PwaniYetu19.
The TCMP Newsletter
ISSN: 0856-8375 Issue No. 19 April 2003
Sta tement by Hon. Arca do N ta ga zw a (M P) M inister of Sta te
(Environm ent) V ice President’s O ffice
T
he relief ma p of Ta nza nia
shows a large a coastal area.
The a rea is end o w ed w ith
abundant and unique resources.
2 5 per cent of
the country’s
population is domiciled in the
c o a sta l a rea . O ne o f the
unenviable description of this
segment of the population is that
of being the poorest of the poor.
The abundance of resources in
c o a sta l a rea s c o ntri b ute
immesenly to the efforts targeted
tow ards the betterment of the
peoples’ quality of life and their
livelihoods.
To attest the above one should
keep in mind the follow ing. 7 5
per cent of all industries in the
country are to be found in the
coastal areas. Dar es Salaam,
the largest urban centre in the
w hole country, is a coastal city.
C o a sta l to uri sm need no
ela b o ra ti o n.
M a ri c ulture
development and sea-bed natural
gas exploration and exploitation,
are activities bound to contribute
to the improvement of the quality
of life of coastal people in their
communities.
The fact that about eight million
Tanzanians share the coastal area
with some of the most diverse and
biologically important species on
the planet, makes the coast a
uniquely productive but fragile
part of the environment. This is
the place w here land meets the
sea; where a multiplicity of human
activities occur not forgetting the
imperative integrated decisionmaking requirement. This must be
so because existing policies w ith
respect to land, fisheries, forestry,
w a ter, minera ls, a g riculture,
w i ld li fe, i nd ustr y, tra nsp o rt,
energy, health, education and
human settlement recognize the
uniqueness of our coastal areas.
It is indeed in view of the above
tha t the N a tiona l Environment
Policy spells out-broad guidelines
w ith reg a rd to ma na g ing the
environment in general but w ith
more specific targets in the question
o f co a sta l a nd ma rine a rea s.
Equally so the N ational Vision
2 0 2 5 recog nises the need for
quality environment and life as
some of the goals and the outcome
of sustainable development.
The N ational Integrated Coastal
M anagement Strategy provides a
fra mew ork und er the N a tiona l
Environment Policy that links sectors
a t d i stri c t level, a nd c rea tes
partnerships among them tow ards
sustainable use of coastal resources
a nd d evelo p ment. A ltho ug h
sectoral policies for many coastal
resources are in place, the coastal
p eo p le, esp ec i a lly the rura l
communities, are still poor. An
integrated strategy,that overcomes
the fragmentation inherent in singlesector management approach is
nec essa r y to a d d ress these
p ersi stent b ut ea sy to so lve
problems.
C o a sta l reso urc es a re und er
increasing pressure from the people
that depend on them for food and
income. Unless quick action is
taken, coastal resources w ill not
support future coastal communities.
M oreover there are large economic
developments being proposed and
executed, and more are yet to
come. Such developments w ill,
positively or adversely, affect many
communities and sectors though
p a rti c i p a to ry p la nni ng a nd
exec uti o n o f the sa me w i ll
ameliorate the w ould be negative
impacts. Indeed the challenge w e
now face is how to harness and
manage coastal resources in an
equitable and sustainable manner
The challenge calls for a balance
b etw een
d evelo p ment,
conserva tion a nd utiliza tion of
coa sta l a nd ma rine resources;
w hich is a chieva b le w hen the
people are aw are, respect, value
a nd resp o nsi b ly ma na g e the
resources. This can be achieved
through a w ell coordinated and
integrated approach that creates
c o nd uc i ve a nd enha nc i ng
envi ro nment o f c o lla b o ra ti ve
p a rtnershi p
b etw een
the
government and the community.
Scientific management of crosssectoral interests, at both national
and local levels, are the key tenets
of Integrated Coastal M anagement
(ICM )
In recognizing the value of the coast
a nd the need to fa c i li ta te
susta i na b le
d evelo p ment
nationwide, Tanzania is committed
to sustainable coastal governance
through ICM . Tanzania is signatory
a nd ha s ra tified a numb er o f
multi la tera l
envi ro nmenta l
a g reements tha t recog nize the
need for an integrated approach
for managing the coastal area.
Ta nza nia ha s tra nsla ted these
i nterna ti o na l a nd reg i o na l
agreements into national action
p la ns a nd ta ng i b le effo rts to
address our coastal problems. The
N a ti o na l Integ ra ted C o a sta l
Environment M anagement Strategy
currently draw s some experience
fro m
severa l
lo c a l
IC M
p rog ra mmes tha t tra nsla te into
action our understanding of the
i nterna ti o na l a nd reg i o na l
agreements. The IC M seeks to
strengthen national programmes
a nd initia tives to ensure their
harmonized implementation.
Finally, I w ould like to state that the
N a ti o na l Integ ra ted C o a sta l
Environment M anagement Strategy
is the result of an open, transparent
a nd p a rticip a tory p rocess tha t
extended for over tw o years. It
needed reflects the collective views
Hon. Arca do D. N ta ga zw a
and interests of a w ide range of
stakeholders w ho live and w ork
in the coastal area. It is also built
on a solid foundation of scientific
and technical know ledge. It is
ho p ed tha t b y a p p lying the
principles and practices of ICM ,
Tanzania can and will realize the
benefits of sustainable coastal
development and the overall
o b j ec ti ve o f the N a ti o na l
Environment Policy in this regard.
