INTRODUCTION Courage And Self-Defense Reflected In Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games Novel (2008): A Psychoanalytic Approach.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Basically, courage is the ability to confront fear, pain, danger,
uncertainty, or intimidation. Physical courage is courage in the face of
physical pain, hardship, death, or threat of death, while moral courage is the
ability to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, or
discouragement. This is a quality of the mind and spirit that has the power to
overcome danger, pain or hardship. Courage is a way of life. Whereas, selfdefense is a countermeasure that involves defending oneself, one's property,
or the well-being of another from harm. Self-defense is a subject that just
about everyone considers at some point in their lives. After all, self defense is
part and parcel of living in our modern day society. Finally, self-defense is
the right of a person to protect oneself with reasonable force against another
person who is threatening to inflict force upon one's person.
The Hunger Games novel was published in September 2008 and
quickly found critical success. Among the features that received the most
attention were the plotting and pace. The book also rose to the top of the New
York Times bestseller list and subsequently spent more than three
consecutive years on the list. The other books in the trilogy, published over
the next two years, followed the same pattern, all becoming huge commercial
successes. There are now more than 18 million copies of The Hunger Games
in print, the books have genuinely become a worldwide phenomenon.
1
2
The Hunger Games begins on the day of the reaping. Every year in the
ruins of what was once North America, the evil Capitol of the nation of
Panem forces each of its twelve districts to send a teenage boy and girl to
compete in The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games are a nationally televised
event in which "Tributes" must fight with one another until one survivor
remains. On the day of the reaping in District 12. When the tributes are
chosen who will take part in The Hunger Games.
Katniss Everdeen wakes up on the day of the reaping, her mother and
little sister, Prim, sleep nearby. Her father died in a mine explosion years
earlier. The district’s female tribute is chosen, and to Katniss’s horror, it is
Prim. Katniss volunteers to take the place of her younger sister and becomes
District 12's girl tribute for the 74th Hunger Games. Then the male tribute is
selected. It is Peeta Mellark. Katniss and Peeta ride the train to the Capitol.
On the train, Katniss experiences luxury like she was never known and gets to
eat the richest, most decadent food. They both get to know Effie Trinket, their
escort, and Haymitch Abernathy, their drunk mentor and the lone surviving
Hunger Games winner from the game. After they arrive at the Training
Center, Katniss and Peeta meet their stylists. Katniss is pleasantly surprised
when she meets Cinna, a young man who dresses simply and wears very little
makeup compared with the other stylists. In a strategy that has never been
used before, Katniss and Peeta are presented as a pair during the opening
ceremonies.
3
Haymitch coaches Katniss and Peeta together, he instructs them to
keep their biggest strengths a secret from the other tributes. For Katniss, this
means staying away from archery. Haymitch tells them to remain together at
all times, too. Then, just before their interviews, Peeta asks Haymitch to
coach him separately. This angers Katniss, who feels betrayed. At the
interview, however, Peeta professes his love for Katniss, and the audience
believes they are star-crossed lovers, trapped in an arena where their love
cannot survive. Katniss is furious with Peeta for making her look weak in
front of the audience and the other tributes. Haymitch and Cinna, however,
assure Katniss that Peeta has given her an advantage, making her appear
desirable.
Finally the time comes. The 74th Hunger Games begin with the
tributes rising up from below ground, All tributes are lifted into the arena and
the Games officially begin. They stand in a circle around the metal
Cornucopia, a giant golden horn that holds supplies and weapons, meant to
lure the tributes in for a bloodbath. Rather than fight, she runs away as
Haymitch advised. While in the arena, Katniss constantly has to battle
hunger, dehydration, the other tributes, and the Gamemakers, who are able to
send violent fires and explosions through the woods.
One night, the Careers and Peeta pin Katniss in a tree. Rue, the young
tribute from District 11 hiding in a nearby tree, silently points out a tracker
jacker nest to Katniss. Katniss cuts the nest loose, dropping it on the Careers
and Peeta early the next morning. As she is running, she remembers the bow
4
and arrows that Glimmer had. She goes back to retrieve them before the
hovercraft comes to take away Glimmer's dead body. Katniss forms an
alliance with Rue, who reminds Katniss of her little sister Prim. Katniss sets
off the Careers' own booby traps, destroying most of their food and causing
Katniss to lose hearing in her left ear, but when she returns, she cannot find
Rue. Following Rue's screams, Katniss appears in time to see the boy from
District 1 spear Rue to death. Katniss kills him. Then she sings to Rue until
she is dead and then decorates her friend's body with flowers. With just six
tributes remaining, including Katniss and Peeta, Claudius Templesmith, the
Games' announcer, declares a new rule to the Games.
