continually to them. The researcher’s supervisors are: Titik Sudartinah, M. A. as
the first supervisor and Niken Anggraeni, M.A. as the second supervisor. They are chosen by the researcher to gain the accuracy of research findings. This research
was also triangulated by three friends of the researcher, Alfian Darmawan, Pratika Mutiara, and Khairiyah Eka Januaristi. They are students of English Language
and Literature study program of Yogyakarta State University majoring in linguistics and literature.
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CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two parts: findings and discussion. The first part presents the findings that the researcher got from the analysis on utterances in
Langston Hughes‟ collected poems which contain the syntactical deviation. The findings are in the forms of a table that contains the percentage of the syntactic
deviations and its function. This part shows the findings for two objectives of this research: to describe types of syntactic deviations and to find the a
uthor‟s purposes wrote The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes using syntactic
deviations. The discussion of the findings is put in the discussion section after the findings.
A. Findings
The following table shows the findings of the types and the author‟s
purposes wrote The Collected Poems of Langston Hughees.
Table 8. The Data Findings of the Types and The Author’s Purposes Wrote
The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes Using Syntactic Deviations No
Types Purposes
Total Percentage a b c d e f
g
1 Multiple Negation
2 7 4 9 1 8 24 54
61.5 2
Inversion 0 1 0 0 1 2 6
8 9.5
3 Subject Displacement
0 0 0 1 1 0 5 7
7.9 4
Noun Phrase Displacement 0 0 0 2 0 2 3
6 8.8
5 Preposition Phrase
Displacement 0 2 0 2 1 1 1
6 8.8
6 Adjectival Phrase
Displacement 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
2 2.4
7 Adverb Displacement
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2
1.1 85
100
Based on the data analysis, there are seven types of syntactic deviations: preposition phrases, noun phrases, adjectival phrases, adverb displacement,
subject displacement, multiple negation, and inversion. Multiple negation shares the highest portion because it is influenced by many factors compares to other
types. The next portions from the highest to the lowest are inversion, noun phrase, prepositional phrase, subject displacement, adjectival phrase and adverb
displacement as the lowest one. Besides finding the types of syntactic deviations found in the poem, the
writer figures out several purposes of the author wrote his poems using syntactic deviations. The purposes are: a to show jazz music that expresses as sorrow and
loneliness, b to portray American‟s dream, c to show African-American‟s
struggle, d to depict racism in America, e to face difficulty wisely, f to show self-actualization, and g to show the other problems faced by African-American.
Moreover, the writer figures out that multiple negation is mostly used by the poet to emphasis the message conveyed by the poet related to the African-
American problems happened in that era. In regard to telling the African- American‟s struggle in that era, Langston Hughes used multiple negation to
discuss African- American‟s relationship.