In conclusion I would like to thank
and pay tribute by taking liberty
in mentioning the US Agency for
Interna ti o na l Develo p ment
(USAID) and Coastal Resources
Center of the University of Rhode
Island. And of course this does
not belittle in anyw ay invaluable
aid and assistance that w e have
had from N O RAD, Ireland AID,
IUC N , Finnish G o vernment,
Dutc h G o vernment, PEW
Foundation and W W F. I also
w ould like to thank those w ho
participated and contributed to
the development of this Strategy
a nd p a rti cula rly tho se w ho
generously supported the entire
p ro c ess w ho m I ma y ha ve
omitted to mention.
Hon. Arcado D. N tagazw a (M P)
Minister of State (Environment)
V ice President’s Office
TCMP is a joint initiative between the National Environm ent Managem ent Council (NEMC), the University of Rhode Island/Coastal Resources Center (URI/CRC) and the United States
Agency for International Developm ent (USAID)
Issue N o 1 9
Pw a ni Yetu
I mplementation
April 2 0 0 3
2
mechanisms of the ICM Strategy
F
ollowing the Government’s approval of the adoption of the ICM Strategy, coastal practitioners at both national and local level are
expected to undertake the strategy implementation with the goal to preserve, protect and develop the coastal resources for use by
the people of today and succeeding generations, to ensure food security and to support economic growth. For the benefit of all coastal
practitioners and stakeholders, this special issue is featuring the seven strategic actions and their implementation mechanisms as
detailed in the National ICM Strategy.
Str a teg y O ne: Sup p or t env ironm enta l p la nning a nd integ r a ted
ma na gem ent of coa sta l resources a nd a ctivities a t the loca l level a nd
provide m echa nism s to ha rm onise na tiona l interests w ith loca l need.
This strateg y w ill address the
follow ing issues::
i) Imp ro vement o f the
environment, well-being and
livelihood of all beneficiaries of coastal resources
w hich includ e the p o o r
c o a sta l c o mmun i ti e s
eng a g ed in sma ll scalea g r i c ul tur e , a r ti sa n a l
f i sh e ri e s, sma l l -scale
mariculture, use of forests
andma n g ro ve s, sma l l scale business, the informal
sector and extraction of
coastalresources.
ii) Supporting local initiatives,
d e c i si o n -m a k i n g f o r
intersectoral d evelo p ment
and harmonizing national
interests w ith local needs
Im p lem enta tion
m echa nism
Di stri c t Integ ra ted C o a sta l
M a na g ement A ctio n Pla ns.
Create and support a district level
ICM process as part of the overall
district environmental planning to
develop, approve and implement
District ICM action plans. N ational
IC M guidelines for preparing
district level action plans shall be
developed. The guidelines shall
encourage each district to focus on
their ow n p riority issues a nd
areas. The action plans shall
specify local IC M g oals and
issues, and shall identify how to
effec t c ha ng e (i mmed i a te
voluntary actions, infrastructure,
comprehensive planning, new or
revi sed b y-la w s, etc . ). The
N a ti o na l
IC M
Stra teg y
recog nizes that districts have
limited technical and financial
ca p a ci ty fo r ta ki ng o n new
ma na g ement resp onsib ilities.
Participation in this program can
be encouraged through a variety
of incentives provided by ICM U.
2These can include support for
outreach and aw areness raising,
a small grants program, technical
a ssi sta nc e, a nd a c c ess to
i nfo rma ti o n. Fo r na ti o na l
co nsi stency the IC M U sha ll
facilitate districts planning and
i mp lementa ti o n b y w a y o f
providing technical support.
The ICM U shall assist districts to
tra nsla te
the
N a ti o na l
Environment Policy and other
related policies and instruments
into district ICM action plans.
The maximum extent of district
ICM action plans includes the full
d i stri c t a nd o ffsho re to the
sea w a rd ed g e o f terri to ri a l
w aters. How ever, District IC M
Action Plans can be for smaller
g eog ra p hic a rea s w ithin the
district (for example, a sub-district,
villa g e, or b a y a rea ) w here
intersectoral coastal issues are
most urgent. If division/ w ard
or villag e action plans are
prepared, they shall include
inputs from the District.
Local Environmental committees
shall coordinate and execute
the
d evelo p ment
a nd
implementation of the action
plans.
Fo r
c o o rd i na ti o n
a nd
integration, district ICM plans
sha ll b e revi ew ed b y the
reg i o na l
c o o rd i na ti ng
committee prior to being sent
to the N SC-ICM for review and
end o rsement. The d i stri c t
councils shall then approve
district action plans. The ICM U
sha ll seek to c rea te a
cooperative environment for
a ffected p a rties to resolve
resource use conflicts.
Stra tegy Tw o : Prom ote integra ted, susta ina ble a nd environmenta lly
friendly a pproa ches to the development of ma jor economic uses of the
coa sta l resources to optimize benefits
The economic opportunities
available in the coastal area,
both large and small scale, could
improve the livelihood and well
being of the communities if
planned and managed taking
into consideration environmental
concerns. The following issues
are addressed by this strategy:
i)
Environmental Planning
and management of key
economic opportunities
ii)
Improvement of the well
being and livelihoods of all
beneficiaries of coastal
resources.
