. ‘Power to’ refers to ability to act , which often requires such resources as education, money, land and time. Typically, women have less power to pursue education, innerit land, get high paying jobs, or choose to get married or divorced. ‘Power over’ refers to the ability to assert one’s will even against opposition from others. Women ussualy have less say in family decisions, lower position in the work place, and little representation in goverment or influence on public politics.

And Brigham (1942: 338) said that: As more and more mothers began working outside the home, many people woried about the effect of a mother’s employment and subsequent lack of contact with her offspring during the day, on her children. Many man and nonemployed mothers believe that working women are worse mothers than women who do not work. That statement explains that its better if women do not working and leave her house, but she must just stay at home to take care her house and her family at home. Thats why, in this play Amanda said to her daughter that bussines careers are not to important for women because she think that bussines careers jus for a man. Here Amanda want to explains what women should do according to their gender, that women just need to married with the right men for her future.

Amanda: Girls aren't cut out for business careers wind up married to some nice man. [She gets up with a spark of revival.] Sister, that's what you'll do!" (The Glass Menagerie, p.1266)

Amanda gets her thoughts on gender roles from observing the outside world. Gender inequality is “the inequality resulted from the organization of society, not from any significant biological or personality differences between women and men” (Ritzer, 2003:210).

From the theory above, inequality not only come from men to women, but also from what society do to a gender. Society often makes prejudice to a gender to do something. Society sticks to women as a householder, cooking, parenting children and doing everything to support their husband.

Here Laura does not have the same freedom of opportunity too which is owned by Tom, her brother to be able to go anywhere that he wants. In this play Laura is only asked by her mother to stay at home waiting for the gentelman callers. Her mother always demands Laura to be stay fresh and pretty to attract gentelmen callers and to get attention from men. While Tom can go out, go to the movies whenever he need. Here Laura is always at watch by her mother in doing an act so she is not free to do what she wants, she just take care her glass menagerie at home because it makes Laura be still fresh and preety. It can be seen on page 1294:

LAURA: I don't do anything - much. Oh, please don't think I sit around doing nothing! My glass collection takes up agood deal of time. Glass is something you have to take good care of. (The Glass Menagerie, p.1294)

And as Ritzer states in Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its

Classical Roots (2003:210): “Although individual human beings may vary

somewhat from each other in their profile potentials and traits, no significant pattern of natural variation distinguishes the sexes. Instead, all human beings are characterized by a deep need for freedom to seek self-actualization and by a fundamental malleability that leads them to adapt to the constrains or opportunities of the situations in which they find themselves. To say that there is gender inequality, then is to claim that women are situational less empowered than men to realize the need they share with men for self –actualization”

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusions

The play The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Wiliams deals with gender inequality. Gender Inequality refers to the obvious or hidden disparities among individuals based on the performance of gender. This problem in simple term is known as Gender bias which in simple terms means the gender stratification or making difference between man or woman. After analyzing gender inequality that contained in the play of The Glass Menagerie, the playwright conclude that:

1. Women are treated differently than men. There is a difference because women always tend to be treated gently and should be maintained, while the man is considered normal in the face of problems and man was given responsibility within in the family or at work. Because men are supposed to be independent and fit to be leaders, while women are believed to be dependent and need of male protection.

2. Women don’t have the same opportunities than men in Tennessee Wiliams’s The Glass Menagerie. Women unconfined in getting opportunity for a career and opportunity to be able to go out free. This occurs because of cultural influences which states that women do not need to work, women is only need to get married and become housewives who

keep her husband and children. And women do not have the freedom to leave the house because women tends on guard and stay quiet at home to wait for the gentelman callers. While the he at demand to work to earn money for family needs, and wherever he go, does not need to worry because he can take care of himself.

5.2 Suggestion

In this thesis the playwright wants to show how gender inequality that happens, which reflect the differences between women and men in the life that is influenced by the culture that has existed at the time.

