An Analysis Of Direct And Indirect Speech Acts In “Now Is Our Time”

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AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN “NOW IS OUR TIME”

A THESIS

AYU IMELDA FB REG. NO. 100705045

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

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AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN “NOW IS OUR TIME”

A THESIS BY

AYU IMELDA FB REG. NO. 100705045

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Drs. Umar Mono, Dip.Trans, M.Hum

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph. D NIP. 19600122 198601 1 001 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from English Department.

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Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination.

Head, Secretary,

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A. Ph. D NIP. 19541117 198003 1 002 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

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Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara.

The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on Tuesday, April 22, 2014

The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP.19511013 197603 1 001

Board of Examiners

Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ………..

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M. A. Ph. D ………..

Prof. Hj. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D ………..

Drs. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans, M. Hum ………..

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, AYU IMELDA FB DECLARE THAT I AM THE SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IN THE MAIN TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed :

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAMA : AYU IMELDA FB

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN “NOW IS OUR TIME”

QUALIFICATION : S-1/SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVALIABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed :

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to give all majesty and praise to the Almighty Jesus Christ who always gives me strength, patients, blessing and guidance in finishing this thesis.

I also would like to thank to my supervisor and my co-supervisor, Drs. Umar Mono, Dip. Trans, M. Hum and Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M. A. Ph. D for their guidance, support, advice and constructive comments in writing of this thesis.

I am also grateful to the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A, the Head and the Secretary of English Department, Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, M.S and Rahmadsyah Rangkut i, M. A. Ph. D and all of the lecturers and the staffs of English Literature Department for the facilities and opportunities that were given to me during my study in this university.

I express my special thanks to my beloved parents, Uly Artha Sinambela and German Pangaribuan, my sisters, Artha Anggun Priscilla Pangaribuan and Anggi Ratu Bule Madani Pangaribuan, and my brother, Amos Arjuna Pangaribuan who always support me and never stop praying for me. They are my motivations in writing this thesis and I want to say thanks for their love, attention, and financial support.

I also would like to thank my friends, Ivo Novita Sari Silalahi who always supports me and give me some useful advice, my beautiful and handsome friends, Devi Fiviliana, Stephanie Joice, Rasingan Purba and Martin Marbun for the beautiful experiences and happiness that we share together. I would like to say thanks to all my friends in English Department too, especially class year 2010, whose names cannot be mentioned one by one, thanks for having great times together in finishing this thesis and for their support. I hope we can always be great friends forever and meet again in the better condition someday.

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I would like to say thanks to all people who were participated in completing this thesis too. I would like to say a great thanks for their help to them who can not I mention one by one. Finally, I hope this thesis will be useful for the readers.

May God bless us. Amin

Medan, April 2014 The writer,

Ayu Imelda FB Reg. No 100705045

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ABSTRAK

Skripsi yang berjudul “An Analysis of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts in ‘Now is Our Time” ini merupakan suatu kajian linguistik yang membahas tentang tindak tutur langsung (direct speech act) dan tindak tutur tidak langsung (indirect speech act) yang terdapat dalam transkrip wawancara yang berjudul ‘Now is Our Time.’ Transkrip wawancara tersebut merupakan hasil wawancara yang dilakukan oleh Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook’s COO (Chief Operating Officer) dengan salah satu majalah terkenal, Harvard Business Review (HBR) magazine. Transkrip wawancara tersebut diedit oleh Adi Ignatius dan dipublikasikan pada bulan April tahun 2013. Dalam mengkaji transkrip wawancara tersebut, digunakan beberapa teori yaitu teori Yule tahun 1996, teori Stewart dan Vaillette tahun 2001 dan teori Akmajian tahun 2001. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan kajian tersebut adalah metode kepustakaan dan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Data yang dikaji dalam skripsi ini adalah ujaran-ujaran dari Sheryl Sandberg. Tujuan dari kajian ini adalah untuk menemukan jenis kalimat, fungsi dan jenis tindak tutur baik tindak tutur langsung dan tindak tutur tidak langsung yang terdapat dalam ujaran-ujaran Sheryl Sanberg dalam transkrip wawancara yang berjudul ‘Now is Our Time.’ Dari kajian yang dilakukan, ditemukan bahwa baik tindak tutur langsung dan tindak tutur tidak langsung digunakan dalam transkrip wawancara tersebut. Jenis tindak tutur yang paling dominan digunakan dalam transkrip wawancara tersebut adalah tindak tutur langsung (103 ujaran) dan kemudian diikuti oleh tindak tutur tidak langsung (16 ujaran). Tindak tutur langsung tersebut diklasifikasikan kembali kedalam tindak tutur langsung dalam jenis kalimat pernyataan yang berfungsi sebagai pernyataan (101 ujaran) dan tindak tutur langsung dalam jenis kalimat perintah yang berfungsi sebagai permintaan (2 ujaran). Tindak tutur tidak langsung tersebut juga diklasifikasikan kembali kedalam tindak tutur tidak langsung dalam jemis kalimat pernyataan yang berfungsi sebagai permintaan (13 ujaran), tindak tutur langsung dalam jenis kalimat pernyataan yang berfungsi sebagai janji (1 ujaran), tindak tutur tidak langsung dalam jenis kalimat pertanyaan yang berfungsi sebagai permintaan (1 ujaran), dan tindak tutur tidak langsung dalam jenis kalimat pertanyaan yang berfungsi sebagai pernyataan (1 ujaran).

