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have the pattern and ways to deal with the text being learned. 5 communicating and finding knowledge
The next stage, students are required to communicate what they have in their mind through writingspoken text. The conclusions describe their new gain
knowledge, so that they are able to comprehend and create a new text perfectly similar with the model text.
6 creating text The last step of this cycle is creating texts. In this step, students need to
communicate ideas they have using the new knowledge they acquire. As they know the nature of the text, they will easily form texts. It is important to
remember that learning a language does not have an end as it is a continous cycle. This cycle will not be broken but it will only get some knowledge insertion. The
ultimate form of learning English is able to use knowledge in communicate with people whether it is in the form of written form and spoken form.
4. Written Cycle Reading and Writing Skills a. Definition of Written Cycle
English skills can be divided into two cycles, namely the spoken cycle and the written cycle. The spoken cycle consists of listening and speaking skills, while
the written cycle consists of reading and writing skills. Both have two sides, namely receptive skills and productive skills. Listening and Reading are receptive,
and speaking and writing skills are productive skills.
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b. Definition of Reading
Reading skill is one of language skills that belongs to the receptive one. Reading is not only a matter of understanding text superficial meaning but the
readers also need to dig deeper what kind of information that the writer provided. Spratt et al 2005: 21 stated that to make sense a text, one should connect
m essage in the text with one’s background knowledge. Because of it, reading is
truly unique yet complex process.
c. Subskills
As one of language skills, reading has sub-skills. Spratt, et.al 2005: 22 propose three subskills of reading, they are shown as follows:
1. Reading for specific information or scanning: reader needs to pay attention on what kind of specific information the reader needs.
2. Reading for gist or skimming: the readers read the important clue, so that the readers will get general idea of texts.
3. Reading for detail: the reader needs to read and understand the whole text.
d. Definition of Writing
Writing is a skill that produces language by creating written text. It needs a good communication to link the model with the idea in the mind into a good text.
According to Spratt, et.al 2005: 26, writing is one of productive skills that has final product in the form of written text. The text should be constructed properly.
The appropriateness of text will make readers understand easily.
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e. Types of Written Language
Written language has many types. According to Brown 2007: 302, there are many types of written language. Below is the list of types.
Table 1. Types of Written Language Brown, 2007: 302-303
No Types of Written Language
1 Non-fiction: reports, editorials, essays, articles, reference dictionaries,
etc. 2
Fiction: novels, short stories, jokes, drama, poetry 3
Letters: personal, business 4
Greeting cards 5
Diaries, Journals 6
Memos e.g. interoffice memos 7
Messages e.g. phone messages 8
Announcements 9
Newspaper “journalese” 10
Academic writing: short-answer test responses, reports, papers, thesis, books
11 Forms, Applications
12 Questions
13 Directions
14 Labels
15 Signs
16 Recipes
17 Bills and other financial statements
18 Maps
19 Manuals
20 Menus
21 Schedules e.g. transportation tables
22 Advertisements: Commercial, personal
23 Invitations
24 Directories
25 Comic strips, cartoons
Based on core and basic competences of Curriculum 2013, this research will use three types of written languages proposed by Brown 2007: 302-303:
letters and non-fiction written languages: reports and articles.
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f. Writing Stages
Writing skill, like other skills have its own stages. Spratt et al 2005: 27 state that the stages of writing process which are:
1 brainstorming thinking of everyhing we can 2 making notes
3 planning organising our ideas 4 writing a draft a piece of writing that is not yet finished, may be
changed 5 editing correcting and improving text
6 producing another draft 7 proof-reading checking for mistakesin accuracy or editing again
According to Stifler 1996: 1, the writing process can be divided into two: writing for self, and writing for publicaudience. To create a writing for self, there
are three stages: 1 prewriting, 2 focused prewriting, 3 drafting. However, to create a writing that become public consumption, the writer should follow six
stages in writing: prewriting, focused writing, drafting, first review, second review, and final review.
It can be concluded that there are some stages that need to be followed by a writer to create a good writing. In writing, there are three main stages:
prewriting, doing writing, afterwriting. Prewriting activities includes how the writer gathers ideas in what writing, heshe wants to write, how the text skeleton
is, so on. Doing writing stage includes what kind of activities that writer does
