sentence cannot be interpreted as there are no referents for him and her. But if the sentence before it is John met Mary yesterday, the interpretation will be clearer.
5. Theory of Word Borrowing
Fasold and Connor-Linton 2006: 294 stated that linguistic borrowing is the adoption of elements from another language or dialect. The borrowed
elements are usually lexical items, known as borrowing words. It means that the morphological and syntactic patterns can also be borrowed. Fasold and Connor-
Linton 2006: 294 explained further that borrowed items are often changed to conform to native linguistic rules, a process known as adaptation in which foreign
sounds occurring in loan words are replaced by their nearest phonetic equivalents in the borrowing language. For example, English words like touring, team, tube,
and tank have been adapted in Japanese as tsuringu, tiimu, tyuubu, and tanku Fasold and Connor-Linton 2006: 294.
6. Theory of the Nature of Words
Spencer 1991: 44 mentioned that the meaning of a phrase tends to be determined compositionally from the meaning of its component words although
the meaning of words is not always determined compositionally. It means that when a whole is seen as a whole, we can reveal the meaning, but it is a part of a
word, the meaning is not related with the whole meaning. For example, blue and grass have their own meaning. However, they cannot determine the meaning
when those words are combined as in bluegrass. Bluegrass does not mean grass that is blue. Bluegrass means traditional country music played on stringed
instrument, especially banjo and guitar Hornby, 2000: 118.
7. Theory of English Pronunciation
Every language in the world has their own alphabetical systems in pronouncing their words. English has 44 alphabets on its system. There are three
distinctions of English alphabets which are consonants and vowels, and diphthongs. A consonant is a speech-sound produced in such a way that the air-
stream on its way through air-channel meets with a narrowing or complete closure. A vowel is a voice modified by definite shape of super-glottal passage; in
forming the sound the air passes freely and in a continuous stream through the pharynx and the mouth . Diphthongs are combinations of two vowel sounds in one
syllable. During the formation of a diphthong the tongue doesn’t remain stationary Schreuder: 1948: 16 - 32.
There are 25 consonants stated by Prator, Jr 1957: 4. They are b, d, f, g, h, k, l, m, n, ŋ, p, r, s, ʃ, t, Ɵ, ð v, w, y, z, Ʒ, hw, ʧ,
and ʤ. The sound b is produced when, we say , for example, the word boat. The sound d is produced when, we say, for example, the word dark. The sound
f is produced when we say the word far. The sound g is produced when we say, for example, the word gold. The sound h is produced when we say, for example
the word home. The sound k is produced when we say, for example, the word cold. The sound l is produced when we say, for example, the word let. The
sound m is produced when we say, for example, the word man. The sound n is produced we say, for example, the word next. The sound ŋ is produced when we
say, for example, the word ring. The sound p is produced when we say, for example, the word part. The sound r is produced when we say, for example, the
word rest. The sound s is produced when we say, for example, the word send. The sound ʃ is produced when we say, for example, the word ship. The sound t
is produced when we say, for example, the word ten. The sound Ɵ is produced when we say, for example, the word think. The sound ð is produced when we
say, for example, the word that. The sound v is produced when we say, for example, the word very. The sound w is produced when we say, for example, the
word went. The sound y is produced when we say, for example, the word you. The sound z is produced when we say, for example, the word zoo. The sound Ʒ
is produced when we say, for example, the word pleasure. The sound of hw is produced when we say, for example, the word when. The sound ʧ is produced
when we say the word children. And finally, the sound ʤ is produced when we say, for example, the word age .
According to Ladefoged 1993: 38, English has 14 vowels which are a, æ, e, ɛ, i, ɪ, ə, ɜ, o, u, ʊ, ɒ, ɑ and ɔ. The sound a is produced
when we say, for example, the word ham. The sound of æ is produced when we say, for example, the word hack. The sound e is produced when we say, for
example, the word pen. The sound ɛ is produced when we say, for example, the word pet. The sound i is produced when we say the word, for example, bean.
The sound ɪ is produced when we say the word , for example, split. The sound ə is produced when we say the word , for example, the. The sound ɜ is
produced when we say the word for example bird. The sound o is produced when we say the, for example, the word robe. The sound u is produced when we
say, for example, the word too. The sound ʊ is produced when we say the word
book. The sound ɒ is produced when we say, for example, the word body. The sound ɑ is produced when we say the word bard. And, the sound ɔ is produced
when we say, for example the word door. The last distinction is diphthongs. Prator, Jr. 1957: 6 stated there are 8
diphthongs in English, which are aɪ, aʊ, æə,ɛə, iə, ɪə, eə, and ɔɪ. The sound aɪ is produced when we say, for example, the word cry. The sound aʊ is
produced when we say, for example, the word cow. The sound æə is produced when we say, for example, the word shall. The sound ɛə is produced when we
say, for example, the word there. The sound ɛə is produced when we say, for example, the word shall. The sound iə is produced when we say, for example,
the word feel. The sound iə is produced when we say, for example weigh. The sound eə is produced when we say, for example, the word major. The sound ɔɪ
is produced, when we say, for example, the word boy.
8. Theory of Morphophonemic Process