This year, two tributes can win so long as they come from the same
district. Katniss and Peeta hunt and gather in the woods. When the only
remaining tributes are Katniss, Peeta, and Cato, Katniss knows that the
Gamemakers will soon drive them together for their final battle. Katniss and
Peeta go to the Cornucopia to wait for Cato. Cato emerges from the woods
being chased by muttations, creatures made by the Capitol. Peeta, Katniss,
and Cato climb up the Cornucopia, trying to get out of the creatures' reach.
Katniss shoots Cato in the hand, which causes him to fall to the ground where
the muttations attack him. The animals gnaw on Cato through the night;
Katniss shoots him with an arrow the next day to end his, and their, suffering.
Katniss and Peeta believe the Games are over, but then Claudius
Templesmith's voice announces that the new rule that was previously
established about two tributes winning has been revoked. Only one tribute
5
can win. Katniss realizes this has been the Gamemakers' plan all along, to end
with the star-crossed lovers and watch one of them sacrifice his or her life for
the other. Katniss, however, comes up with a plan. She and Peeta both
prepare to eat poisonous berries, which makes Claudius take back his most
recent announcement, stating that two tributes can indeed win, declaring
Katniss and Peeta as this year's Hunger Games winners.
Back in the Capitol, Katniss and Peeta are nursed back to health. The
novel ends with Katniss and Peeta on their train ride back to District 12 as
heroes. The closer she gets to home, the more confused Katniss becomes
about her feelings for Peeta and about her true identity. She knows that
pretending to love Peeta has saved her life and that she must continue to
pretend to love him so that the Capitol does not punish her for her final act in
the arena. At the novel's end, Katniss is not sure who she is now that she is a
victor in The Hunger Games. She also does not know whom she loves or
where her life will go from here with the Capitol's eyes closely upon her.
The Hunger Games is a 2008 science fiction novel by American writer
Suzanne Collins. It is written in the voice of 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen,
who lives in the post-apocalyptic nation of Panem, where the countries of
North America once existed. Suzanne Collins is an American television
writer and novelist, author of the bestselling series The Underland Chronicles
and the wildly successful Hunger Games trilogy that spawned the Lionsgate
film The Hunger Games (2012) and the three subsequently announced
sequels, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013), The Hunger Games:
6
Mockingjay - Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2
(2015). Born in Hartford, Connecticut on August 10, 1962, Collins is the
daughter of a U.S. Air Force officer and was a successful television writer
before turning her talents to writing novels. Suzanne Collins is Amazon.com's
best-selling author of all time.
Collins began her television writing career in 1991 after earning a
degree from Indiana University with a double major in drama and
telecommunications. She worked on a number of television productions for
Nickelodeon such as "Clarissa Explains It All" (1991), "Little Bear" (1995)
and "Oswald" (2001). She was also nominated for a Writers Guild of America
award for her work in co-writing Santa, Baby! (2001) (TV), a well-received
animated Christmas special. Said to be inspired in part by Alice in
Wonderland, Collins' first book for middle schoolers, Gregor the Overlander
(2003), was nominated for a Nutmeg Children's Book Award. Between 2003
and 2007, Collins added 4 more titles to the New York Times bestselling
Underland Chronicles series before turning her attention to Katniss Everdeen
and The Hunger Games. One of the most successful written works in history,
Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games trilogy has found an audience with
readers of all ages, publisher Scholastic announced there were over 50 million
Hunger Games books in print by the time the first film was released in 2012.
The Hunger Games Trilogy, is an international bestseller.
Nowdays, there are a lot of stunning and interesting novels that have
been published, one of them is The Hunger Games novel. The researcher goes
7
for this novel to be analyzed because of considering some several reasons.
