Personal Nuts and Bolts

  ( Geo graphic Information Systems ) GIS

  Fundamentals Dr. Ronald Briggs

  The University of Texas at Dallas Program in Geospatial Information Sciences http://www.utdallas.edu/~briggs/gisc6381.html

  Personal Nuts and Bolts

• Dr. Ronald Briggs • Office: Green 3.212
• Phone: 972-883-6877 (o), 972-345-6918 (cell)
• Office hours:
• – Tues 6:30-7:00;
• – Tues/Wed 3:00-4:00
• – by appointment (send e-mail)
• – feel free to drop-in; I‘m on campus most days (except Friday)

  

• Email:

  

• Web:
• – Longley, Goodchild, Maguire, Rhind Geographic Information

• – Software & Training: Gorr and Kurland GIS Tutorial: Workbook
• or Ormsby, et. al, Getting to Know ArcGIS Desktop 2nd Ed. (ESRI
• – Alternatives to Longley:
• Chang, Introduction to GIS McGraw-Hill, 3rd ed. 2006 (used also in GISC 6384)
• Lo, C.P. and Albert Yeung Concepts and Techniques of GIS Prentice Hall, 2 ^nd
• Worboys, Michael GIS: A Computing Perspective Taylor & Francis,
• – midterm exam (35%) (―T/F with explanation‖)
• – final exam (40%) (―T/F with explanation‖) – five lab exercises (25% total).

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Course Nuts and Bolts

  Texts

  Systems and Science 2nd Ed. Wiley, 2005

  for ArcView 9 ESRI Press 2005 (includes 9.1 software)

  Press, 2004) (includes 9.2 software on latest version)

  Ed. 2006 (best technical intro.)

  2nd Ed 2004 (Computational focus)

  Evaluation

  GIS--What is it? No easy answer anymore!

• Geographic/Geospatial Information
• – information about places on the earth‘s surface
• – knowledge about ―what is where when‖

  (Don‘t forget time!)

• – Geographic/geospatial: synonymous
• GIS--what‘s in the S?
>– Systems: the technology
• – Science: the concepts and theory
• – Studies: the societal context

Geographic Information Technologies

• Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
• – a system of earth-orbiting satellites which can provide precise (100 meter to sub- cm.) location on the earth‘s surface (in lat/long coordinates or equiv.)
• Remote Sensing (RS)
• – use of satellites or aircraft to capture information about the earth‘s surface
• – Digital ortho images a key product (map accurate digital photos)
• Geographic Information Systems (GISy)
• – Software systems with capability for input, storage, manipulation/analysis and output/display of geographic (spatial) information GPS and RS are sources of input data for a GISy.

  A GISy provides for storing and manipulating GPS and RS data.

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals GI Systems, Science and Studies

  Which will we do?

• Systems – technology for the acquisition and management of spatial information

  The focus of this course (GISC 6381 GIS Fundamentals)

• Science – comprehending the underlying conceptual issues of representing data and processes in space-time
• – the theory and concepts behind the technology

  Introduce enough of the science to apply the systems correctly and understand their capabilities and limitations

• Studies – understanding the social, legal and ethical issues associated with the application of GISy and GISc

  Discuss societal implications primarily in GISC 6383 (GIS Management and Implementation), and in GISC 6381 (GIS Fund) as they arise Combine hands-on technical training with an understanding of the underlying science, and an emphasis on multidisciplinary applications

  Defining Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

• The common ground between information processing and the many fields using spatial analysis techniques. (Tomlinson, 1972)
• A powerful set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial data from the real world. (Burroughs, 1986)
• A computerised database management system for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and display of spatial (locationally defined) data. (NCGIA, 1987)
• A decision support system involving the integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving environment. (Cowen, 1988)

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals

An Inelegant Definition for GISy

  A system of integrated computer-based tools for end-to- end processing (capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, display) of data using location on the earth’s surface for interrelation in support of operations management, decision making, and science.

• set of integrated tools for spatial analysis
• encompasses end-to-end processing of data
• – capture, storage, retrieval, analysis/modification, display
>uses explicit location on earth‘s surface to relate data
• aimed at decision support, as well as on-going operations and scientific inquiry

  Geographic Information System: intuitive description • A map with a database behind it.