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ABSTRACT

This thesis entitled “An Analysis of Direct and Indirect Speech Acts in ‘Now is Our Time” is a linguistic analysis that discusses about direct and indirect speech acts in interview transcript entitled ‘Now is Our Time.’ The interview transcript is a result of an interview of Sheryl Sandberg, Facebook’s COO (Chief Operating Officer) with one of famous magazines, Harvard Business Review (HBR) magazine. The interview transcript was edited by Adi Ignatius dan was published on April 2013. In analyzing the interview transcript, there are used some theories namely theory of Yule (1996), Stewart dan Vaillette (2001) and Akmajian (2001). The methods that are used in writing this thesis are library research and descriptive qualitative method. The data that are analyzed in this thesis are Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances. The purpose of this analysis is to find out the sentence type, function and type of speech acts whether it is direct speech act or indirect speech act in the interview transcript entitled ‘Now is Our Time.’ From the analysis, it is found that both direct speech acts and indirect speech acts are used in the interview transcript. The most dominant type of speech act that is used in the interview transcript is direct speech act (103 utterances) and then followed by indirect speech act (16 utterances). The direct speech act are classified again into direct speech acts in declarative sentence type as an assertion (101 utterances) and direct speech acts in imperative sentence type as a request (2 utterances). The indirect speech acts are also classified again into indirect speech acts in declarative sentence type as a request (13 utterances), indirect speech acts in declarative sentence type as a promise (1 utterance), indirect speech acts in interrogative sentence type as a request (1 utterance), and indirect speech acts in interrogative sentence type as an assertion (1 utterance).

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TABLE OF CONTENT

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION ……… i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………...… iii

ABSTRACT ………...…. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….… vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ……….… 1

1.2 Problem of the study ………... 5

1.3 Objective of the study ………. 5

1.4 Scope of the study ………... 6

1.5 Significance of the study ………... 6

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 An Overview of Pragmatics ……….... 7

2.2 Speech Acts ………. 9

2.2.1 Types of Speech Acts ………. 12

2.2.1.1 Direct Speech Act ……….... 13

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of the Study ……….. 18

3.2 Data and Data Source ………..…….. 18

3.2 Data Collecting Method ……….……... 18

3.3 Techniques of Data Analysis ……….……... 19

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDING 4.1 Analysis of Direct Speech Acts ……...………...….… 20

4.1.1 Direct Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion …….….……….… 20

4.1.2 Direct Speech Acts in Imperative Sentence Type as a Request …….……….…….………….… 30

4.2 Analysis of Indirect Speech Acts …..……….. 31

4.2.1 Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as a Request …….………...… 31

4.2.2 Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative sentence type as a Promise …….……...………...… 38

4.2.3 Indirect Speech Acts in Interrogative sentence type as a Request …….………...………...… 38

4.2.4 Indirect Speech Acts in Interrogative sentence type as an Assertion …….………. 39

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ……….... 43

5.2 Suggestion ………. 44

REFERENCES ………. 45

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ABSTRAK

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ABSTRACT

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Study

Language has important role in human’s life. It is used to communicate or to express ideas and feelings. It is also used for sharing, getting and giving information. It helps people to interact with other people and makes them to understand each other. Through language, people can build the relationship with other people.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:221) state that people use language to do an extraordinarily wide range of activities. It is used to convey information, request information, give orders, make requests, make threats, give warnings, make bets, give advice, etc.

Language has many functions in human’s life. People, especially linguists got interested to study about language. The linguistics. This study discusses three general aspects, which include language form, language meaning, and language in context.

It is important to understand the meaning of someone utterances, so both the speaker and the hearer understand each other and they can communicate well. There will be misunderstanding if the hearer can not get the meaning of the speaker utterances. For example, when someone says “do that again, and I’ll kick you”, it means that the speaker doesn’t try to make a request to do something, but he tries to make a threat in order to stop what the hearer do. In case of this situation, the hearer should be able to understand the meaning of the speaker utterances to avoid the misunderstanding.

Pragmatics, a branch of linguistics, studies two general aspects of linguistics that are language meaning, and language context. Yule (1996:3) says that there are four definitions of pragmatics. First, pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It analyzes what the participants mean by their

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utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. Second, this study also described as the study of contextual meaning that involves the interpretation of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It needs concern of how speaker arrange what they want to say in line with whom they are talking to, where, when, and under what situation. Third, is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. It explores how listener can make implication about what is said in order to arrive at interpretation of speaker’s intended meaning. It is the study or the investigation of invisible meaning. And the last, Pragmatics has a definition as the study of the expression of relative distance. It means that what decides the choice between the said and the unsaid is the closeness between speaker (or writer) and the listener (or reader), whether physical, social, or conceptual.

In communication process, language is used to deliver message by the writer to the reader via written text and by the speaker to the hearer via utterances. Yule (1996:47) says, “Actions that performed by utterances are generally called as speech acts and, in English, are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise or request.”

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:221) state, “just as people can perform physical acts, such as hitting a baseball, they can also perform mental acts, such as imagining hitting a baseball. People can also perform another kind of act simply by using language; these are called as speech acts.” It means that these speech acts enable people to do or perform many kinds of acts simply by using language.

Speech acts can be classified into direct speech act and indirect speech act. Stewart and Vaillette (2001:223) state that direct speech act is type of speech acts that analyze the literal meaning or the direct relationship between structure and function of some utterances. Indirect speech act is type of speech acts that analyze the hidden meaning or the real purpose of some utterances. It analyzes the indirect relationship between the structure and the function of the utterances. For example, when someone says “it’s cold outside”, the direct speech act of this utterance is to give a statement that it’s cold outside, but the indirect speech act of this utterance is to request or to give command to close the door.

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In this thesis, the data that will be analyzed are the interview transcript of Sheryl Sandberg entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine. Sheryl Sandberg, whose full name is Sheryl Kara Sandberg, was born on August 28th, 1969, in as a Then, from 1996 to 2001, Sandberg served as Chief of Staff for the United States Treasury Department. She helped lead the Treasury’s work on forgiving debt in the developing world during the Asian financial crisis. In November 2001 to March 2008, she joined Google Inc. and served as its Vice President of Global Online Sales & Operations. She was responsible for online sales of Google's advertising & publishing products and also for sales operations of Google's consumer products & Google Book Search. And now, she works as COO (Chief Operating Officer) of Facebook.