The first one are character and characterization of the novel. The Hunger
Games novel portrays the story of courage of the characters. Courage is a
character strength that involves exercising the will to face of fears. The
novel’s protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, has fears that are physical (the
intimidating presence of the threatening character of Cato), psychological (the
fear of intimacy with Peeta), and existential (the fear of death). Katniss
Everdeen uses her courage strength in order to face each of these fears.
The second interesting part of the novel is the themes it self. There is a
very interesting novel in The Hunger Games novel: “someone who lives
through the inequality between rich and poor, and her suffering as
entertainment”. Suzanne Collins as the author tries to relate the inequality and
the suffering then convey as one delicate story, but not intricate. Thus,
through the novel we will experience an inspiring story that will be
motivating and challenging.
And the last one is the experience of the researcher before he did this
research paper by translating the script of The Hunger Games in movie
version from English to Indonesian. With this sort of experience, it can also
help the author in analyzing this novel more precisely and accurately. Hence,
based on enlightenment above, the research proposed to conduct a research
entitled
“COURAGE
AND
SELF-DEFENSE
REFLECTED
IN
SUZANNE COLLINS’S THE HUNGER GAMES NOVEL (2008): A
PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH”.
8
B. Literature Review
For the period of the research of this novel, the researcher did not
uncover some researcher related to this novel. There is no previous study on
The Hunger Games novel, at least in university in central java. Therefore, the
researcher cannot compare this research with other research because this is
the initial study of The Hunger Games novel. The researcher uses a
Psychoanalytic Approach to analyze the data along with The Hunger Games
novel as an object. The researcher analyzes COURAGE AND SELFDEFENSE REFLECTED IN SUZANNE COLLINS’S THE HUNGER GAMES
NOVEL (2008): A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
C. Problem Statement
Featuring in this research, the researcher aims a single problem
statement. The problem of the research is “How is Katniss Everdeen standing
the fear of Hunger Games Competition by relying on her courage and selfdefense reflected in The Hunger Games novel?”
D. Limitation of the Study
In this research the researcher only focuses on analyzing the courage
and self-defense of the major character in Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger
Games by applying a psychoanalytic approach.
E. Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are the following:
1. To analyze courage and self-defense reflected in Suzanne Collins’s The
Hunger Games novel (2008) based on its structural elements.
9
2. To analyze courage and self-defense reflected in Suzanne Collins’s The
Hunger Games novel (2008) based on a psychoanalytic approach.
F. Benefit of the Study
1. Theoretical Benefit
This study is beneficial for contributing to the large body of
knowledge, particulary literary study on The Hunger Games novel By
Suzanne Collins.
2. Practical Benefit
To improve the researcher’s understanding and competence in
applying a Psychoanalytic Approach in Literature.
G. Research Method
1. Type of the Study
In this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative method.
Descriptive qualitative method is a research which employs the method of
collecting, describing, classifying and analyzing the data and then drawing
conclusion.
2. Object of the Study
The object of the study is The Hunger Games novel. This novel
written by Suzanne Collins, distributed by Scholastic in 2008.
3. Type of the Data and the Data Source
The type of the data is in the form The Hunger Games novel by
Suzanne Collins. The researcher divides the data source into two
categories: primary data source and secondary data source.
10
a. Primary Data Source
The primary data source of the study is The Hunger Games
novel that is wrutten by
Suzanne Collins, distributed by
Scholastic in 2008.
b. Secondary Data Source
The writer takes the secondary data source, including reference
and materials related to the study whether picking up from
books or internet.
H. Research Paper Organization
The research paper organization of “Courage and Self-defense reflected
in Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games novel (2008): A Psychoanalytic
Approach” is as follows: Chapter I is introduction. Here, the researcher
elaborates the background of the study, problem statement, objective of the
study and research paper organization. Chapter II is underlying theory. It
discusses the notion of psychoanalytic approach. In this chapter the researcher
explains the notion of psychoanalysis, structures of personality, notion of
courage and also self-defense. Chapter III is structural analysis. In this chapter
the researcher explains the structural elements of the novel and also the
discussion. Chapter IV is psychoanalytic analysis. In this chapter, the
researcher tries to analyze the novel by applying psychoanalytic approach.
While chapter V is conclusion and suggestion.