• A virtual representation of the real world and its infrastructure.
• A consistent ―as-built‖ of the real world, natural and manmade Which is
• queried to support on-going

  operations

• summarized to support strategic

  decision making and policy formulation

• analyzed to support scientific

  inquiry

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals

How GIS differs from Related Systems

• DBMS--typical MIS data base contains implicit but not explicit locational information
• – city, county, zip code, etc. but no geographical coordinates
• – is 100 N. High around the corner or across town from 200 E Main?
• automated mapping (AM) --primarily two-dimensional display devices
• – thematic mapping (choropleth,etc such as SAS/GRAPH, DIDS, business mapping software) unable to relate different geographical layers (e.g zip codes and counties)
• – automated cartography--graphical design oriented; limited database ability
• facility management (FM) systems--
• – lack spatial analysis tools

  (computer aided design/drafting)--primarily 3-D graphic

• CAD/CAM

  creation (engineering design) & display systems

• – don‘t reference via geographic location
• CAD sees the world as a 3-D cube, GIS as a 3-D sphere
• – limited (if any) database ability (especially for non-spatial data)
• scientific visualization systems--sophisticated multi-dimensional graphics, but:
>– lack database support
• – lack two-dimensional spatial analysis tools

  Why Study GIS?

• 80% of local government activities estimated to be geographically based
• – plats, zoning, public works (streets, water supply, sewers), garbage collection, land ownership and valuation, public safety (fire and police)
• a significant portion of state government has a geographical component
• – natural resource management
• – highways and transportation
• businesses use GIS for a very wide array of applications
• – retail site selection & customer analysis
• – logistics: vehicle tracking & routing
• – natural resource exploration (petroleum, etc.)
• – precision agriculture
• – civil engineering and construction
• Military and defense
• – Battlefield management
• – Satellite imagery interpretation
• scientific research employs GIS
• – geography, geology, botany
• – anthropology, sociology, economics, political science
• – Epidemiology, criminology

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Where Most UT-D Students Come From/Go To

  The major areas of GIS application

• Local Government
• – Public works/infrastructure management (roads, water, sewer)
• – Planning and environmental management
• – property records and appraisal
• Real Estate and Marketing
• – Retail site selection, site evaluation
• Public safety and defense
• – Crime analysis, fire prevention, emergency management, military/defense
• Natural resource exploration/extraction
• – Petroleum, minerals, quarrying
• Transportation
• – Airline route planning, transportation planning/modeling
>Public health and epidemiology
• The Geospatial Industry

• Urban Planning, Management & Policy
• Civil Engineering/Utility
• – Locating underground facilities
• – Designing alignment for freeways, transit
• – Coordination of infrastructure maintenance
• – Zoning, subdivision planning
• – Land acquisition
• – Economic development
• – Code enforcement
• – Housing renovation programs
• – Emergency response
• – Crime analysis
• – Tax assessment
• Business
• – Demographic Analysis – Market Penetration/ Share Analysis

  – Site Selection

• Education Administration
• – Attendance Area Maintenance – Enrollment Projections – School Bus Routing
• Environmental Sciences
• – Monitoring environmental risk
• – Modeling stormwater runoff
• – Management of watersheds, floodplains, wetlands, forests, aquifers
• – Environmental Impact Analysis – Hazardous or toxic facility siting
• – Groundwater modeling and contamination tracking
• Real Estate
• – Neighborhood land prices
• – Traffic Impact Analysis – Determination of Highest and Best Use
• Health Care

• – Epidemiology

  – Needs Analysis

  – Service Inventory
• Political Science
• – Redistricting – Analysis of election results
• – Predictive modeling