Im p lem enta tion
mecha nisms
Tourism, agriculture, mariculture,
industrialization, mining, and gas
development are expected to
expand along parts of the coast.
IC M U shall, as resources and
capacity allow, work with relevant
sectors to convene Issue-Specific
W orking G roup s to d evelop
integrated sustainable approaches
to coastal economic development
and ensure that all forms of pollution
in coastal areas are properly
p revented , co ntro lled a nd
managed.
Coa sta l Activity Guidelines
Convene and facilitate interagency
Issue-Specific W orking G roups to
develop g uidelines for major
coastal economic development
activities. The guidelines shall be
in a ccord a nce w ith na tiona l
Environmental Impact Assessment
guidelines and shall include precise
definitions of what constitutes a
“major” economic development for
that sector, siting requirements,
p ermit p ro ced ures, g o o d
o p era tio na l p ra ctices a nd
monitoring protocols.
The N SC-ICM shall review and
endorse the guidelines. Guidelines
shall be implemented through:
•
Sectoral agencies, assisted
b y IC M U a nd a n IssueSpecific W orking G roup,
collaborating with the private
sector to voluntarily adopt
good
ma na g ement
practices; and
•
Sectoral agencies, assisted
by IC M U, incorporating
recommended guidelines
directly into their relevant
reg ula tio ns in line w ith
o p era tio na l
na tio na l
Enviro nmenta l
Imp a ct
Assessment procedures and
permit approval processes).
Co o r d in a te d
Pe r m it
Review for M ajor Economic
Uses of the Coast.
M ajor economic uses that require
permits from more than one national
sectoral agency shall be reviewed
and acted on through an open,
tra nsp a rent a nd coord ina ted
review process (see Strategy 7 for
public input to this process).
G uidelines shall specify w hat
constitutes a ma jor coa sta l
development activity, both in terms
of scale and proximity to the
coastline, and would therefore be
included in the coordinated permit
review process. The ICM U, when
requested by the responsible sector,
shall facilitate a coordinated permit
review process using the existing
national EIA procedures.
Issue N o 1 9
Pw a ni Yetu
April 2 0 0 3
3
Stra tegy Three : Conserve a nd restore critica l ha bita ts a nd a rea s of
high biodiversity w hile ensuring tha t coa sta l people continue to benefit
from the susta ina ble use of the resources
This strategy shall address three
issues:
i)
Improvement of the well being
and livelihoods of
beneficiaries of coastal
resources:
M ost rural coastal communities
are poor. Their economy
depends mainly on small-scale
holder farming, subsistence
forestry, artisanal fishing, lime
and salt production, seaw eed
farming, livestock husbandry
and small-scale trade. Hence
actions need to be taken to
increase productivity of current
economic activities and to
p ro mo te alternative
environmentally sustainable
livelihoods
ii) Environmental Planning and
ma na g i ng key eco no mi c
opportunities within the coastal
area, i nc lud i ng to uri sm,
agriculture, mariculture, industry
and oil and gas exploration:
Development and use of the coastal
area is exp ected to i ncrea se,
crea ti ng eco no mi c
opportunities as w ell as putting
unprecedented pressure on both the
people and resources of the coast.
Development activities including
industry, agriculture, mariculture,
tourism and urbanization and other
activities are potential sources of
pollution.Poor waste management
(solid and liquid), and improper
dumping has led to air and water
pollution.
iii) M anaging geographical areas
of concern including and
habitats:
Along the coast there are areas
that require intensive proactive
planning and manag ement
b ec a use o f thei r uni q ue
ecological importance and
economic- value or because of
intense resource use conflicts .
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
mechanisms:
The ICM U, in collaboration with
relevant authorities, shall identify
critical coastal areas and areas of
high biodiversity that should be
included within existing or new
protected area programs/ project
include:
3•
M arine Parks and Reserves
Unit: The national coastal
program shall work with the
Board of Trustees and M arine
Park and Reserves Unit to
esta b lish new ma rine
protected areas (M PAs) (under
the M arine Parks and Reserves
Act) in areas with significant
biodiversity and where local
communities sup p ort the
concept of a park
•
•
•
Project (M M P)
Terrestrial game parks that
exist in coastal areas
W etlands and fragile lands
as defined in the Land Act of
1999
The ICM U shall work with existing
programs and authorities in the
strengthening of G eneral Park
M anagement Plans, M angrove
M a na g ement Pla ns etc. b y
providing technical support as
specified in the section on duties
and responsibilities of the ICM U.
District ICM action plans and
SAM Ps sha ll id entify loca lly
important critical coastal areas and
areas of high biodiversity, and
specify actions that provide for
their conservation, restoration
and sustainable use by coastal
residents.
