expression and the emotion of its writer which are influenced by the background and the experience of the writer.
Objective theory focuses on the literary work itself, its language, forms, and devices. This kinds of critical theory of literature, makes sense of the meaning
and significance of literature by focusing upon the literary text in deliberate abstraction from its relations to its writer, its readers, and surrounding social-
historical and political-ideological contexts; the aim here is to understand the literary work. Each work is to be judged by its own criteria for internal
consistency, its intrinsic rather than extrinsic qualities.
In this thesis, also will be use expressive theory to discuss Tennessee Williams’s The Glass Menagerie. Because in expressive theory believes that a
literary work is produced through the expression and the emotion of the playwright which are influenced by hisher background and experiences.
2.3 Play
A play is a form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of scripted dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather
than just reading. There are rare dramatists, notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had little preference whether their plays were performed or read. The term
play can refer to both the written works of playwrights and to their complete theatrical performance. A play or drama offers another classical literary form that
has continued to evolve over the years. During the 18th and 19th centuries, opera developed as a combination of poetry, drama, and music. Nearly all drama took
Universitas Sumatera Utara
verse form until comparatively recently A play is something to act out or do a performence. And drama is similar to it, its not acting out from something, but
doing a play is drama. Genres which includes in play are:
• Comedy
Comedies are plays which are designed to be humorous. Comedies are often filled with witty remarks, unusual characters, and strange circumstances.
Certain comedies are geared toward different age groups. Comedies were one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece, along with tragedies. An examples
of a comedy would be William Shakespeares play A Midsummer Night Dream, or for a more modern example the skits from Saturday Night Live.
• Farce
A generally nonsensical genre of play, farces are often overacted and often involve slapstick humour. An example of a farce includes William Shakespeares
play The Comedy of Errors, or Mark Twains play Is He Dead? •
Satirical
A satire is a play which takes a comic look at current events and famous people while at the same time attempting to make a political or social statement,
for example pointing out governmental corruption. An example of a satire would be George Orwell novel Animal Farm, or Jonathan Swift book Gullivers
Travels.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
• Tragedy
These plays often involve death and are designed to cause the reader or viewer to feel sadness. Tragic plays convey all emotions, and have extremely
dramatic conflicts. Tragedy was one of the two original play types of Ancient Greece. Some examples of tragedies include William Shakespeares play Romeo
and Juliet, and also John Websters play The Duchess of Malfi. •
Historical
These plays focus on actual historical events. They can be tragedies or comedies, but are often neither of these. History as a separate genre was
popularised by William Shakespeare. Examples of historicals include Leo Tolstoys novel War and Peace, and William Shakespeares play King John.
• Terminology
The term play can be either a general term, or more specifically refer to a non-musical play. Sometimes the term straight play is used in contrast to
musical, which refers to a play based on music, dance, and songs sung by the plays characters. For a short play, the term playlet is sometimes used.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH
3.1 Data Collecting Procedure
