Theoretical Framework REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The purpose of this chapter is to present the method used to answer the questions stated in Chapter 1. The discussion is presented into six major parts, namely research method, research participants, research instruments, data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.

A. Research Method

This research was an educational research and development RD in which the research process is used for developing the designed materials. Borg and Gall 1983: 772 stated that educational research and development RD is a process used to develop and validate educational products. According to Borg and Gall 1983: 775, there was a cycle to be followed: 1. Research and information gathering. In this step, the researcher began the research by distributing questionnaire to the students. The questionnaires for the students were collected to get the data about students’ characteristic and also students’ needs. Besides, the researcher conducted interview to the teacher to get the data about the goal, the activities, and also students’ characteristic of the extracurricular English Club. Those data helped the researcher in designing the material. 25 2. Design the preliminary product. Getting the data collected, the researcher constructed preparation of the materials, handbooks, and evaluation devices. 3. Conduct preliminary testing. This step required expert verification to analyze the product. The designed materials were given to the teachers and lecturer to be analyzed. The researcher gave the questionnaire to the teachers and lecturer so that they were willingness to give comments and suggestions about the first designed materials. There were four English teachers and one lecturer who became the participant in this post- design survey in order to get validity of the materials. 4. Conduct field testing. The next step was the implementation of the first product revision. It would be conducted in the school by the researcher. In this step, the researcher distributed the questionnaire to the students to get the students’ responses to the implementation of the designed materials. 5. Revise the product. It was the final revision of the product developed by the evaluation after implementing the product. 26 Research and Development Research and Information Gathering Planning Conduct Preliminary testing Conduct Field Testing Revise the Product Instructional Design Learners’ Characteristic Goals, Topics, Generals Purposes Learning Objectives Subject Content Teaching Learning Activities and Resources Evaluation The next step of the design The relationship between R D and ID Figure 3.1 The Relationship between R D and ID 27

B. Research Participants

1. Participants in Research and Information Gathering The first step, the research participants were students of SMP Negeri Muntilan. The researcher distributed questionnaires to collect information which was useful in designing the materials, such as the students characteristics, the students’ ability, the methods used, and the class activities. Besides, the researcher conducted interview to the English teacher in order to know the goal of this course. 2. Participants in Preliminary Testing In preliminary testing, the research participants were the English teachers in this school and a lecturer. It was needed to gain information about the activity of extracurricular English Club. The teachers evaluated the design product and gave suggestion to the researcher. There were four English teachers and one lecturer who became the participants in this post-design survey in order to get validity of the materials. 3. Participants in Field Testing The research participants in field testing were students of SMP Negeri 1 Muntilan who joined extracurricular English Club. They were given the implementation of the designed materials and later gave responses about its implementation by giving opinions in the questionnaire distributed by the researcher. 28

C. Research Instruments

There were two kinds of instruments used in this study. 1. Instrument in data collecting According to Oxford Advanced Learner’ Dictionary Hornby, 1995:952, questionnaire is a written or printed list of questions to be answered by a number of people, especially as part of a survey. According to Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh 1990:418 as cited in Hanani 2005, a questionnaire is an instrument of the study to gather information through the respondents written responses to a list of questions. The questionnaire was written in Indonesian language which the purpose was to avoid misunderstanding of students. In this section the researcher used closed-ended questions so that the answer is appropriate with the researcher wants. This questionnaire is to gain data about the students and the teaching learning activities. Then, the research problem could be solved accurately. The next instrument was an interview. According to Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh 2002:434, the interview is one of the most widely used instruments to gather data on subjects opinions, beliefs, and feelings about the situation. Interview was conducted by asking questions to the participant face to face. The questions were basically about their opinion about the activity of extracurricular English Club . The researcher conducted an interview to the English teachers. This interview would give information about the goal of English Club and also measure the students’ needs in extracurricular English Club.