The M angrove M anagement
Stra tegy Four: Esta b lish a n integra ted pla nning a nd ma na gem ent
mecha nism for coa sta l a rea s of high econom ic interest a nd/ or w ith
substa ntia l environm enta l vulnera bility to na tura l ha za rds
Successful development and use
of the coastal area w ould need
g uid ed p la nning w ith clea r
p rincip les a nd enfo rcement
practices. This strategy w ould
address the follow ing issues:
(i) Inc re a si ng p re ssure o n
enviro nmenta l reso urces
(section 3 .1 and 3 .3 )
(ii) Increa sing resource use
c o nfli c ts o n the c o a sta l
environment (section 3 .4 )
(iii) Inadequate environmental
manag ement mechanisms
(sections 3 .6 and 3 .4 )
(iv) Inadequate intersectoral
co-ord ina tion for coa sta l
environment manag ement
(sections 3 .4 , 3 .2 and 3 .5 )
I m p le m e n ta tio n
mecha nism s:
Specia l Area M a na gement
Pla ns
SAM PS shall be developed for
geographic areas of concern,
including:
• Areas with existing important
ec o no mi c / i nfra struc ture
fa cilities w here reso urce
degradation and use conflicts
are occurring
• A rea s w here ma j o r new
economic developments are
planned or areas where there
is rapid economic transition and
substantial resource use conflicts
tha t ha ve e nvi ro nme nta l
implications
• Pollution hot-spots
• Trans-boundary areas w here
significant coastal management
issues exist and
• Areas at high envi ro nmenta l
risk from the effects of erosion
and flooding.
Sp ec i a l a rea ma na g ement
planning is a mechanism that
allow s central g overnment in
partnership with local government
to plan and manage geographic
a rea s o f p a rti cula r na ti o na l
concern or interest. The SAM P
p rocess includ es sta kehold er
input from both local and national
levels. For a SAM P site, central
g o vernment sha ll w o rk w i th
districts and other planning and
management functionaries within
the sites to complete a detailed
environmental management plan
tha t a p p ro p ri a tely g ui d es
development.
The ICM U, w ith guidance from
the N SC-ICM , shall identify areas
requiring a SAM P. A SAM P area
can encompass multiple districts,
be a single district, a district/
w ard or only a village. They
sha ll no t, ho w ever, extend
beyond the offshore limit of
territorial waters and the inshore
ed g e of the coa sta l d istrict
boundaries.
SA M Ps
sha ll
i nc lud e
management goals, objectives,
a nd
i mp lementa ti o n
mec ha ni sms a nd a c ti o ns.
IC M U shall develop coastal
environmental guidelines and
provide technical assistance for
SAM P preparation. The ICM U
sha ll a ssi st the SA M P
implementing agents to review
national environmental related
frameworks for consistency with
SAM P.
The N SC-ICM shall review and
endorse SAM Ps. Central and
local governments w ill have
resp o nsib ility to imp lement
actions specified in the SAM PS.
Pw a ni Yetu
Issue N o 1 9
April 2 0 0 3
4
Stra tegy Five: Develop a nd use a n effective coa sta l ecosystem resea rch,
monitoring a nd a ssessment system tha t w ill a llow a va ila ble scientific a nd
technica l inform a tion to inform ICM decisions
Inadequacy of data on coastal
envi ro nment a n d l a c k o f
i nd i vi d ua l a nd i nsti tuti o na l
ca p a city is a hind ra nce to
p ro p er
p la nni ng
a nd
management of resources. This
strategy w ill be addressing the
issue related to:
(i) Inadequacy of environmental
information availability for
decision-making.
(ii) Human, institutional capacity
and aw areness.
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
mecha nisms :
ICM U shall establish a Science and
Technical W orking Group (STW G)
to facilitate scientific inputs into
na tio na l a nd lo ca l co a sta l
programmes. The STW G shall:
•
•
Serve as a bridge between
environmental scientists, and
reso urc e ma na g ers a nd
decision-makers
Identify priority managementrelated research needs w ith
na ti o na l a nd lo c a l IC M
practitioners and researchers
•
•
•
•
and ensure that this information
is used to drive data acquisition
M ake information about ICM
a nd o ng o i ng mo ni to ri ng
available to resource managers
and the public
Recognize the importance of
local knowledge and ensure
that it is incorporated in the
management process
Recommend conservation
and restoration
4- techniques for
inclusion in local planning.
Desig n
a
mo nito ring
programme that nests local,
national and international
monitoring efforts that builds
on and utilizes existing
research and monitoring
institutions. This programme
should seek to incorporate
resource users in the effort.
STW G sha ll use exi sti ng
institutions for full implementation
a nd ma y d evelo p p i lo t
mo ni to ri ng
o r resea rc h
programmes as the need arises.
Str a teg y Six : Prov id e m ea ning ful op p or tunities for sta k ehold er
involvem ent in the coa sta l development process a nd the implementa tion
of coa sta l m a na gem ent policies
The stra teg y a d d resses the
follow ing issues:
(i) The ra p i d
ra te o f
unplanned development in
critical coastal areas and
resulta nt enviro nmenta l
implications .
(ii) The low socio-economic
status of coastal inhabitants
The strategy seeks to improve the
overall w ell being of coastal
inha b ita nts throug h their
involvement in the planning of
resources. This participatory
a p p roa ch to environmenta l
management requires access to
relevant and necessary information
in order to make sound decisions that
will take advantage of emerging
economic opportunities in the coastal
areas.
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
mechanisms
This ICM Strategy recognizes that
without active participation by the
people, the urgent environmental
coastal problems will not be solved.
This Strategy creates opportunities for
participation and empowers people
to become active stewards of the
coastal environment.
The mecha nisms b y w hich
stakeholders shall be involved
include:
•
Public education and outreach
p rog ra mmes
to
ra ise
awareness of the need and for
importance of sustainable
coastal management
•
Input to district action plans,
SAM Ps, protected area plans
and guidelines
•
Initiation of a 45-day public
review period for any District
Action Plan, Special Area
M a na g ement Pla n, or
Economic Use G uidelines
before they are submitted to the
N SC-ICM for final review
and endorsement. The ICMU
shall work with the planning
functionaries to respond to
ea ch p ub lic comment.