Harvard Business Review (HBR) is a general published by magazine for Harvard Business School. It is published 10 times a year in twelve languages, such as English

topics that are relevant to different industries and management functions. This famous magazine focuses on business areas such as leadership, organizational change, negotiation, strategy, operations, marketing, finance, and managing people.

As an influential person, she has to be able to arrange her utterances. When Sandberg uttered some information or opinions in her interview, she did not mean it just like what she uttered it. There must be the hidden meaning or the real purpose or function of her utterances.

Here is one example of Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances from the interview transcript taken from Harvard Business Review (HBR) magazine:

Sandberg: The book is a combination of things. It's partly stories from my own life and experience, partly data and research about gender issues, and partly a call to action by and for women.

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The utterances above can be analyzed as below: 1. The book is a combination of things.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that her book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book is a combination of things. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. It's partly stories from my own life and experience, partly data and research about gender issues, and partly a call to action by and for women.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s book. It can be seen from the utterance that the use of person deixis ‘it’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg’s book. The speaker uses the utterance to inform about the combination of things in her book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book that was mentioned in the utterance before that the book, Sheryl Sandberg’s book is partly stories from her own life and experience, partly data and research about gender issues, and partly a call to action by and for women. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

From the examples above, it can be seen that when someone utters an utterance, there is a function of the utterance. The type of speech acts whether it is direct speech act or indirect speech act can be classified by knowing the function of the utterance and the type of the sentence.

It is important to find out the type of speech act whether it is direct speech act or indirect speech act, the sentence type and the function of the utterance. By knowing the type of speech act, the sentence type and the function of the utterance, both the speaker and the hearer can communicate well and understand each other.

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This is the reason why this topic is chosen and needed to be discussed. This topic, Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine will be analyzed to find out the type of speech act whether it is direct speech act or indirect speech act, the sentence type and the function of the utterance that are used in the interview transcript.

1.2Problem of the Study

The problems that will be analyzed in this thesis are formulated in the form of questions below:

1. What type of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts are found in Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine?

2. What are functions of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts found in Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine?

1.3Objectives of the Study

The objectives or purposes of the study are described as follow:

1. To find out the type of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts in Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine?

2. To find out the function of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts in Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine.

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1.4 Scope of the Study

The scope of this thesis is sentence type and function of the direct and indirect speech acts of Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine that was published on April 2013. The analysis focuses only on Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances.

1.5 Significance of the Study

This thesis is expected to give some significances, such as to show the readers the sentence type and the function of direct and indirect speech acts found in Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine and to enlarge the reader’s knowledge about how to find out the sentence type and the function of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts from interview transcript. It is also expected that this thesis can be used as a reference for English department’s students that want to discuss the same object.

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Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 An Overview of Pragmatics

Pragmatics is often defined as the theory of the way language is used. It links the language and its user. It is the study of relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms. This study allows humans into the analysis. In this study, it's possible to discuss people's intended meanings, assumptions, purposes or goals and the kinds of actions that they perform when speaking.

Pragmatics is concerned with how people use language within a context, in real-life situations, while semantics is concerned with the relationship between linguistic forms and entries in the world. In pragmatics, people study about how factors such as time, place and the social relationship between speaker and hearer affect the ways in which language is used to perform different functions. It is clear that the role of pragmatics is to understand how context affects the meaning of certain utterances.

Yule (1996:3) states that there are four definitions of pragmatics, and these four definitions becomes the areas that pragmatics are concerned with. The four definitions of pragmatics are described below:

1. Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or reader). It analyzes what people mean by their utterances than what the words or phrases in those utterances might mean by themselves. 2. Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. It involves the interpretation

of what people mean in a particular context and how the context influences what is said. It requires a consideration of how speaker organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances.

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3. Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. It explores how listeners can make inferences about what is said in order to arrive at an interpretation of the speaker’s intended meaning. This type of study explores how a great deal of what is unsaid is recognized as part of what is communicated. It can be called as the investigation of invisible meaning.

4. Pragmatic is the study of the expression of relative distance. It raises the question of what determines the choice between the said and the unsaid. The basic answer is tried to the notion of distance. Closeness, whether it is physical, social, or conceptual, implies shared experience. On the assumption of how close or distant the listener is, speakers determine how much needs to be said.

In conclusion, pragmaticsis the study of how language is used in context and how meaning is derived from the context. Different context will result the different meaning. It is important to know the context of some utterances in order to get the real meaning of the utterances. For example:

1. Alex has a knife.

The example above can be used to accomplish different things in dfferent contexts, such as:

a) to make an assertion.

The context is when some people are on a beach and they are thinking about how to open a coconut. Suddenly, someone says “Alex has a knife." People will understand that this utterance is an assertion that Alex has a knife to open the coconut.

b) to give a warning.

The context is Alex is trying to bully two new students in order to take their lunch and money. One of the new students just turns around and starts to walk away. He doesn't see that Alex brings out a knife. The other

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student then yells “Alex has a knife.” People will understand that this utterance is a warning that Alex has a knife and he will hurt the student.

2.2 Speech Acts

The central concern of pragmatics is the study of speech acts. Speech act is a part of pragmatic discussion which relates to what a certain sentence and utterance possesses certain act within it.

Speech act is the usage of language to accomplish something. It enables people to do or perform an extraordinarily wide range of activities simply by using language, such as to convey information, request information, give orders, make requests, make threats, give warnings, make bets, give advice, etc.

Yule (1996:47, 53-54) says that actions that performed by utterances are generally called as speech acts and, in English, are commonly given more specific labels, such as apology, complaint, compliment, invitation, promise or request. There are five types of general functions that are performed by speech acts, they are:

1. Declarations

Declarations are those kinds of speech acts that change the world via utterance. It is kind of sentence that typically used in assertions to convey information that having truth conditions. It brings extra linguistic state of affairs into existence, as people declare war, appoint, veto and so forth. For example:

• Priest: I now pronounce you husband and wife.

