The Role of Instructional Materials

19 influences other human beings Rivers,1968:162.In other word, speaking activities can express students own ideas, wishes, opinions, attitudes, information, etc. Speaking is usually done by two or more speakers, facing each other and paying attention and responding to what is said rather than how correctly it is said Nunan, 1989:31. b Teaching Speaking According to Bushman 1986:25 the general purpose for speech study in English Class is to develop students who can participate satisfactorily in everyday situations that demand oral work. Nowadays, people are expected to speak English fluently in working environment. That is why the teaching of speaking skill cannot be separated from the idea of teaching communicative ability. Rivers 1968:160 said that the teaching of the speaking skill is more demanding on the teacher than the teaching of any other language skill. Rivers added that students in a foreign-language class will not learn to speak fluently merely by hearing speech, so it is important to the teacher to give more opportunities for practicing the speaking skill. The teacher needs to use his imagination in devising situations that provoke the students to the use of the language in the expression of his own meaning. In teaching speaking, teacher has many techniques that are frequently used. They are conversation, guessing things, getting information, sharing, group- work experiences. These techniques will allow students to participate in speaking activity. Technique also should concern about affective aspect of the students and have some relevance to interesting topics. 20

B. Theoretical Framework

A teaching learning process needs an instructional material to guide it. It is needed especially by the teacher to make the teaching learning activity be more organized. The teacher would be more ready in handling the class when teacher has prepared the instructional materials. First of all, the researcher uses Research and Development as the method for doing the research. There are five steps of Research and Development that the researcher will be used. In addition, the researcher not only uses Research and Development but also uses Instructional Design. Here, the researcher adapts Kemp’s Instructional Design Model because the researcher tries to make it in linear step, not circular. Those two guidelines of design will complete each other so that the researcher can make a good design. However, the researcher still needs theory of learning in teaching. Then, Communicative Language Teaching is chosen because it helps the researcher to provide the principle to develop activities that are integrated in the materials. The focus of this study is speaking. Speaking activities can express students own ideas, wishes, opinions, attitudes, and information. Communicative Language Teaching is appropriate for this study because both teacher and students have roles in order to speak communicatively. Teacher should be the facilitator and participant in the classroom while the learners should be the negotiator. Other skills like listening, writing and reading can be included in the materials because those skills support the learning process. The role of the materials is so helpful to the teaching learning process. The researcher uses task-