Specific review guidelines
shall have to be developed
that describe this review
process.
Special attention shall be given to
ensure that those most affected by
p rop osed p la ns, a ctions or
guidelines, are included in the
d evelop ment, review a nd
implementation process.
Stra tegy Seven: Build both huma n a nd institutiona l ca pacity for interdisciplinary and intersectoral management of coastal environment
This strategy addresses three broader
issues
(i)
The inadequacy of human and
institutional capacity and
awareness
(ii) Lack of readily available
information availability for
decision-making.
(iii) The need for support for local
initiatives as well as increased
d ecision-ma king
for
intersectoral developments,
and harmonizing national
interest with local needs
Pwani Yetu
P.O.Box 71886, Dar es Salaam
Tel:+ 255+ 22+ 2666088/2666190
Fax: 2668611
Email:gluhikula@ epiq.or.tz
Implementation mechanisms:
Human and institutional capacity shall
b e streng thened p rima rily b y
improving the skills, attitudes and
knowledge of individuals through the
following three primary tools:
•
Lea rning -b y-d oing .
Build
capacity of both practitioners
(local and national) and resource
users to plan for and manage
coa sta l resources in a n
integrated way by providing inservice training and workshops
•
•
and by providing opportunities
for
lea rning
throug h
experience.
Information exchange. The
IC M U shall serve as the
backbone of a national ICM
network where practitioners
(local and national) can easily
exchange information and
ideas.
Formal curriculum in coastal
ma na g ement.
Sup p ort
incorp ora tion of coa sta l
management-relevant material
into educational curricula from
p rima ry schools to the
university . At the University
level, encourage the creation
of a formal education track for
ICM within existing institutes or
universities.
O ther types of capacity building, in
terms of limited finance and technical
assistance, shall be provided to
partner sectors and institutions to
build their institutional capacity for
carrying out specific ICM activities.
ISSN: 0856-8375 Issue No. 19 April 2003
Sta tement by Hon. Arca do N ta ga zw a (M P) M inister of Sta te
(Environm ent) V ice President’s O ffice
T
he relief ma p of Ta nza nia
shows a large a coastal area.
The a rea is end o w ed w ith
abundant and unique resources.
2 5 per cent of
the country’s
population is domiciled in the
c o a sta l a rea . O ne o f the
unenviable description of this
segment of the population is that
of being the poorest of the poor.
The abundance of resources in
c o a sta l a rea s c o ntri b ute
immesenly to the efforts targeted
tow ards the betterment of the
peoples’ quality of life and their
livelihoods.
To attest the above one should
keep in mind the follow ing. 7 5
per cent of all industries in the
country are to be found in the
coastal areas. Dar es Salaam,
the largest urban centre in the
w hole country, is a coastal city.
C o a sta l to uri sm need no
ela b o ra ti o n.
M a ri c ulture
development and sea-bed natural
gas exploration and exploitation,
are activities bound to contribute
to the improvement of the quality
of life of coastal people in their
communities.
The fact that about eight million
Tanzanians share the coastal area
with some of the most diverse and
biologically important species on
the planet, makes the coast a
uniquely productive but fragile
part of the environment. This is
the place w here land meets the
sea; where a multiplicity of human
activities occur not forgetting the
imperative integrated decisionmaking requirement. This must be
so because existing policies w ith
respect to land, fisheries, forestry,
w a ter, minera ls, a g riculture,
w i ld li fe, i nd ustr y, tra nsp o rt,
energy, health, education and
human settlement recognize the
uniqueness of our coastal areas.
It is indeed in view of the above
tha t the N a tiona l Environment
Policy spells out-broad guidelines
w ith reg a rd to ma na g ing the
environment in general but w ith
more specific targets in the question
o f co a sta l a nd ma rine a rea s.
Equally so the N ational Vision
2 0 2 5 recog nises the need for
quality environment and life as
some of the goals and the outcome
of sustainable development.
The N ational Integrated Coastal
M anagement Strategy provides a
fra mew ork und er the N a tiona l
Environment Policy that links sectors
a t d i stri c t level, a nd c rea tes
partnerships among them tow ards
sustainable use of coastal resources
a nd d evelo p ment. A ltho ug h
sectoral policies for many coastal
resources are in place, the coastal
p eo p le, esp ec i a lly the rura l
communities, are still poor. An
integrated strategy,that overcomes
the fragmentation inherent in singlesector management approach is
nec essa r y to a d d ress these
p ersi stent b ut ea sy to so lve
problems.
C o a sta l reso urc es a re und er
increasing pressure from the people
that depend on them for food and
income. Unless quick action is
taken, coastal resources w ill not
support future coastal communities.
M oreover there are large economic
developments being proposed and
executed, and more are yet to
come. Such developments w ill,
positively or adversely, affect many
communities and sectors though
p a rti c i p a to ry p la nni ng a nd
exec uti o n o f the sa me w i ll
ameliorate the w ould be negative
impacts. Indeed the challenge w e
now face is how to harness and
manage coastal resources in an
equitable and sustainable manner
The challenge calls for a balance
b etw een
d evelo p ment,
conserva tion a nd utiliza tion of
coa sta l a nd ma rine resources;
w hich is a chieva b le w hen the
people are aw are, respect, value
a nd resp o nsi b ly ma na g e the
resources. This can be achieved
through a w ell coordinated and
integrated approach that creates
c o nd uc i ve a nd enha nc i ng
envi ro nment o f c o lla b o ra ti ve
p a rtnershi p
b etw een
the
government and the community.