• Referee: You’re out!

• Jury Foreman: We find the defendant guilty. 2. Representatives

Representatives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker believes to be the case or not. For example:

• The earth is flat.

• Chomsky didn’t write about peanuts.

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3. Expressives

Expressives are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speakers feel. They express psychological states and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy, or sorrow. For example:

• I’m really sorry!

• Congratulations!

• Oh, yes, great, mmmm, ssahh! 4. Directives

Directives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to get someone to do something. For example:

• Gimme a cup of coffee. Make it black.

• Could you lend me a pen, please?

• Don’t touch that. 5. Commissives

Commissives are those kinds of speech acts that speakers use to commit themselves to some future action. For example:

• I’ll be back.

• I’m going to get it right next time.

• We will not do that.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:222) says that there are some common speech acts that has different function for each of them, they are:

Speech act Function

Assertion conveys information Question elicits information

Request (more or less politely) elicits action Order demands action

Promise commits the speaker to an action Threat intimidates the hearer

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Here are the examples of the seven common speech acts according to Steward and Vaillette as described above:

• John read the book. assertion

• Did John read the book? question

• Please pass the salt. request

• Kim’s got a knife! warning

• Get out of here! order

• I will love you forever. promise

• I’ll give you a reason to cry. Threat

Certain speech acts are so central to communication that people have special syntactic structures that are typically used to mark them. The sentence forms that will be discussed are:

1. Sentence Forms:

Form Example

Declarative “He is cooking the chicken.” Interrogative “Is he cooking the chicken?” Imperative “Cook the chicken!”

2. Typical association between Sentence Form and speech act:

Form Speech act

Declarative Assertion Interrogative Question Imperative Order/Request

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2.2.1 Types of Speech Acts

Yule (1996: 48) states that on any occasion, the action performed by producing an utterance will consist of three related acts, they are:

1. Locutionary Act

Locutionary act is the basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. This act is simply the speech acts that have taken place. It is an utterance that is well organised in grammar terms.

2. Illocutionary Act

Illocutionary act is used when people form an utterance with some kind of function in mind. It is performed via communicative force of an utterance. This act is the real actions that are performed by the utterance, such as make a statement, an offer, an explanation, etc.

3. Perlocutionary Act

Perlocutionary act is used when people say an utterance which is intended to give an effect to the hearer. So, this act is simply the effects of the speaker’s utterance on the hearer. For example:

Utterance : Shoot her!

1. Locutionary Act or Locution:

He said to me “Shoot her!” meaning by shoot “shoot” and referring by her to “her.”

2. Illocutionary Act or Illocution:

He urged (or advised, ordered, etc.) me to shoot her. 3. Perlocutionary Act or Perlocution:

He persuaded me to shoot her.

Besides the three types of speech acts above, speech acts can also be classified into two types, they are direct speech act and indirect speech act.

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In daily life, people often do not directly express what they intend, but instead formulate their utterances in ways which appear more polite to hearers. For example:

1. Lend me your book!

2. Could you lend me your book?

Both examples above are uttered in order to give requests, but the first one, phrased as an imperative and the second, phrased as an interrogative. It's obvious from experience that the second example, “Could you lend me your book?” is not actually a question about the ability of the addressee to lend the book, but a prompt to action. People usually respond this prompt simply by saying “Yes, I could” and if they do not do it, it will not be a polite reaction.

Therefore the second example above, “Could you lend me your book?” has two pragmatic levels. First, it is a question and second, it is a request. It therefore qualifies as an indirect speech act, whereas the first example, “Lend me your book!” is a direct speech act.

2.2.1.1 Direct Speech Act

Yule (1996:55) states that direct speech acts will happen if there is direct relationship between the structure and the function of the utterance.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:223) also states that direct speech act is the relationship between the structure and the function of some utterances. It occurs when a particular sentence type is being used to serve its typical function. It is based on the literal meaning of the sentence. For example:

1. Utterance: You wear a seat belt. Declarative sentence type; Assertion 2. Utterance: Do you wear a seat belt?

Interrogative sentence type; Question 3. Utterance: Wear a seat belt!

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2.2.1.2 Indirect Speech Act

Yule (1996:55) states that indirect speech acts will happen if there is indirect relationship between the structure and the function of the utterance.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:225-226) states that indirect speech acts are generally considered to be more polite than direct ones. Indirect usages are not rare or marginal. It takes little reflection, however, to notice that in most cases, some notion of politeness plays a role. The direct imposition can be ameliorated by avoiding a direct demand and instead asking whether the addressee is willing to or capable of carrying out the act. This gives the addressee the option of not carrying out the implied request without losing face. Hence “Would you pass the salt?” or “Can you pass the salt?” are more polite than “Pass the salt!”

Indirect speech act occurs when a particular sentence type is used to serve an atypical function. It suggests a different purpose than it actually has. For example:

1) Direct: Please close the door.

Imperative sentence type; Order/request

Indirect: Do you think you could close the door? Interrogative sentence type; Order/request

2) Direct: Did Bart get the job?

