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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
A. Literature Review 1. Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia
English teaching in Indonesia has been regulated by national curriculum. It is also regulated in law number 20 year 2003 about national eduational system. In
Indonesia, English can be considered as a foreign language. However, currently, English is a required major in Indonesia eduational system. To answer every
challenge, Indonesian English syllabi has been revised throughout time. Today, The Government of Indonesia uses the Curriculum 2013 as the national
curriculum, while it preserves School-based Curriculum. There are some changes between Curriculum 2013 and School-based
Curriculum, related to English teaching. First, the amount of time allocated to teach English is reduced. In Curriculum 2013, the allocated time for teaching
English are twice a week 40 min per lesson in lower secondary schools and once a week 45 min per lesson in higher secondary schools. In School-based
Curriculum, the allocated time is four times a week for secondary schools. Second, English teaching for elementary school is abolished in Curriculum 2013.
Last, the English learning materials is heavily dependent on books published by ministry of education and culture.
2. Teaching English in Vocational Schools VS
Throughout time, the national curriculum has been changed and English syllabi have been developed to accomodate those changes. Particularly in
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Vocational Schools, English is a required major, but teaching English has its own problems. Those problems are the lacks of learners’ motivation, lacks of allocated
time, lacks of resources and materials, and the number of students. Added to those problems, English in Curriculum 2013 expects learners to learn English as same
as students of Senior High Schools. The learning materials are published by the Indonesian government. Teaching English in vocational school is quite
challenging if ther teachers are expected to teach many technical terms in each major in vocational schools.
3. Curriculum a. Definition
Some experts have their own definition on what is meant by a curriculum. According to Nation Macalister 2010: 1, a curriculum is a guidance in
designing courses that consists of outer cycle; namely principles, environment, and needs that involve practical and theoretical considerations that will have a
major effect in guiding the actual process of course production, and inner cycle that consists of goals, as its centre, contents, and sequences, format and
presentation, and monitoring and assessment. Richards and Schmidt 2002: 139 define a curriculum as a set of plan to
guide a program. The program usually has several components: a the aims or goals of the program; b syllabus; c methodology; d assessment and testing;
and e evaluation.
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