Scientific management of crosssectoral interests, at both national
and local levels, are the key tenets
of Integrated Coastal M anagement
(ICM )
In recognizing the value of the coast
a nd the need to fa c i li ta te
susta i na b le
d evelo p ment
nationwide, Tanzania is committed
to sustainable coastal governance
through ICM . Tanzania is signatory
a nd ha s ra tified a numb er o f
multi la tera l
envi ro nmenta l
a g reements tha t recog nize the
need for an integrated approach
for managing the coastal area.
Ta nza nia ha s tra nsla ted these
i nterna ti o na l a nd reg i o na l
agreements into national action
p la ns a nd ta ng i b le effo rts to
address our coastal problems. The
N a ti o na l Integ ra ted C o a sta l
Environment M anagement Strategy
currently draw s some experience
fro m
severa l
lo c a l
IC M
p rog ra mmes tha t tra nsla te into
action our understanding of the
i nterna ti o na l a nd reg i o na l
agreements. The IC M seeks to
strengthen national programmes
a nd initia tives to ensure their
harmonized implementation.
Finally, I w ould like to state that the
N a ti o na l Integ ra ted C o a sta l
Environment M anagement Strategy
is the result of an open, transparent
a nd p a rticip a tory p rocess tha t
extended for over tw o years. It
needed reflects the collective views
Hon. Arca do D. N ta ga zw a
and interests of a w ide range of
stakeholders w ho live and w ork
in the coastal area. It is also built
on a solid foundation of scientific
and technical know ledge. It is
ho p ed tha t b y a p p lying the
principles and practices of ICM ,
Tanzania can and will realize the
benefits of sustainable coastal
development and the overall
o b j ec ti ve o f the N a ti o na l
Environment Policy in this regard.
In conclusion I would like to thank
and pay tribute by taking liberty
in mentioning the US Agency for
Interna ti o na l Develo p ment
(USAID) and Coastal Resources
Center of the University of Rhode
Island. And of course this does
not belittle in anyw ay invaluable
aid and assistance that w e have
had from N O RAD, Ireland AID,
IUC N , Finnish G o vernment,
Dutc h G o vernment, PEW
Foundation and W W F. I also
w ould like to thank those w ho
participated and contributed to
the development of this Strategy
a nd p a rti cula rly tho se w ho
generously supported the entire
p ro c ess w ho m I ma y ha ve
omitted to mention.
Hon. Arcado D. N tagazw a (M P)
Minister of State (Environment)
V ice President’s Office
TCMP is a joint initiative between the National Environm ent Managem ent Council (NEMC), the University of Rhode Island/Coastal Resources Center (URI/CRC) and the United States
Agency for International Developm ent (USAID)
Issue N o 1 9
Pw a ni Yetu
I mplementation
April 2 0 0 3
2
mechanisms of the ICM Strategy
F
ollowing the Government’s approval of the adoption of the ICM Strategy, coastal practitioners at both national and local level are
expected to undertake the strategy implementation with the goal to preserve, protect and develop the coastal resources for use by
the people of today and succeeding generations, to ensure food security and to support economic growth. For the benefit of all coastal
practitioners and stakeholders, this special issue is featuring the seven strategic actions and their implementation mechanisms as
detailed in the National ICM Strategy.
Str a teg y O ne: Sup p or t env ironm enta l p la nning a nd integ r a ted
ma na gem ent of coa sta l resources a nd a ctivities a t the loca l level a nd
provide m echa nism s to ha rm onise na tiona l interests w ith loca l need.
This strateg y w ill address the
follow ing issues::
i) Imp ro vement o f the
environment, well-being and
livelihood of all beneficiaries of coastal resources
w hich includ e the p o o r
c o a sta l c o mmun i ti e s
eng a g ed in sma ll scalea g r i c ul tur e , a r ti sa n a l
f i sh e ri e s, sma l l -scale
mariculture, use of forests
andma n g ro ve s, sma l l scale business, the informal
sector and extraction of
coastalresources.
ii) Supporting local initiatives,
d e c i si o n -m a k i n g f o r
intersectoral d evelo p ment
and harmonizing national
interests w ith local needs
Im p lem enta tion
m echa nism
Di stri c t Integ ra ted C o a sta l
M a na g ement A ctio n Pla ns.
Create and support a district level
ICM process as part of the overall
district environmental planning to
develop, approve and implement
District ICM action plans. N ational
IC M guidelines for preparing
district level action plans shall be
developed. The guidelines shall
encourage each district to focus on
their ow n p riority issues a nd
areas. The action plans shall
specify local IC M g oals and
issues, and shall identify how to
effec t c ha ng e (i mmed i a te
voluntary actions, infrastructure,
comprehensive planning, new or
revi sed b y-la w s, etc . ). The
N a ti o na l
IC M
Stra teg y
recog nizes that districts have
limited technical and financial
ca p a ci ty fo r ta ki ng o n new
ma na g ement resp onsib ilities.
Participation in this program can
be encouraged through a variety
of incentives provided by ICM U.