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Basically, courage is the ability to confront fear, pain, danger,
uncertainty, or intimidation. Physical courage is courage in the face of
physical pain, hardship, death, or threat of death, while moral courage is the
ability to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, or
discouragement. This is a quality of the mind and spirit that has the power to
overcome danger, pain or hardship. Courage is a way of life. Whereas, selfdefense is a countermeasure that involves defending oneself, one's property,
or the well-being of another from harm. Self-defense is a subject that just
about everyone considers at some point in their lives. After all, self defense is
part and parcel of living in our modern day society. Finally, self-defense is
the right of a person to protect oneself with reasonable force against another
person who is threatening to inflict force upon one's person.
The Hunger Games novel was published in September 2008 and
quickly found critical success. Among the features that received the most
attention were the plotting and pace. The book also rose to the top of the New
York Times bestseller list and subsequently spent more than three
consecutive years on the list. The other books in the trilogy, published over
the next two years, followed the same pattern, all becoming huge commercial
successes. There are now more than 18 million copies of The Hunger Games
in print, the books have genuinely become a worldwide phenomenon.
1
2
The Hunger Games begins on the day of the reaping. Every year in the
ruins of what was once North America, the evil Capitol of the nation of
Panem forces each of its twelve districts to send a teenage boy and girl to
compete in The Hunger Games. The Hunger Games are a nationally televised
event in which "Tributes" must fight with one another until one survivor
remains. On the day of the reaping in District 12. When the tributes are
chosen who will take part in The Hunger Games.
Katniss Everdeen wakes up on the day of the reaping, her mother and
little sister, Prim, sleep nearby. Her father died in a mine explosion years
earlier. The district’s female tribute is chosen, and to Katniss’s horror, it is
Prim. Katniss volunteers to take the place of her younger sister and becomes
District 12's girl tribute for the 74th Hunger Games. Then the male tribute is
selected. It is Peeta Mellark. Katniss and Peeta ride the train to the Capitol.
On the train, Katniss experiences luxury like she was never known and gets to
eat the richest, most decadent food. They both get to know Effie Trinket, their
escort, and Haymitch Abernathy, their drunk mentor and the lone surviving
Hunger Games winner from the game. After they arrive at the Training
Center, Katniss and Peeta meet their stylists. Katniss is pleasantly surprised
when she meets Cinna, a young man who dresses simply and wears very little
makeup compared with the other stylists. In a strategy that has never been
used before, Katniss and Peeta are presented as a pair during the opening
ceremonies.
3
Haymitch coaches Katniss and Peeta together, he instructs them to
keep their biggest strengths a secret from the other tributes. For Katniss, this
means staying away from archery. Haymitch tells them to remain together at
all times, too. Then, just before their interviews, Peeta asks Haymitch to
coach him separately. This angers Katniss, who feels betrayed. At the
interview, however, Peeta professes his love for Katniss, and the audience
believes they are star-crossed lovers, trapped in an arena where their love
cannot survive. Katniss is furious with Peeta for making her look weak in
front of the audience and the other tributes. Haymitch and Cinna, however,
assure Katniss that Peeta has given her an advantage, making her appear
desirable.
Finally the time comes. The 74th Hunger Games begin with the
tributes rising up from below ground, All tributes are lifted into the arena and
the Games officially begin. They stand in a circle around the metal
Cornucopia, a giant golden horn that holds supplies and weapons, meant to
lure the tributes in for a bloodbath. Rather than fight, she runs away as
Haymitch advised. While in the arena, Katniss constantly has to battle
hunger, dehydration, the other tributes, and the Gamemakers, who are able to
send violent fires and explosions through the woods.
One night, the Careers and Peeta pin Katniss in a tree. Rue, the young
tribute from District 11 hiding in a nearby tree, silently points out a tracker
jacker nest to Katniss. Katniss cuts the nest loose, dropping it on the Careers
and Peeta early the next morning. As she is running, she remembers the bow
4
and arrows that Glimmer had. She goes back to retrieve them before the
hovercraft comes to take away Glimmer's dead body. Katniss forms an
alliance with Rue, who reminds Katniss of her little sister Prim. Katniss sets
off the Careers' own booby traps, destroying most of their food and causing
Katniss to lose hearing in her left ear, but when she returns, she cannot find
Rue. Following Rue's screams, Katniss appears in time to see the boy from
District 1 spear Rue to death. Katniss kills him. Then she sings to Rue until
she is dead and then decorates her friend's body with flowers. With just six
tributes remaining, including Katniss and Peeta, Claudius Templesmith, the
Games' announcer, declares a new rule to the Games.