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Examples of Applied GIS

What GIS Applications Do:

  manage, analyze, communicate

• make possible the automation of activities involving geographic data
• – map production
• – calculation of areas, distances, route lengths
• – measurement of slope, aspect, viewshed
• – logistics: route planning, vehicle tracking, traffic management
>allow for the integration of data hitherto confined to independent domains (e.g property maps and air photos).
• by tieing data to maps, permits the succinct communication of complex spatial patterns (e.g environmental sensitivity).
• provides answers to spatial queries (how many elderly in Richardson live further than 10 minutes at rush hour from ambulance service?)
• perform complex spatial modelling (what if scenarios for transportation planning, disaster planning, resource management, utility design)

GIS System Architecture and Components

  Data Input Geographic Query Input Database

  Transformation Output: Display and Analysis and Reporting

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Knowledge Base for GIS

  Computer Science/MIS graphics

  Application Area: visualization public admin. database

  GIS planning system administration geology security mineral exploration forestry site selection

  Geography marketing and related: civil engineering cartography criminal justice geodesy surveying photogrammetry

  The convergence of technological landforms spatial statistics. fields and traditional disciplines.

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Take a Break!

  The GIS Data Model

The GIS Data Model: Purpose

• allows the geographic features in real

  world locations to be digitally represented and stored in a database so that they can be abstractly presented in map (analog) form, and can also be worked with and manipulated to address some problem

  (see associated diagrams)

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals

  A layer-cake of information GIS Data Model

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals

The GIS Data Model: Implementation

  Geographic Integration of Information Administrative Boundaries Utilities

  Zoning Buildings Parcels Hydrography

  Streets Digital Orthophoto

• Data is organized by layers, coverages or themes (synonomous concepts), with each layer representing a common feature.
• Layers are integrated using explicit location on the earth‘s surface, thus geographic location is the organizing principal.

  The GIS Model: example Here we have three layers or themes:

• --roads,

  roads --hydrology (water),

• --topography (land elevation) longitude

  They can be related because precise geographic coordinates are recorded for each theme.

  

Layers are comprised of two data types

hydrology •Spatial data which describes location (where)

• Attribute data specifing what, how much,when

  longitude

Layers may be represented in two ways:

• •in vector format as points and lines

• •in raster(or image) format as pixels

  topography

  All geographic data has 4 properties:

  longitude projection, scale, accuracy and resolution

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Spatial and Attribute Data

• Spatial data (where)
• – specifies location
• – stored in a shape file, geodatabase or similar geographic file
• Attribute (descriptive) data (what, how much, when)
• – specifies characteristics at that location, natural or human- created
• – stored in a data base table

  GIS systems traditionally maintain spatial and attribute data separately, then ―join‖ them for display or analysis

• – for example, in ArcView, the Attributes of … table is used to link a shapefile (spatial structure) with a data base table containing attribute information in order to display the attribute data spatially on a map
• area is covered by grid with (usually) equal-sized, square cells
• attributes are recorded by assigning each cell a single value based on the majority feature (attribute) in the cell, such as land use type.
• Image data is a special case of raster data in which the ―attribute‖ is a reflectance value from the geomagnetic spectrum

• – cells in image data often called pixels (picture elements)
• Vector Model The fundamental concept of vector GIS is that all geographic features in the real work can be represented either as:
• points or dots (nodes): trees, poles, fire plugs, airports, cities
• lines (arcs): streams, streets, sewers,
• areas (polygons): land parcels, cities, counties, forest, rock type

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Representing Data with Raster and Vector Models

  Raster Model

  Because representation depends on shape, ArcView refers to files containing vector data as shapefiles

Concept of Vector and Raster

  2

  4 R R

  line polygon point

  Real World Vector Representation Raster Representation

  9 R

  8 R

  7 R T T

  6 R T T H

  5 R

  3 R

  3

  2 H R

  1 R T

  1

  8

  7

  6

  5

  4

  9 R T

  Smart Vector —Pavement polygons

  Dumb Images & Smart GIS Data

  Smart Raster —5 feet grids

  Images —dumb rasters

  (although they look good!)