2These can include support for
outreach and aw areness raising,
a small grants program, technical
a ssi sta nc e, a nd a c c ess to
i nfo rma ti o n. Fo r na ti o na l
co nsi stency the IC M U sha ll
facilitate districts planning and
i mp lementa ti o n b y w a y o f
providing technical support.
The ICM U shall assist districts to
tra nsla te
the
N a ti o na l
Environment Policy and other
related policies and instruments
into district ICM action plans.
The maximum extent of district
ICM action plans includes the full
d i stri c t a nd o ffsho re to the
sea w a rd ed g e o f terri to ri a l
w aters. How ever, District IC M
Action Plans can be for smaller
g eog ra p hic a rea s w ithin the
district (for example, a sub-district,
villa g e, or b a y a rea ) w here
intersectoral coastal issues are
most urgent. If division/ w ard
or villag e action plans are
prepared, they shall include
inputs from the District.
Local Environmental committees
shall coordinate and execute
the
d evelo p ment
a nd
implementation of the action
plans.
Fo r
c o o rd i na ti o n
a nd
integration, district ICM plans
sha ll b e revi ew ed b y the
reg i o na l
c o o rd i na ti ng
committee prior to being sent
to the N SC-ICM for review and
end o rsement. The d i stri c t
councils shall then approve
district action plans. The ICM U
sha ll seek to c rea te a
cooperative environment for
a ffected p a rties to resolve
resource use conflicts.
Stra tegy Tw o : Prom ote integra ted, susta ina ble a nd environmenta lly
friendly a pproa ches to the development of ma jor economic uses of the
coa sta l resources to optimize benefits
The economic opportunities
available in the coastal area,
both large and small scale, could
improve the livelihood and well
being of the communities if
planned and managed taking
into consideration environmental
concerns. The following issues
are addressed by this strategy:
i)
Environmental Planning
and management of key
economic opportunities
ii)
Improvement of the well
being and livelihoods of all
beneficiaries of coastal
resources.
Im p lem enta tion
mecha nisms
Tourism, agriculture, mariculture,
industrialization, mining, and gas
development are expected to
expand along parts of the coast.
IC M U shall, as resources and
capacity allow, work with relevant
sectors to convene Issue-Specific
W orking G roup s to d evelop
integrated sustainable approaches
to coastal economic development
and ensure that all forms of pollution
in coastal areas are properly
p revented , co ntro lled a nd
managed.
Coa sta l Activity Guidelines
Convene and facilitate interagency
Issue-Specific W orking G roups to
develop g uidelines for major
coastal economic development
activities. The guidelines shall be
in a ccord a nce w ith na tiona l
Environmental Impact Assessment
guidelines and shall include precise
definitions of what constitutes a
“major” economic development for
that sector, siting requirements,
p ermit p ro ced ures, g o o d
o p era tio na l p ra ctices a nd
monitoring protocols.
The N SC-ICM shall review and
endorse the guidelines. Guidelines
shall be implemented through:
•
Sectoral agencies, assisted
b y IC M U a nd a n IssueSpecific W orking G roup,
collaborating with the private
sector to voluntarily adopt
good
ma na g ement
practices; and
•
Sectoral agencies, assisted
by IC M U, incorporating
recommended guidelines
directly into their relevant
reg ula tio ns in line w ith
o p era tio na l
na tio na l
Enviro nmenta l
Imp a ct
Assessment procedures and
permit approval processes).
Co o r d in a te d
Pe r m it
Review for M ajor Economic
Uses of the Coast.
M ajor economic uses that require
permits from more than one national
sectoral agency shall be reviewed
and acted on through an open,
tra nsp a rent a nd coord ina ted
review process (see Strategy 7 for
public input to this process).
G uidelines shall specify w hat
constitutes a ma jor coa sta l
development activity, both in terms
of scale and proximity to the
coastline, and would therefore be
included in the coordinated permit
review process. The ICM U, when
requested by the responsible sector,
shall facilitate a coordinated permit
review process using the existing
national EIA procedures.
Issue N o 1 9
Pw a ni Yetu
April 2 0 0 3
3
Stra tegy Three : Conserve a nd restore critica l ha bita ts a nd a rea s of
high biodiversity w hile ensuring tha t coa sta l people continue to benefit
from the susta ina ble use of the resources
This strategy shall address three
issues:
i)
Improvement of the well being
and livelihoods of
beneficiaries of coastal
resources:
M ost rural coastal communities
are poor. Their economy
depends mainly on small-scale
holder farming, subsistence
forestry, artisanal fishing, lime
and salt production, seaw eed
farming, livestock husbandry
and small-scale trade. Hence
actions need to be taken to
increase productivity of current
economic activities and to
p ro mo te alternative
environmentally sustainable
livelihoods
ii) Environmental Planning and
ma na g i ng key eco no mi c
opportunities within the coastal
area, i nc lud i ng to uri sm,
agriculture, mariculture, industry
and oil and gas exploration:
Development and use of the coastal
area is exp ected to i ncrea se,
crea ti ng eco no mi c
opportunities as w ell as putting
unprecedented pressure on both the
people and resources of the coast.
Development activities including
industry, agriculture, mariculture,
tourism and urbanization and other
activities are potential sources of
pollution.Poor waste management
(solid and liquid), and improper
dumping has led to air and water
pollution.
iii) M anaging geographical areas
of concern including and
habitats:
Along the coast there are areas
that require intensive proactive
planning and manag ement
b ec a use o f thei r uni q ue
ecological importance and
economic- value or because of
intense resource use conflicts .