This year, two tributes can win so long as they come from the same
district. Katniss and Peeta hunt and gather in the woods. When the only
remaining tributes are Katniss, Peeta, and Cato, Katniss knows that the
Gamemakers will soon drive them together for their final battle. Katniss and
Peeta go to the Cornucopia to wait for Cato. Cato emerges from the woods
being chased by muttations, creatures made by the Capitol. Peeta, Katniss,
and Cato climb up the Cornucopia, trying to get out of the creatures' reach.
Katniss shoots Cato in the hand, which causes him to fall to the ground where
the muttations attack him. The animals gnaw on Cato through the night;
Katniss shoots him with an arrow the next day to end his, and their, suffering.
Katniss and Peeta believe the Games are over, but then Claudius
Templesmith's voice announces that the new rule that was previously
established about two tributes winning has been revoked. Only one tribute
5
can win. Katniss realizes this has been the Gamemakers' plan all along, to end
with the star-crossed lovers and watch one of them sacrifice his or her life for
the other. Katniss, however, comes up with a plan. She and Peeta both
prepare to eat poisonous berries, which makes Claudius take back his most
recent announcement, stating that two tributes can indeed win, declaring
Katniss and Peeta as this year's Hunger Games winners.
Back in the Capitol, Katniss and Peeta are nursed back to health. The
novel ends with Katniss and Peeta on their train ride back to District 12 as
heroes. The closer she gets to home, the more confused Katniss becomes
about her feelings for Peeta and about her true identity. She knows that
pretending to love Peeta has saved her life and that she must continue to
pretend to love him so that the Capitol does not punish her for her final act in
the arena. At the novel's end, Katniss is not sure who she is now that she is a
victor in The Hunger Games. She also does not know whom she loves or
where her life will go from here with the Capitol's eyes closely upon her.
The Hunger Games is a 2008 science fiction novel by American writer
Suzanne Collins. It is written in the voice of 16-year-old Katniss Everdeen,
who lives in the post-apocalyptic nation of Panem, where the countries of
North America once existed. Suzanne Collins is an American television
writer and novelist, author of the bestselling series The Underland Chronicles
and the wildly successful Hunger Games trilogy that spawned the Lionsgate
film The Hunger Games (2012) and the three subsequently announced
sequels, The Hunger Games: Catching Fire (2013), The Hunger Games:
6
Mockingjay - Part 1 (2014) and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay - Part 2
(2015). Born in Hartford, Connecticut on August 10, 1962, Collins is the
daughter of a U.S. Air Force officer and was a successful television writer
before turning her talents to writing novels. Suzanne Collins is Amazon.com's
best-selling author of all time.
Collins began her television writing career in 1991 after earning a
degree from Indiana University with a double major in drama and
telecommunications. She worked on a number of television productions for
Nickelodeon such as "Clarissa Explains It All" (1991), "Little Bear" (1995)
and "Oswald" (2001). She was also nominated for a Writers Guild of America
award for her work in co-writing Santa, Baby! (2001) (TV), a well-received
animated Christmas special. Said to be inspired in part by Alice in
Wonderland, Collins' first book for middle schoolers, Gregor the Overlander
(2003), was nominated for a Nutmeg Children's Book Award. Between 2003
and 2007, Collins added 4 more titles to the New York Times bestselling
Underland Chronicles series before turning her attention to Katniss Everdeen
and The Hunger Games. One of the most successful written works in history,
Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games trilogy has found an audience with
readers of all ages, publisher Scholastic announced there were over 50 million
Hunger Games books in print by the time the first film was released in 2012.
The Hunger Games Trilogy, is an international bestseller.
Nowdays, there are a lot of stunning and interesting novels that have
been published, one of them is The Hunger Games novel. The researcher goes
7
for this novel to be analyzed because of considering some several reasons.
