Table 1. Types of Sentence
No. Types of Sentence Examples
1. Simple Sentence
The President flew to Camp David.
subject predicate
one subject, one predicate 2.
Compound Sentence
The new art show opened today, and the crowd was
independent clause independent clause
immense. The new art show opened today; the crowd was immense.
independent clause independent clause
3. Complex Sentence
When the new art show opened at the museum, the crowd
dependent clause independent
was immense.
clause
c Noun Phrases
A stylistic analysis of noun phrase looks for whether the noun phrase used is simple or complex and where the complexity lies in pre-modification by
adjectives, nouns, etc. or in post-modification by prepositional phrases and relative clauses. According to David Morley 2000: 53, noun phrases are
typically modified pre-headword modification or premodifiation or determined by an article, a genitive phrase, a pronoun, an adjective adjectival phrase or
another noun nominal phrase. Then, noun phrases are also followed and qualified by a prepositional phrase or subordinate clause, or in certain cases an
adjective or nominal phrase, for examples: a call paper a is determiner, call is noun, and paper is head, the color of the sea the is determiner, color is noun,
and of the sea is prepositional phrase, and mething important mething is head, important is adjective.
c. Style as Choice
In Simpson’s opinion 2004: 21, much of people’s everyday experience is shaped and defined by actions, events, thoughts and perceptions. That is why,
those are important functions of the system of language that are able to report what is going on in the world. The function of the language system means to
determine the grammar of the clause for capturing what people say, think and do. As stated by Paul Simpson 2004 : 22, when language is used to represent
something goings on physical or abstract in the world and also to represent kind of experience in spoken and written texts, it fulfils experiential function. The
experiential function is an important marker of style, especially the style of narrative discourse, because it emphasises the concept of style as choice. Choices
in style are motivated, even if unconsciously, choices have a deep impact on the way texts are structured and interpreted.
d. Style and Context
According to Nunan 1993: 7, context refers to the situation that creates discourse, and within which the discourse is embedded. He also explains that
there are two types of context: linguistic and non-linguistic context. Linguistic context is the language that accompanies a discourse under analysis. On the other
hand, the non-linguistic context is the experiential context within which the discourse takes place. It includes the type of communicative event, the topic, the
purpose of the event, the setting, the participants and the relationships between them, and the background knowledge and assumptions underlying the
communicative event. Joke, story, lecture, greeting, conversation are the examples
of the type of communicative event.
Talmy Givon 2005: 24 states that context language use is a notion in the language sciences Linguistics, Sociolinguistics, Discourse analysis,
Pragmatics, Semiotics, etc in two different ways, namely as verbal and social context. He says verbal context refers to surrounding text or talk of an expression
word, sentences, conversational turn, speech act, etc. However, social context is defined in terms of the objective social variables, such as class, gender or race.
As explained by Talmy Givon, both verbal and social context clearly can affect the style of language used by people. People tend to talk the way others
talking in certain style, it shows that people are social human beings. For comprehend it completely, there was an example taken from Susan M and Ervin
Tripp’s journal 1990 : 6. Korean social marking in a church group in the United States
[Eunsun is a 29 year old woman in charge of music Gwangsu is a 33 year old male economist, president of the church group
Gwangsu is angry at a suggestion of Eunsun and shouts. ] Bintae
: Please state -shi that as a suggestion, and....
Gwangsu : No, even after you came to the United States....
Chuhee
: Let’s control our emotions -ta.
Gwangsu : No you are just...The members are expecting only to be receivers
and even now, does anyone know everyone’s name? That’s impossible. Hey, you don’t do things like a game. Why should we
do that? Eunsun
: I’m not talking about doing anything like a game-eyyo.
Gwangsu : No communication is the best means of fellowship-eyyo. [stands
up] {[in English] ooookay, communicate} [claps hands, stepping towards each member]
Chuhee : Please calm down-shi-eyo.