Interrogative sentence type; Question

Indirect: I was wondering if Bart got the job. Declarative sentence type; Question

Akmajian, et al (2001:381-383) states that sometimes when people speak they are not only performing some direct form of communication but also speaking indirectly. When people speak indirectly, they mean something more than what they mean directly and they want the hearer to guess or to conclude what they mean by saying the utterance. For example:

a. The door is over there. (used to request someone to leave)

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c. I’m sure the cat likes having its tail pulled. (used to request the hearer to stop pulling the cat’s tail)

d. I need some foods. (used to request the hearer to give foods) e. You’re the boss. (used to agree to do what the speaker says) f. I should never have done that. (used to apologize)

g. Did you bring any tennis balls? (used to inform the hearer that the speaker did not bring any)

h. It’s getting late. (used to request the hearer to hurry)

The hearer will know that the speaker is not speaking merely directly but indirectly by virtue of contextual inappropriateness. For instance, it would be strange if, on driving into a gas station, the speaker (in example b) had only been reporting her wants and was not also making a polite request for some gas. A mere report of what one now wants is relevant to the taking of a poll, perhaps, but is not contextually appropriate at a gas station. Thus, the same sort of contextual information and presumptions used in recognizing previous communicative intentions and acts are also used with indirect acts.

The hearer is also able to use context and the Conversational Presumptions to find the speaker’s indirect communicative intent. Once the hearer identifies why the speaker cannot merely be speaking directly, he is able to use this information to aid in recognizing her indirect intent. Thus, reporting a desire for a tank of gas at a service station would be contextually inappropriate if that were all the speaker was doing. Since requesting expresses the desire that the hearer do something, it would be natural in the circumstances for him to conclude that in reporting this desire the speaker was also requesting the gas, since requesting would be the contextually appropriate thing to do. Suppose that the speaker utters (in example a) ‘The door is over there’ to the hearer, thereby indirectly requesting the hearer to leave. How might the hearer reason? The first thing he must notice is that it would be contextually inappropriate for the speaker to be merely reporting the location of the door, assuming that the speaker and the hearer both already know the location of the door, and this is not relevant to the conversation.

Stewart and Vaillette (2001:224) say that associated with each speech act is a set of felicity conditions that must be satisfied if that speech act is to be correctly

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(including honestly) performed. Here are some felicity conditions on the acts of questioning and requesting (where “S” stands for the speaker, “H” for the hearer, “P” for some state of affairs, and “A” for some action):

A. S questions H about P:

1. S does not know the truth about P. 2. S wants to know the truth about P.

3. S believes that H may be able to supply the information about P that S wants. B. S requests H to do A:

1. S believes that A has not yet been done. 2. S believes that H is able to do A.

3. S believes that H is willing to do A-type things for S. 4. S wants A to be done.

Here are examples of direct and indirect speech act analysis in question and request form according to explanation above:

C. Question 1. Direct

a. Did you marry Helen?

b. I ask you whether or not John married Helen. 2. Indirect

a. I don’t know if John married Helen. (A.1)

b. I would like to know if John married Helen. (A.2) c. Do you know if John married Helen? (A.3)

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D. Request 1. Direct

a. Please take out the garbage!

b. I request that you take out the garbage. 2. Indirect

a. The garbage isn’t out yet. (B.1) b. Could you take out the garbage? (B.2)

c. Would you mind taking out the garbage? (B.3) d. I would like for you to take out the garbage. (B.4)

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Method of the Study

This thesis uses library research. It means that the data and the sources that are used in this thesis are taken from library and the other written sources. This thesis is written by using some books as the references and the data that will be analyzed in this thesis are taken from “Harvard Business Review” magazine. The data are about Sheryl Sandberg’s interview transcript entitled “Now is our time.” The data will be analyzed by using descriptive qualitative method. Djajasudarma (2006:11) states that qualitative method is a procedure that is resulting descriptive data in the form of written text or spoken in language society.

3.2 Data and Data Source

The data are collected from “Harvard Business Review” magazine. This magazine is a general in this thesis are obtained from transcript of an interview named “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine that was published on April 2013. The magazine is consisted of 148 pages and the data entitled “Now is our time” is on page 85. This data are about interview transcript of Sheryl Sandberg, the COO (Chief Operating Officer) of Facebook. This interview transcript was edited by Adi Ignatius. In this thesis, the data that will be analyzed are only Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances.

3.3 Data Collecting Method

The method that is used in collecting the data is documentation method since the data source is written source. Nawawi (1991:133) states that documentation method is a technique of collecting data by categorizing and classifying the written

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document that has relation with the problem discussed, whether from document or books, newspaper, magazine, etc.

3.3 Techniques of Data Analysis

In writing this thesis, the systematic techniques that are used in conducting the analysis are as follows:

a. Reading the interview transcript entitled “Now is our time” in “Harvard Business Review” magazine.

b. Selecting the utterances which have direct speech act. c. Selecting the utterances which have indirect speech act.

d. Analyzing the utterances by using related theory to find out type and function of direct speech acts and indirect speech acts.

e. Describing the analysis. f. Concluding the analysis.

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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

4.1 Analysis of Direct Speech Acts

4.1.1 Direct Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion

The data, Sheryl Sandberg’s utterances were resulted from an interview, so most utterances that were uttered by Sandberg were formed in declarative sentence type which has function as an assertion to answer the interviewer’s questions. Although the utterances are formed in the same sentence type and function, they still have difference topics. It is because the interviewer asked Sandberg many topics in his questions and there are six topics that being the most topics that usually asked by the interviewer. In this analysis, the utterances that are produced in declarative sentence type and have function as assertion will be classified again as below:

4.1.1.1 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Women

1. Women are making progress at every level except as leaders.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are making progress at every level except as leaders. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. Women face huge institutional barriers.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women face huge institutional barriers. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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3. Women are often very good listeners.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are often very good listeners. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4. They are often good consensus builders.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are often good consensus builders. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

5. They can make teams cohesive.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women can make teams cohesive. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

6. There aren't enough women sitting at the tables where decisions are made.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that there are not enough women sitting at the tables where decisions are made. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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7. It's hard to admit that you go home at 5:30, no matter where you are in your career.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘you’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that it’s hard to admit women go home at 5:30, no matter where they are in their career. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

8. Women are given messages all through their lives that they shouldn't lead.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are given messages all through their lives that they shouldn't lead. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

9. They're getting way better.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are getting way better. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

