9 expression of personality. The individual is shaped by social and familiar
factors. All activities that persons did are guided by a person’s fundamental attitude toward life.
Adler in Ryckman, 1985: 95 believes that there are three stages for a man in thinking his final goal that is to be aggressive, to be powerful and to be
superior. Adler also states “the final goal of struggle is to be aggressive and all of powerful to dominates others. Individuals formulated this goal of
superiority by two ways that is constructive and destructive way. The constructive way will cause people to relate to others with co – operation and
good will. The destructive way will cause individual to attempt to dominate and exploit others Adler in Ryckman, 1985: 95.
B. Basic Principles of Individual Psychology
On study this novel; the researcher uses an Individual Psychological Approach, which has six basic principles. According to Adler in Hall and
Lindzey, 1985: 160 there are 1 Fictional Finalism 2 Inferiority Feeling and Compensation 3 Striving for Superiority 4 Social Interest 5 Style of Life
6 Creative Self. Here are the explanations :
1. Fictional Finalism
Fictions are ideas that have no real existence, yet they influence people as if they really existed. People are motivated not by what is true, but by
what they believe is true. So, fictional finalism indicates that what an
10 individual wants to achieve is fiction Adler in Feist, 1985: 65. Every
human has desire in his or her life. This desire can motivate someone to do and be better. It means that they have to work hard and always build new
spirit to get what they want. Adler in Feist, 1985: 65 states that the goal is fictional because it has no objective existence.
Our behavior is determined by our perceptions of what we hope to achieve in the future, not by what we have done or what he has been done
to us Adler in Hall and Lindzey, 1985: 144. Adler in Ryckman, 1985: 98 argues that people create ideas that guide their behavior and no one’s
various striving can occur witho ut the perception of goals. These goals do not exist in the future but they exist subjectively or mentally here and now
as striving or ideals that affect present behavior. Adler in Hall and Lindzey, 1985: 161 believed that the normal person could free him or
herself from the influence of these fictions and face reality when necessity demanded.
According to Adler in Hall and Lindzey, 1978: 60, basically a man lives within the fictional ideas, which sometimes have no relationship with
the realities that he has created as final goal. These fictional ideas will accelerate a man’s life activities; he is fully aware of his fictional goals
and then continued by interpreting the daily happening of life in the perspective of his fictional goals Adler in Hall and Lindzey, 1978: 160.
11
2. Inferiority Feeling and Compensation
Each individual has certain organs that somewhat weaker than others. Sometimes, it makes them have the feeling of inferior. According to Adler,
inferiority means “feeling unskilled in the face of tasks that need to be completed “Hall and Lindzey, 1985: 147. It relates to an individual
consciousness, which plays a very important role in human life, that is man tries to understand his weaknesses, incapability’s and imperfection
dealing with his self – condition to strive for superiority Hall and Lindzey, 1985: 147.
Adler in Hjelle and Ziegler, 1991: 141 states that every person succumbs to disease in that region of the body, which has been less well
developed, less successfully functioning and generally “inferior” from birth. But, having the feeling inferior makes them try to compensate by
training an exercise, which sometimes gives a good result in their development. However, inferiority feelings for whatever reason can
become exercise in some people. Adler emphasizes that inferiority feelings are not a sign of abnormality. They are considered to challenge to strive
for the superiority and they are also the cause of all improvement in man’s lot Hall and Lindzey, 1981: 124. Actually, man will decrease his
inferiority feelings by two ways. First, he will make relationship with the others. Second, he avoids communicating and does not trust the others.
According to Adler in Hall and Lindzey, 1985: 147, inferiority feeling
12 appear constantly human meets a new task or job. It forces him to finish
his job by doing many ways. Therefore he will be superior to others. The feeling of inferiority or a sense of in completeness is the great
driving force of mankind. In other words, human are pushed by the need to overcome their inferiority and pulled by the desire to be superior. Adler in
Ryckman, 1985: 147 said that the feeling of inferiority is quite normal; all of us begin life as small. Feelings of inferiority arise constantly as we meet
new and unfamiliar tasks that must be mastered. These feeling are the cause of all improvement in human behavior. It must be combined with
talent, courage and social interest Feist, 1985: 67.
3. Striving for Superiority