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals

Projection, Scale, Accuracy and Resolution

  the key properties of spatial data

• Projection: the method by which the curved 3-D surface of the earth is represented by X,Y coordinates on a 2-D flat map/screen
• – distortion is inevitable
• Scale: the ratio of distance on a map to the equivalent distance on the ground
• – in theory GIS is scale independent but in practice there is an implicit range of scales for data output in any project
• Accuracy: how well does the database info match the real world
• – Positional: how close are features to their real world location?
• – Consistency: do feature characteristics in database match those in real world
• is a road in the database a road in the real world?
• – Completeness: are all real world instances of features present in the database? • Are all roads included.
• Resolution: the size of the smallest feature able to be recognized
• – for raster data, it is the pixel size

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Examples

  Street Network layer: lines Land Parcels layer: polygons Raster (image) Layer

Digital Ortho Photograph Layer:

  Digital Ortho photo: combines the visual properties of a photograph with the positional accuracy of a map, in computer readable form. Vector Layers

  Layers Projection: State Plane, North Central Texas Zone, NAD 83 _Resolution: 0.5 meters

Overlay based on Common Geographic Location

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals

  Photographic Image Scanned Drawing Analysis

  Data Table

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Anatomy of a GIS Database:

  City of Plano Vector Layers Attribute Tables Raster Layers

  Course Content

  Part I: Overview

• Fundamentals of GIS
• Hands-on Intro to ArcGIS

• Data Input: preparation, integration, and editing
• Data analysis and modeling
• Data output and application examples
• – (lab sessions @ 1:00-4:00 or
• Terrestrial data structures
• – representing the real world

  7:00-10:00pm in GR 3.602)

  Part II: Principles

  Part III: Practice

  Part IV: The Future

• GIS Data Structures
• Future of GIS
• – representing the world in a computer
• Data Quality
• – An essential ingredient

  Hands-on Projects

• Locating a Day-care
• – intro to GIS capabilities
• – illustration of a major application: site selection
• Texas Demographic growth
• – manipulation of data and mapping principles
• – another major application: analysis of spatial patterns with polygon data
• Geocoding Housing Sales, or Analyzing Earthquake Locations
• – techniques and data requirements for geocoding and point patterns
• – another application: geocoding/address matching
• Creating a Census Tract layer, or a Geological Map
• – editing and creating topologically consistent data
• – how new data layers can be created
• Pipeline Routing
• – data selection, buffering and spatial analysis
• – another major application: corridor studies

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Next Week

  An Introduction to GIS Software

  Meet @ 7:00 on Tuesday in GR 3.602 or on Wednesday in GR 3.206

  If you have already got your UTD “netid” be sure to bring it and your password. Otherwise, we will get you set up when we meet.

  Appendix GIS Software Packages

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals The Main Players

  Software for GIS:

• ESRI, Inc., Redlands, CA
• – clear market leader with about a third of the market

  The main two

• – originated commercial GIS with their ArcInfo product in 1981
• – privately owned by Jack Dangermond, a legend in the field “pure GIS”
• – Strong in gov., education, utilities and business logistics companies.
• MapInfo, Troy N.Y.
• – Aggressive newcomer in early 1990s, but now well-established.
• – Strong presence in business, especially site selection & marketing, and telecom
• Intergraph (Huntsville, AL)
• – origins in proprietary CAD hardware/software
• – Older UNIX-based MGE (Modular GIS Environment) evolved from CAD
• – Current GeoMedia was the first true MS Windows-based GIS
• – strong in design, public works, and FM (facilities management), but weakening
• Bentley Systems (Exton, PA)
• – MicroStation GeoGraphics, originally developed with Intergraph, is now their exclusive and main product..
• – Strong in engineering; advertises itself as ―geoengineering‖

  (San Rafael, CA)

• Autodesk
• – Began as PC-based CAD, but now the dominant CAD supplier
• – First GIS product AutoCAD Map introduced in 1996

• ERDAS/Imagine
• Smallworld Systems (Englewood, CO)

• – long established leader

• – acquired by Leica Geosystems in 2001
• – first to use OO (early ‗90s), but failed to compete as established vendors did same
• – Purchased by GE in 2000
• – emphasis on FM & utilities
• ER MAPPER
• – aggressive newcomer originating in Australia
• Envi,
• – relative newcomer, radar specialization

• – acquired by Kodak in 2000

• PCI--Geomatica
• Manifold (CDA International Corp):

• – long-term Canadian player

• CARIS
• – low cost, but low market share
• – newer Canadian entry
• GRASS (Rutgers Univ.)
• Maptitude (Caliper Corp, Newton, MA):
• – Classic old-timer originally developed by US Army Construction Engineering Research Lab(CERL) in Champaign, IL;
• – army ended dev. & support in 1996 but assumed by Baylor University.
• – another low cost one
• IDRSI (Clark Univ)
• – pioneering, university-developed package
• – Free viewers for geographic data.