Therefore, woman here are expected to be independent and not to be bound by cultural rules which was to trapped her. And hopefully by reading this thesis can be Supporting to other assessments when analyzing the possibilities that contained at this play.

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Browne, Ken. 2009. Sociology For A2 AQA. USA: Polity Press.

Gelles, Richard J. 1999. Sociology An Introduction. USA: Acid-Free Paper.

Kendall, Diana. 1996. Sociology in Our Times. USA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

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Popenoe, David. 1986. Sixth Edition Sociology. New Jersey : Eglewood Cliffs Perkins, Barbara. 2002. The American Tradition in Literature. New York: The Mc

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Reading and Writing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

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APPENDIX A

SUMMARY OF THE GLASS MENAGERIE

The play is introduced to the audience by Tom as a memory play, based on his recollection of his mother Amanda and his sister Laura.

Amanda's husband abandoned the family long ago. Although a survivor and a pragmatist, Amanda yearns for the illusions and comforts she remembers from her days as a fêted Southern belle. She yearns especially for these things for her daughter Laura, a young adult with a crippled foot and tremulous insecurity about the outside world. Tom works in a warehouse, doing his best to support them. He chafes under the banality and boredom of everyday life and spends much of his spare time watching movies in cheap cinemas at all hours of the night. Amanda is obsessed with finding a suitor for Laura, who spends most of her time with her collection of little glass animals. Tom eventually brings a nice boy named Jim home for dinner at the insistence of his mother, who hopes Jim will be the long-awaited suitor for Laura. Laura realizes that Jim is the man she loved in high school and has thought of ever since. After a long evening in which Jim and Laura are left alone by candlelight in the living room, waiting for electricity to be restored, Jim reveals that he is already engaged to be married, and he leaves. During their long scene together, Jim and Laura have shared a quiet dance, and he accidentally brushes against the glass menagerie, knocking the glass unicorn to

the floor and breaking its horn off ("Now it's just like the other horses," Laura says).

When Amanda learns that Jim was engaged she assumes Tom knew and lashes out at him: ("That's right, now that you've had us make such fools of ourselves. The effort, the preparations, all the expense! The new floor lamp, the rug, the clothes for Laura! All for what? To entertain some other girl's fiancé! Go to the movies, go! Don't think about us, a mother deserted, an unmarried sister who's crippled and has no job! Don't let anything interfere with your selfish pleasure. Just go, go, go - to the movies !") At play's end, as Tom speaks, it becomes clear that Tom left home soon afterward and never returned. In Tom's final speech, as he watches his mother comforting Laura long ago, he bids farewell: "Oh, Laura, Laura, I tried to leave you behind me, but I am more faithful than I intended to be! I reach for a cigarette, I cross the street, I run into the movies or a bar, I buy a drink, I speak to the nearest stranger - anything that can blow your candles out! [LAURA bends over the candles.]- for nowadays the world is lit by lightning ! Blow out your candles, Laura - and so good-bye." Laura blows the candles out as the play ends.

APPENDIX B

BIOGRAPHY OF TENNESSEE WILLIAMS

Williams was born in Williams, at the home of his maternal grandparents. His grandfather was the local drinking traveling salesman, and favored Tennessee's younger brother Dakin. Tennessee was less robust as a child and his father thought him effeminate. His mother Edwina was inspiration in his problematic family for much of his writing.

In 1918, when Williams was seven, the family moved to the School, a setting referred to in his work dollars) for an essay published in

Williams attended th joine degree in 1938 from the Previously, Williams had written Cairo, Shanghai, Bombay! This work was first produced in 1935 by the Garden Players community theater in

enchanted me. Then and there the theatre and I found each other for better and for worse. I know it's the only thing that saved my life." He later studied at the

Tennessee was close to his sister Rose, a slim beauty who was diagnosed with institutionalized and spent most of her adult life in mental hospitals. When therapies were unsuccessful, she showed more paranoid tendencies. In an effort to treat her, Williams' parents authorized a that was thought to help some mental patients who suffered extreme agitation. Performed in 1937 at the Missouri State Sanitarium, the operation incapacitated Rose for the rest of her life. Her surgery may have contributed to his and his dependence on various combinations of often prescribed by

While in New York, Williams worked in many casual jobs including as a waiter at a Greenwich Village restaurant and a cinema usher. Williams worked extremely briefly in the renowned than a day.