The first one are character and characterization of the novel. The Hunger
Games novel portrays the story of courage of the characters. Courage is a
character strength that involves exercising the will to face of fears. The
novel’s protagonist, Katniss Everdeen, has fears that are physical (the
intimidating presence of the threatening character of Cato), psychological (the
fear of intimacy with Peeta), and existential (the fear of death). Katniss
Everdeen uses her courage strength in order to face each of these fears.
The second interesting part of the novel is the themes it self. There is a
very interesting novel in The Hunger Games novel: “someone who lives
through the inequality between rich and poor, and her suffering as
entertainment”. Suzanne Collins as the author tries to relate the inequality and
the suffering then convey as one delicate story, but not intricate. Thus,
through the novel we will experience an inspiring story that will be
motivating and challenging.
And the last one is the experience of the researcher before he did this
research paper by translating the script of The Hunger Games in movie
version from English to Indonesian. With this sort of experience, it can also
help the author in analyzing this novel more precisely and accurately. Hence,
based on enlightenment above, the research proposed to conduct a research
entitled
“COURAGE
AND
SELF-DEFENSE
REFLECTED
IN
SUZANNE COLLINS’S THE HUNGER GAMES NOVEL (2008): A
PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH”.
8
B. Literature Review
For the period of the research of this novel, the researcher did not
uncover some researcher related to this novel. There is no previous study on
The Hunger Games novel, at least in university in central java. Therefore, the
researcher cannot compare this research with other research because this is
the initial study of The Hunger Games novel. The researcher uses a
Psychoanalytic Approach to analyze the data along with The Hunger Games
novel as an object. The researcher analyzes COURAGE AND SELFDEFENSE REFLECTED IN SUZANNE COLLINS’S THE HUNGER GAMES
NOVEL (2008): A PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH
C. Problem Statement
Featuring in this research, the researcher aims a single problem
statement. The problem of the research is “How is Katniss Everdeen standing
the fear of Hunger Games Competition by relying on her courage and selfdefense reflected in The Hunger Games novel?”
D. Limitation of the Study
In this research the researcher only focuses on analyzing the courage
and self-defense of the major character in Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger
Games by applying a psychoanalytic approach.
E. Objective of the Study
The objectives of the study are the following:
1. To analyze courage and self-defense reflected in Suzanne Collins’s The
Hunger Games novel (2008) based on its structural elements.
9
2. To analyze courage and self-defense reflected in Suzanne Collins’s The
Hunger Games novel (2008) based on a psychoanalytic approach.
F. Benefit of the Study
1. Theoretical Benefit
This study is beneficial for contributing to the large body of
knowledge, particulary literary study on The Hunger Games novel By
Suzanne Collins.
2. Practical Benefit
To improve the researcher’s understanding and competence in
applying a Psychoanalytic Approach in Literature.
G. Research Method
1. Type of the Study
In this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative method.
Descriptive qualitative method is a research which employs the method of
collecting, describing, classifying and analyzing the data and then drawing
conclusion.
2. Object of the Study
The object of the study is The Hunger Games novel. This novel
written by Suzanne Collins, distributed by Scholastic in 2008.
3. Type of the Data and the Data Source
The type of the data is in the form The Hunger Games novel by
Suzanne Collins. The researcher divides the data source into two
categories: primary data source and secondary data source.
10
a. Primary Data Source
The primary data source of the study is The Hunger Games
novel that is wrutten by
Suzanne Collins, distributed by
Scholastic in 2008.
b. Secondary Data Source
The writer takes the secondary data source, including reference
and materials related to the study whether picking up from
books or internet.
H. Research Paper Organization
The research paper organization of “Courage and Self-defense reflected
in Suzanne Collins’s The Hunger Games novel (2008): A Psychoanalytic
Approach” is as follows: Chapter I is introduction. Here, the researcher
elaborates the background of the study, problem statement, objective of the
study and research paper organization. Chapter II is underlying theory. It
discusses the notion of psychoanalytic approach. In this chapter the researcher
explains the notion of psychoanalysis, structures of personality, notion of
courage and also self-defense. Chapter III is structural analysis. In this chapter
the researcher explains the structural elements of the novel and also the
discussion. Chapter IV is psychoanalytic analysis. In this chapter, the
researcher tries to analyze the novel by applying psychoanalytic approach.
While chapter V is conclusion and suggestion.