In the Korean part of the text, there are two types of marking, the verb suffix -shi and the sentence-final markers -ta and -yo. The
–shi suffix is the
informal polite verb marker. When replying Chuhee, Gwangsu does not use any status markers at all. Korean speakers hear this segment as very rude indeed. It is
hard to think of what would be comparable, perhaps like shouting you idiot at someone. The forms used in the rest of the segment are informal but deferential
markers appropriate to speaking about and to people who are not intimates. After he is told by Eunsun, Gwangsu uses the appropriate sentence marker in i.e. -eyyo .
The -ta form used by Chuhee is not deferential, since it concerns the first person. The example of the conversation between the Koreans has their own style
in speaking English. It happens because of context of culture. They still adopt the way to speak politely in Korean to English. Thus, context is very infleuntial for
the style of language.
3. Language Deviation
Through creativity in writing hisher works, authors gave powerful effect to the readers’ thought because it is a basic need for authors to satisfy the readers.
They should be innovative to build a great story. When a writer wants to make his language to be inventive, heshe uses the language different from the
conventional and everyday language. Using unconventional or original language, heshe can give his readers an unexpected surprise and make a strong impression
on their mind. Leech 1969: 23 states that creative use of language is called linguistic
deviation by creating an original language deviated from the norms of the literary convention or everyday speech. Moreover, Richards and Platt 1985: 79 say that
deviation is a term used to describe spelling and pronunciation of a word or a
sentence structure which does not match to a norm. Deviation, which is a linguistic phenomenon, has an important psychological effect on the readers or
hearers. If a part of poems is deviant, it becomes especially noticeable. Leech 1969: 37 deals with eight different types of linguistic deviation i.e.
lexical deviation, phonological deviation, graphological deviation, semantic deviation, dialectical deviation, deviation of register, deviation of historical
period, and grammatical deviation. Eight types of deviation based on Leech’s classification are presented in the following.
a. Lexical Deviation
Leech 1969: 42 states that lexical deviation is usually associated with neologism, which is misunderstood as a ‘violation of lexical rule’. In neologism,
an existing rule of word-formation is applied with greater than usual. Neologism or the invention of new ‘word’ is one of the more obvious ways in which a literary
writer may surpass the normal resources of the language. New words are called as nonce-formations,
they are made up ‘for the nonce’, i.e. for a single occasion only, rather than serious attempts to increase the word-stock for some new need.
Yu Xuenyong 2010: 7 says, the innovation of lexical literary can be mostly placed in the category of nonce-formations. For example, eddianbill and
balloonman. Eddiandbill stands for Eddi and Bill. Those are the names of two little boys which have two meanings: 1 the decapitalization of the names that
shows the boys are very little; 2 eddie and bill are united into one word eddieandbill to make impression
– the boys are running hand in hand. The effect
here is to make the hustle, bustle, and speed of the children as they come running to the call for the whistle.
b. Phonological Deviation
Leech 1969: 46 states that there are basically two types of deviation: 1 conventional licences of verse composition, 2 special pronunciation for the
convenience of rhyming. For the first type of phonological deviations which is conventional licences, there are aphesis, syncope and apocope. Aphesis is the
omission of an initial part of a word or phrase ‘tis. Syncope is the omission of a
medial part Ne’er, o’er, pow’r. Apocope is the omission of a final part oft. For the
second type which is special pronounciation, the example is the noun wind [w ɪnd]
as the current of air that is pronounced like the verb wind [w ɪnd] as to coil or
twist.
c. Graphological Deviation
There is a kind of graphological deviation which can stand by itself
independent in speech. For example, typographical line of poetry, the
typographical stanza, is a unit which is not parallel in non-poetic varieties of
English: it is independent and capable of interacting with the standard units of
punctuation Leech, 1969: 47. This interaction is a special communicative
resource of poetry.
Two American poets who explore possibilities of patterning in poetry are William Carlos Williams and E. E. Cummings. In Leech 1969: 47, Cummings is
well known for his use of the type of orthographic deviation: abandoning the