His first sexual affair with a man was at Provincetown, Massachusetts with a dancer named Kip Kiernan. He carried a photo of Kip in his wallet for many years. Having struggled with his sexuality throughout his youth, he came out as a gay man in private. When Kip left him for a woman and marriage, Williams was devastated. Williams was outed as gay by Louis Kronenberger i in the 1950s.

While living in New Orleans, Williams met and fell in love with Frank Merlo, a second generation Sicilian American who had served in the U.S. Navy in World War II. This was his only enduring relationship. Williams' relationship with Frank Merlo lasted from 1947 until 1962. With that stability, Williams created his most enduring works. Merlo provided balance to many of Williams' frequent bouts wit insane.

Due to Williams' addiction to sleeping pills and alcohol as well as his numerous episodes of infidelity, Merlo finally ended the relationship. However, soon after, Merlo was diagnosed with lung cancer, and died in 1963. Merlo's death deeply affected Williams and he sank into a deep depression.

He discussed his homosexuality openly on television and in print in the 1970s. He released his autobiography Memoirs in 1975.

His personal tragedies as well as alcoholism contributed to his emotional problems. At the insistence of his brother, he agreed to be rebaptized as for a short time. His brother also admitted him to a psychiatric ward for treatment related to his addiction problems after a nervous breakdown in 1969.

Williams died on February 25, 1983 at the age of 71. Reports at the time indicated h New York. The reports said he would routinely place the cap in his mouth, lean back, and place his eyedrops in each eye. The police report, however, suggested his use of drugs and alcohol contributed to his death. Prescription drugs, including

barbiturates, were found in the room, and Williams' gag response may have been diminished by the effects of drugs and alcohol.

Williams' body was found by director his secretary and who travelled with Williams, and was staying in a separate room in Williams' suite.

Williams' body was taken to Williams' funeral took place on March 3, 1983 at interred in th friends he wanted to be buried at sea at approximately the same place as

Williams left his literary rights to his grandfather, Walter Dakin, an alumnus of the university, which is located in sister Rose died in 1996 after many years in a mental institution, she bequeathed $7 million from her part of the Williams estate to The University of the South as well.

In 1989, the Tennessee Williams into its

APPENDIX C

TENNESSEE WILLIAMS’ HONORS AND WORKS

HONORS:

WORKS:

Novels

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• Screenplays and teleplays

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•

•

•

•

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• Short stories

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•

•

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• o One Arm

o The Malediction

o The Poet

o Chronicle of a Demise

o Desire and the Black Masseur

o Portrait of a Girl in Glass

o The Important Thing

o The Angel in the Alcove

o The Field of Blue Children

o

o The Yellow Bird

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•

Main article:

Tennessee Williams wrote over 70 one-act plays during his lifetime. The one-acts explored many of the same themes that dominated his longer works. Williams' major collections are published by

•

•

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• o «Something wild...» (introduction) (1953)

o 27 Wagons Full of Cotton (1946 and 1953)

o The Purification (1946 and 1953)

o The Lady of Larkspur Lotion (1946 and 1953)

o The Last of My Solid Gold Watches (1946 and 1953)

o Portrait of a Madonna (1946 and 1953)

o Auto-da-Fé (1946 and 1953)

o Lord Byron's Love Letter (1946 and 1953)

o The Strangest Kind of Romance (1946 and 1953)

o The Long Goodbye (1946 and 1953)

o Hello from Bertha (1946 and 1953)

o This Property Is Condemned (1946 and 1953)

o Talk to Me Like the Rain and Let Me Listen... (1953)

o Something Unspoken (1953)

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Poetry

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