  (Fall 2007) ArcReader

  Notes: ArcView 3.3 the only GUI option for UNIX.

  ArcGIS Engine (MS NT/2000/XP )

  (for UNIX and MS)

  ArcObjects: to build specialized capabilities within ArcMap or ArcCatalog using VB for Applications ArcGIS Workstation

  ArcView, plus specialized editing:

  viewing, map production, spatial analysis, basic editing:

  Available capabilities within these modules are ―tiered‖ in three levels

  ArcGIS 9.x Desktop: two primary modules (MS only) _{1. ArcMap: for data display, map production, spatial analysis, data editing 2. ArcCatalog: ArcToolbox} for data management and preview , for specialized data conversions and analyses, available as a window in both

  (―adobe acrobat‖ for maps) & ArcExplorer (spatial data viewer)

  ESRI Product Line-up: ArcGIS client products

  Raster GIS

  Vector GIS

  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals Software for GIS: other players

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• ^ArcView:

• ^ArcEditor:

• ArcInfo: ArcView & ArcEditor plus special analyses and conversions: Extensions: for special apps.: Spatial Analyst, 3D Analyst, Geostatistics, Business Analyst, etc.

• – the old command line ArcInfo 7.1

• – Set of embeddable GIS components (ArcObjects software objects) for use in building custom applications
• – Runs under Windows, Unix and Linux, with support for Java, C++, COM and .NET
• – Replaces MapObjects which were based upon a previous generation of GIS objects

  ArcGIS 8 released 2000 to integrate two previous standalone products: ArcView and ArcInfo ArcGIS 9 released 2004 providing the full capability that should have been in ArcGIS 8!!!

• full support for all data types (coverages, shapefiles, geodatabases)
• full support for all previous geoprocessing analyses
• Modelbuilder for scripting and repetitive processing

• middleware to support spatial data storage in standard DBMS on server
• Supports all major industry databases:
• – Oracle, SQL-Server, IBM DB2, Ingres
• Provides maps and simple query to a user without a desktop GIS
• Accessed via web interface
• Permits the creation of server-based specialized GIS applications
• Provides full range of GIS capabilities to a user without a desktop GIS
• Accessed via web interface

• – On-line services made available on the Internet with a subscription
• – Normally charged on a ―per transaction‖ basis, but can be flat fee
• – built and operated by ESRI (or other others), usually based on ArcGIS Server

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals ArcGIS Server: three tiers of capability Data services: ArcSDE (Spatial Database Engine)

  Map services: ArcIMS (Internet Map Server)

  Analytic services:

  (prior to 9.2 these were sold as three separate products) ArcGIS On-line Services

  ESRI Product Line-up: ArcGIS server products (Fall 2007)

  ESRI ArcGIS System Files ArcSDE Services _{Database storage/access}

Databases

  ArcPad

  ArcEngine/ ArcObjects Application Development & Customization c:\ ArcGIS Workstation

  Consistent interface Increasing capability ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcMap

Clients

  ArcCatalog ArcToolbox ArcMap ArcCatalog ArcToolbox

  $ ArcServer Services Full GIS analysis

ArcInfo ArcEditor ArcView ArcIMS Services Map display & query ArcExplorer Browser Internet

  Future Generic GIS Internet Enterprise

Browsers Applications Web Broker Web Server

  _{Source: Reza Wahadj, CSIG04, with mods Dallas Delhi Durban .Net, SOAP/XML, Java API) ( built on} Services .

  Databases

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  6/14/2013 Ron Briggs, UTDallas, GIS Fundamentals