10. Women still largely have two jobs, and men have one.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about women and men’s jobs. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women still largely have two jobs and men have one. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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4.1.1.2 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about the Speaker herself, Sheryl Sandberg

1. I wear jeans to work almost every day.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she wears jeans to work almost every day. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. I don't believe there are stereotypical forms of male and female leadership.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the speaker’s believe, Sheryl Sandberg’s believe. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she doesn’t believe that there are stereotypical forms of male and female leadership. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

3. I am not blaming women.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s assertion. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she is not blaming women. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4. I don't hold myself up as a role model.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s assertion or statement. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she does

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not hold herself up as a role model. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

5. I'm incredibly fortunate, and I have had amazing opportunities and mentors and support.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s fortune. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she is incredibly fortune, and she has had amazing opportunities, mentors and support. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

6. But I did it on purpose to say to people, "Look, I can be both a mother and a professional, and I do it by going home at 5:30.”

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s purpose in her action. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she went home at 5:30 on purpose that is to say people that she can be both a mother and a professional. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

7. I also said that after I have dinner with my kids, give them a bath, and put them to bed, I get back online.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what Sheryl Sandberg said about her life. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to the speaker, Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she said that after she has dinner with her kids, gives them a bath, and puts them to bed, she gets back online. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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8. Similarly, I don't think the desire for leadership is based in biology.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s thought about leadership. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she doesn’t think that the desire for leadership is based in biology. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

9. I think the desire for leadership is largely culturally created and reinforced.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s thought about leadership. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she thinks the desire for leadership is largely culturally created and reinforced. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

10. I've had a lot of luck, a lot of sponsors, a lot of mentors.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what Sheryl Sandberg has had. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that she has had a lot of luck, a lot of sponsors, and a lot of mentors. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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4.1.1.3 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Society

1. We expect men to have leadership qualities, to be assertive and competent, to speak out.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about society expectation. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society expects men to have leadership qualities, to be assertive and competent, to speak out. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. We expect women to have communal qualities, to be givers and sharers, to pursue the common good.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about society expectation. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society expects women to have communal qualities, to be givers and sharers, and to pursue the common good. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

3. We call our daughters-but not our sons-bossy.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what society does. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society always call or command their daughter but not their sons. They only do bossy to daughters not sons. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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4. We overestimate our sons' crawling abilities and underestimate our daughters'.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what society does. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society overestimate their sons' crawling abilities and in the other side they underestimate their daughters' abilities. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

5. We keep telling women how important these connections are, so women walk up to virtual strangers and say, "Will you be my mentor?"

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what society does to women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society and Sheryl Sandberg herself as a part of the society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that women are kept told by society, not only man but also women about how important connections are, so women walk up to virtual stranger and then ask the stranger to be their mentor. Women are being careless in selecting their mentor. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act. 6. The problem is, we want to promote and hire people who are both competent

and liked.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what society wants. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society wants to promote and hire people who are both competent and liked and this desire becomes a problem for women. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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7. We don't really encourage women to be leaders.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what society does. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that society doesn’t really encourage women to be leaders. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4.1.1.4 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Facebook

1. Facebook's mission is to allow people to express themselves and connect to the individuals and causes they care about.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Facebook’s mission. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that Facebook’s mission is to allow people to express themselves and connect to the individuals and causes they care about. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. It's a great place for women, because it really is all about what you build and what you do.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Facebook, the place where Sheryl Sandberg works. The person deixis ‘it’ refers to Facebook, the place where Sheryl Sandberg works. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the place where she works is a great place for women to work, because it only sees what you build and what you do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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4.1.1.5 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about Sheryl Sandberg’s Book

1. The book is a combination of things.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

2. It's partly stories from my own life and experience, partly data and research about gender issues, and partly a call to action by and for women.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

4.1.1.6 Declarative Sentence Type as an Assertion about the Media

1. The media rarely depict working women with children as happy and adjusted and comfortable with themselves.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the media. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the media rarely depicts or pictures working women with children as happy, adjusted and comfortable with

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themselves. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

2. They always sound harried.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the media. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to the media. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the media which rarely depicts or pictures working women with children as happy, adjusted and comfortable with themselves always sounds harried. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

4.1.2 Direct Speech Acts in Imperative Sentence Type as a Request

1. Next time you go to a party, watch what happens when a baby starts crying.

Imperative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in imperative sentence type which has function as a request for society. The person deixis ‘you’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance in imperative sentence type to request society to watch what happens when a baby starts crying when they go to a party. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act. 2. Watch the parents and see who gets up.

Imperative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in imperative sentence type which has function as a request for society. The speaker uses the utterance to request the society to watch the parents and see who gets up when there is a baby crying in a party. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

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4.2 Analysis of Indirect speech acts

4.2.1 Indirect Speech Acts in Declarative Sentence Type as a Request

In the interview transcript, Sheryl Sandberg uttered some utterances which have function as request for women and society. The context of the interview is Sandberg who was being interviewed is the COO (Chief Operating Officer) of Facebook and also an outspoken advocate for women aspiring to leadership positions. She also wrote a book entitled ‘Lean in’ which she describes as ‘sort of a feminist manifesto’ as a media to help women to act in their own behalf to overcome institutional and personal barriers to success. She told about her life, book and experiences in the interview and also about how to be a leader according to her experiences. Sandberg request women to do things like what she had done to be a leader like her and society to help women to be a leader indirectly.

