we kind of help each other. I remembered one time when I was sick and I needed to be hospitalized, she visited me almost everyday. She
read me stories and brought me some notes from class.”
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c. Exposition
Exposition is writing that gives information or explains something. Its purpose is to present ideas and to make the ideas as clear as possible with logical
explanations and valid support. It consists of editorials, essays and informative and instructional material. Exposition is writing with a referential aim.
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Here is model of exposition:
“Many foods contain small amounts of substances called vitamins. Vitamins are necessary to the health of the body. Even if we eat a lot of food, we will
not be healthy unless the food contains enough vitamins. Vitamins are important for healthy eyes and skin, strong bones and teeth, normal growth,
and the regulation of the work of the body’s organs.”
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3. Types of Writing
Tricia Hedge divides typed of writing based on the primary distinction between personal writing and public or professional writing into six categories
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: a.
Personal writing. It is writing for one, which not to be shown to others. It includes various kinds of memories, as well as diaries and journals.
b. Study writing. It is also for oneself and may never show to others. The
student makes notes while reading, takes notes in lectures, and makes summarize for exam revision. All of these types require skills, which
can usefully be taught to students learning English for study purposes. c.
Public writing. It is writing as a member of the public to organization or institutions. It includes such activities as writing letters of enquiry,
complaint, letter to the editor, form filling and applications.
17
Nina Bates, Real Time 2: An Interactive English Course for Junior High School Year VIII
, p. 23
18
Vivian Horn, Composition Steps, p. 6
19
Vivian Horn, Composition Steps, p. 11
20
Tricia Hedge, Writing: Resource Books For Teacher, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988 p. 95-96.
d. Creative writing. It includes poems, stories, rhymes, drama; these
types of writing are mainly for one but may be shared with other. It is a kind of writing most commonly found at primary and lower secondary
levels in mother tongue classrooms. e.
Social writing. It is category, which includes all the writing that establishes and maintains social relationships with family and friend.
For instance
personal letter,
invitations, and
notes with
congratulations. f.
Institutional writing. It relates to professional roles and it is needed by business executive, teachers, engineers, and students in these
institutions and other field. In the book of “Active Writing”, Robinson and Modrey divided
writing into three types: expressive writing, persuasive writing, and referential writing.
1 Expressive writing.
It involves looking inside student self and sorting out his emotions and attitudes about the world around him. It enables to examine these feelings,
thus making more comfortable with them. Expressive writing not only helps the student to learn more about his self his goals, values, and priorities, but
it also allows him to open his self to others.
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2 Persuasive writing.
The process of persuasive writing begins with the learners’ perception of an issue and ends with an attempt to get others to accept theirs point of
view. Persuasive writing is different from expressive writing, however, in that the learners must deal with an issue that affects a larger group of people
than their self.
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3 Referential writing.
21
Timothy H. Robinson and Laurie Modrey, Active writing, New York: Macmillan Publishinf Company, 1986 p. 53
22
Timothy H. Robinson and Laurie Modrey, Active writing, p. 59
It is used primarily to give information to other people. The main purpose of referential writing is to give information clearly, objectively, and
logically.
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Meanwhile, Marjorie Farmer and friends, classified types of writing into four: expressive writing, informative writing, persuasive writing and
imaginative writing.
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a Expressive writing.
Any writing is expressive if it centers on the writer’s personal concerns, wishes, feelings, memories, or reaction. Autobiographies, essays
of opinion, diaries, letters, and memoirs are only a few of the many forms of expressive writing.
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b Informative writing.
Any writing can be called informative if its principal purpose is to explain, to describe, or to define-in short, to inform. Newspaper and
magazine, articles, lab reports, textbooks, biographies, and critical essays are different forms of informative writing.
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c Persuasive writing
Any writing that is aimed at convincing its readers to adopt a certain idea or to take a certain action is persuasive writing. Editorials, letters
appealing for contributions, advertisements, and campaign speeches are all attempts to persuade.
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d Imaginative writing
23
Timothy H. Robinson and Laurie Modrey, Active writing, p. 73
24
Marjorie Farmer, et al., Composition and Grammar II Newyork: Laid Law Brother Publisher, 1985 p. 13
25
Marjorie Farmer, et al., Composition and Grammar II, p. 39
26
Marjorie Farmer, et al., Composition and Grammar II, p. 103
27
Marjorie Farmer, et al., Composition and Grammar II, p. 187
Imaginative writing is the product of the writer’s artful of language to create images, characters, and incidents that move and entertain the reader.
Short stories, novels, plays, and poems are forms of imaginative writing.
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In arranging a type of writing, the students may combine these forms in their work without compulsory to apply with a kind. By combining forms of
writing, it will make the student works varieties.
4. The Purposes of writing
