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and objectives set by the developer from the starting points. Tahir 2011: 16-17 states that learning needs importance is equal to need analysis. Furthermore, he
suggest that learning needs should be considered more important than need analysis by future ESP teachers.
In summary, learning needs is also as important as learners’ needs.
Because its nature is a “route”, ESP teachers need to take learning needs seriously
in planning and developing an ESP course in order to make ESP course become enjoyable, while still able to achieve its goals and objectives.
c. Materials Development
The next step after getting information of learners’ needs and learning needs is to develop the materials. Tomlinson 1998: 2 states that materials are
anything used by teachers and learners to achieve the learning goals. Related to materials development, Nunan 1991: 216 states that material development is
basically dealing with selection, adaptation,and creation of teaching materials. According to Richards 2001: 86 teaching materials in the process of teaching
and learning has functions as the language input for learners, and ideas for teachers in planning and teaching lessons. In line with this, Dudley-Evans and St.
John 1998 suggest that for teachers of ESP courses, teaching materials function as a source of language, learning support, for motivation and stimulation, and for
reference.
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Hutchinson Waters 1987: 107 describe some principles to take into account in ESP materials.
1 a stimulus to learning
Good materials do not teach, but encourage the students to learn more and more. Toaccomplish such feat, the materials must be able to attract students
interest such as interesting text, various enjoyable activities, and opportunities to use existing knowledge and skills which the students and teacher able to cope up.
The materials must not be too challenging, and follow K
rashen formula “i+1”.
2 providing the teaching learning process framework. Materials can be the guidance for the teachers so that they do not get lost.
Not only that, students knowledge and skill will improve according to the standards that they should improve.In other words, it should provide a clear and
coherent unit structure which will guide teachers and learners through various activities in order to reach the learning goals.
3 reflecting language aspects needed to contain. 4 reflecting the nature of learning task.
Although language learning is such a complex process, materials should try to reflect the complexity of the task, yet makes it suitable for learners. The
tasks must be constructed from the easiest into the hardest one. 5 introducing teachers to new techniques.
6 providing correct and appropriate language use model. However, the materials do not simply become the language use, but it is a
vehicle for language learning that can accommodate learners to understand