4.2.1.1 Declarative Sentence Type as a Request for Women

1. If we want to balance out leadership roles in the workplace, we have to balance out responsibilities in the home.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to balance out responsibilities in the home so they can balance out the leadership roles in the workplace too. Sandberg requests women indirectly by giving a suggestion about what they, Sandberg and other women have to do if they want to balance out leadership roles in the workplace. She not only gives a solution according to her experiences but also request women indirectly by using the utterance. Sheryl Sandberg has already balance out responsibilities in her home and also has already balance out the leadership roles in the workplace, so she doesn’t need to be included in the utterance. She still used the word ‘we’ to make the utterance sounds more polite. It is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘we’ in the utterance and it is also contextually inappropriate for Sheryl Sandberg to just give a suggestion while her purpose is actually to make

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women to be a leader. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

2. We have to be realistic about our choices.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to be realistic about their choices. Sheryl Sandberg shared her experiences and she actually has been being realistic about her choice so she can be a leader. She still used the word ‘we’ to make the utterance sounds more polite. Actually, it is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘we’ in the utterance because Sandberg doesn’t need to be included in the utterance. Sandberg wants other women to be realistic so they can be a leader like her so she requests them indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women have to be. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act. 3. We need to recognize that we can't do it all, that we face trade-offs every single

minute of the day.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to recognize that they can’t do all because they face trade-offs every single minute of a day. Based on Sandberg experience, she faces trade-offs every single minute of the day so she recognized that she can't do all so she request them to recognize that they can’t do all too indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women need to do. Actually, it is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘we’ in the utterance because Sandberg doesn’t need to be included in the utterance. She still used the word ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

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4. We have to stop beating ourselves up for not doing everything perfectly.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for women. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to stop beating them selves because they don’t do everything perfectly. Sheryl Sandberg uttered the utterance based on her experience. It means that she had done what she request women to do. She still used the word ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. It is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘we’ in the utterance because Sandberg doesn’t need to be included in the utterance. It is contextually inappropriate for her to do what she had to do when she had already done it. She doesn’t request them directly but instead request them indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women have to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act. 5. We need to explicitly encourage men to sponsor women.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for woman. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to explicitly encourage men to sponsor them. Sheryl Sandberg shared her experience as a leader and she had encouraged men to sponsor her. She had been successes to encourage her husband, her friends and all man around her to sponsor her. She has already done what she requests them to do for, so Sandberg doesn’t need to be included in the utterance. It is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘we’ in the utterance but she still used the word ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. She doesn’t request them directly but instead request them indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women have to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

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6. You have to find ways to build a relationship.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for woman. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to find ways to build a relationship. Sheryl Sandberg has already done what she request women to do for. She has find ways to build a relationship, but she instead using ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. She doesn’t need to be included in the utterance because it is contextually inappropriate. She doesn’t request them directly but instead request them indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women have to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

7. We should all find ways to do the things we want to do in our lives.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for woman. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to women. The speaker uses the utterance to request women indirectly to find ways to do the things that they want to do in their lives. Sheryl Sandberg has already done what she request women to do for so she doesn’t need to be included in the utterance. She had already find ways to do things that she wants to do in her live, but she instead using ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. It is contextually inappropriate for Sandberg to say something she has to do when she has already done it. She doesn’t request them directly but instead request them indirectly by saying what they, Sandberg and other women should to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

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4.2.1.2 Declarative Sentence Type as a Request for Society

1. But I think we need to reclaim the "F word" if it means supporting equal opportunities for men and women.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for the society, both man and women. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg and ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker requests society to reclaim the word ‘Feminism’ if by reclaiming it means supporting equal opportunities for man and women. The speaker doesn’t say her request to the society directly, but she says her request indirectly by saying what she thinks the society need to do. She uses the word ‘we’ to make her utterance sounds more polite and it would be contextually inappropriate for her, Sheryl Sandberg who had reclaim the feminism word and had wrote a book about it included in to the utterance. It is also contextually inappropriate for Sheryl Sandberg to just say her argument in her interview while her purpose is actually to make women to be a leader. Sheryl Sandberg wants and fights for women to get the same opportunities like man and this interview she asked society to help her indirectly by saying her argument about what they, Sandberg and society need to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

2. The book is for any woman who wants advice on how to sit at any table she wants to sit at, and for any man who wants to be part of creating a more equal world.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for society; they are women who wants advice on how to sit at any table she wants to sit at, and for any man who wants to be part of creating a more equal world. In the utterance, the phrase ‘how to sit at any table she wants to sit at’ means ‘how to get power and be in a position that she wants at.’ The speaker uses the utterance to request women who wants advice on how to get power and be in a position that she wants at, and for any man

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who wants to be part of creating a more equal world indirectly to buy Sheryl Sandberg’s book. She requests or persuades them indirectly to buy her book by explaining to whom her book is suitable for. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

3. Reigniting the revolution means I want us to notice all of this and find ways to encourage more women to step up and more companies to recognize what women bring to the table.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for society and companies. The person deixis ‘us’ refers to society and Sandberg uses the word ‘us’ to make it sounds more polite. The fact is Sandberg has noticed and found ways to encourage more women to step up. So, it is contextually inappropriate to use the word ‘us’ in the utterance. The speaker uses the utterance to request society and companies indirectly to reigniting the revolution. Sandberg requests society to notice and find ways to encourage more women to step up and she also requests companies to recognize what women can do. It would be contextually inappropriate for her to say her desire. She request society and companies indirectly by saying her desire. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

4. But we need to break down limitations imposed by stereotypes.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for society. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. The speaker uses the utterance to request society indirectly to break down limitations imposed by stereotypes. Based on her experience, Sheryl Sandberg has already broken down the limitations imposed by stereotypes so she can be a leader, but she instead used the word ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. It would be contextually inappropriate to say what she needs to do when she had done it. Sandberg request the society indirectly by saying what society

(52)

need to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

5. I think we need to widen perceptions, and I'm not just talking about body-image issues.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for society. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society and ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to request society indirectly to widen perceptions and don’t only talk about body-image issues. Sheryl Sandberg has already done what she request society to do for. She has already widened her perception, but she instead using ‘we’ to make the request sounds more polite. In the utterance she use the word ‘we’ so it is contextually inappropriate. She doesn’t request them directly but instead request them indirectly by saying what they; Sandberg and society need to do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

6. If we start acknowledging what the real issues are, we can solve them.

Declarative sentence type; Request

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function as a request for society. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to society. Sandberg uses the utterance in declarative sentence type to request society indirectly to start acknowledging what the real issues are, so they can solve it. Sandberg has already acknowledging the issue, the gender issue but she instead uses the word ‘we’ to make the request sound more polite. Actually, the use of the word ‘we’ is contextually inappropriate. Sandberg doesn’t request the society directly but instead request them indirectly by giving a solution to them, Sandberg and society to start acknowledging the real issues if they want to solve it. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is an indirect speech act.

(1)

16.Crying at work is not a best practice.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about crying at work. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that crying at work is not a best practice. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

17.Tina Fey remembers going on the road with Steve Carell.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Tina Fey. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that Tina Fey remembers going on the road with Steve Carell. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

18.They were both doing sitcorns and raising kids.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Tina Fey and Steve Carell. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to Tina Fey and Steve Carell. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that Tina Fey and Steve Carell were both doing sitcorns and raising kids. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

19.Every interviewer asked her, "How do you do it all?"

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Tina Fey. The person deixis ‘her’ refers to Tina Fey and ‘it’ refers to the situation where Tina Fey and her husband did sitcorns and raise children together. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that Tina Fey is asked by every interviewer about how she does to make her and her husband can doing sitcorns and raising children

(2)

together. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

20.They never asked that of him.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about interviewers. The person deixis ‘they’ refers to interviewers, ‘that’ refers to a question how Tina Fey and Steve Carell did sitcorns and raise children together, ‘him’ refers to Steve Carell. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the interviewers never asked Steve Carell how he and his wife, Tina Fey did sitcorns and raise children together. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

21.There's this assumption that women can't and men can.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about an assumption. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that there is an assumption that women can’t and men can. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

22.Silicon Valley is awesome;

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Silicon Valley. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that Silicon Valley is awesome. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

23.Well, as Gloria Steinern says, this is about consciousness, not biology.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what Gloria

(3)

Steinern says. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that Gloria Steinern says that this is about consciousness, not biology. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

24.For example, humans are biologically programmed to be obese.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about an example same like how women evolve. The speaker uses the utterance to inform about an example same with how women evolve that the example is humans are biologically programmed to be obese. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

25.Our bodies were made to store fat and sugar so that we could survive when the hunting season was over.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about human’s bodies including Sheryl Sandberg’s body. The person deixis ‘our’ refers to all people including Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that human’s bodies including Sheryl Sandberg’s body were made to store fat and sugar so that people could survive when the hunting season was over. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

26.But we can curb this impulse, and we do.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about human. The person deixis ‘we’ refers to all human including Sheryl Sandberg and ‘this impulse’ refers to the condition of human’s bodies which were made to store fat and sugar so that we could survive when the hunting season was over. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that human can curb the impulse and they

(4)

do. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

27.It's the single most important career decision a woman makes.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about being leadership. The person deixis ‘it’ refers to being a leadership. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that being a leadership is the single most important career decision a woman makes. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

28.And by "support:' I mean getting up in the middle of the night half the time to change diapers.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about a support to be a leadership. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the support to be a leadership is the situation where women are getting up in the middle of the night half the time to change diapers. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

29.That's a hard question to answer.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s opinion toward the interviewer’s question which the question is ‘do you feel you have succeeded despite being a woman or because you’re a woman?’ The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the interviewer’s question is a hard question to answer. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

(5)

30.But the success versus likability thing has been difficult.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about success and likability thing. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that success versus likability thing has been difficult. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

31.When I had my first performance review with [Facebook CEO] Mark Zuckerberg, he said, "You care too much about being liked, and it's going to hold you back.”

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about what Mark Zuckerberg said to Sheryl Sandberg. The person deixis ‘I’ refers to Sheryl Sandberg. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that Mark Zuckerberg (Facebook CEO) said to Sheryl Sandberg that she cares too much about being liked, and it's going to hold her back when she had her first performance review with him. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

32.The external barriers now are just so much lower.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the external barriers that are faced by women. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the external barriers that are faced by women are just lower now. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

33. _{It's not that hard.}

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about the external

(6)

barrier. The person deixis ‘It’ refers to the external barrier. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that the external barrier is not that hard because it is just lower now. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

34.My mother was told by everyone that she had two choices: She could be a nurse or a teacher.

Declarative sentence type; Assertion

The utterance above is produced in declarative sentence type which has function to give an assertion or to convey information about Sheryl Sandberg’s mother. The speaker uses the utterance to inform that her mother was told by everyone that her mother had two choices that she could be a nurse or a teacher. Based on the sentence type and the function, the utterance is a direct speech act.

An Analysis Of Direct And Indirect Speech Acts In “Now Is Our Time”

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

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Dukungan

Links

An Analysis Of Direct And Indirect Speech Acts In “Now Is Our Time”

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRAK

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

An Analysis Of Multiple Personality On Leading Character As Portrayed In Daniel Keyes’s The Minds Of Billy Milligan

An analysis of Lexical Cohesion in Selected Articles of Jakarta Globe E-Paper

An Analysis Of Adjective Clauses In Articles Of Globe Asia Magazine

An Analysis of Logical Relation Found in Selected Articles of Globe Asia Magazine

An Analysis Of Grammatical Constructions Of Noun Clauses Found In Selected Info Articles Of Hello Magazine

An Analysis Of Leading Character’s Conflict In Arthur Miller’s Death Of Salesman

An Analysis Of Moral Values Found In Major Character Of A Man Named Dave Novel

An Analysis Of Non-Literal Meaning In Selected Song Lyrics Of The Corrs

An Analysis Of Feminism In L. A. Meyer’ S Bloody Jack

AN ANALYSIS OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS IN “NOW IS OUR TIME” A THESIS

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