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
mechanisms:
The ICM U, in collaboration with
relevant authorities, shall identify
critical coastal areas and areas of
high biodiversity that should be
included within existing or new
protected area programs/ project
include:
3•
M arine Parks and Reserves
Unit: The national coastal
program shall work with the
Board of Trustees and M arine
Park and Reserves Unit to
esta b lish new ma rine
protected areas (M PAs) (under
the M arine Parks and Reserves
Act) in areas with significant
biodiversity and where local
communities sup p ort the
concept of a park
•
•
•
Project (M M P)
Terrestrial game parks that
exist in coastal areas
W etlands and fragile lands
as defined in the Land Act of
1999
The ICM U shall work with existing
programs and authorities in the
strengthening of G eneral Park
M anagement Plans, M angrove
M a na g ement Pla ns etc. b y
providing technical support as
specified in the section on duties
and responsibilities of the ICM U.
District ICM action plans and
SAM Ps sha ll id entify loca lly
important critical coastal areas and
areas of high biodiversity, and
specify actions that provide for
their conservation, restoration
and sustainable use by coastal
residents.
The M angrove M anagement
Stra tegy Four: Esta b lish a n integra ted pla nning a nd ma na gem ent
mecha nism for coa sta l a rea s of high econom ic interest a nd/ or w ith
substa ntia l environm enta l vulnera bility to na tura l ha za rds
Successful development and use
of the coastal area w ould need
g uid ed p la nning w ith clea r
p rincip les a nd enfo rcement
practices. This strategy w ould
address the follow ing issues:
(i) Inc re a si ng p re ssure o n
enviro nmenta l reso urces
(section 3 .1 and 3 .3 )
(ii) Increa sing resource use
c o nfli c ts o n the c o a sta l
environment (section 3 .4 )
(iii) Inadequate environmental
manag ement mechanisms
(sections 3 .6 and 3 .4 )
(iv) Inadequate intersectoral
co-ord ina tion for coa sta l
environment manag ement
(sections 3 .4 , 3 .2 and 3 .5 )
I m p le m e n ta tio n
mecha nism s:
Specia l Area M a na gement
Pla ns
SAM PS shall be developed for
geographic areas of concern,
including:
• Areas with existing important
ec o no mi c / i nfra struc ture
fa cilities w here reso urce
degradation and use conflicts
are occurring
• A rea s w here ma j o r new
economic developments are
planned or areas where there
is rapid economic transition and
substantial resource use conflicts
tha t ha ve e nvi ro nme nta l
implications
• Pollution hot-spots
• Trans-boundary areas w here
significant coastal management
issues exist and
• Areas at high envi ro nmenta l
risk from the effects of erosion
and flooding.
Sp ec i a l a rea ma na g ement
planning is a mechanism that
allow s central g overnment in
partnership with local government
to plan and manage geographic
a rea s o f p a rti cula r na ti o na l
concern or interest. The SAM P
p rocess includ es sta kehold er
input from both local and national
levels. For a SAM P site, central
g o vernment sha ll w o rk w i th
districts and other planning and
management functionaries within
the sites to complete a detailed
environmental management plan
tha t a p p ro p ri a tely g ui d es
development.
The ICM U, w ith guidance from
the N SC-ICM , shall identify areas
requiring a SAM P. A SAM P area
can encompass multiple districts,
be a single district, a district/
w ard or only a village. They
sha ll no t, ho w ever, extend
beyond the offshore limit of
territorial waters and the inshore
ed g e of the coa sta l d istrict
boundaries.
SA M Ps
sha ll
i nc lud e
management goals, objectives,
a nd
i mp lementa ti o n
mec ha ni sms a nd a c ti o ns.
IC M U shall develop coastal
environmental guidelines and
provide technical assistance for
SAM P preparation. The ICM U
sha ll a ssi st the SA M P
implementing agents to review
national environmental related
frameworks for consistency with
SAM P.
The N SC-ICM shall review and
endorse SAM Ps. Central and
local governments w ill have
resp o nsib ility to imp lement
actions specified in the SAM PS.
Pw a ni Yetu
Issue N o 1 9
April 2 0 0 3
4
Stra tegy Five: Develop a nd use a n effective coa sta l ecosystem resea rch,
monitoring a nd a ssessment system tha t w ill a llow a va ila ble scientific a nd
technica l inform a tion to inform ICM decisions
Inadequacy of data on coastal
envi ro nment a n d l a c k o f
i nd i vi d ua l a nd i nsti tuti o na l
ca p a city is a hind ra nce to
p ro p er
p la nni ng
a nd
management of resources. This
strategy w ill be addressing the
issue related to:
(i) Inadequacy of environmental
information availability for
decision-making.
(ii) Human, institutional capacity
and aw areness.
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
mecha nisms :
ICM U shall establish a Science and
Technical W orking Group (STW G)
to facilitate scientific inputs into
na tio na l a nd lo ca l co a sta l
programmes. The STW G shall:
•
•
Serve as a bridge between
environmental scientists, and
reso urc e ma na g ers a nd
decision-makers
Identify priority managementrelated research needs w ith
na ti o na l a nd lo c a l IC M
practitioners and researchers
•
•
•
•
and ensure that this information
is used to drive data acquisition
M ake information about ICM
a nd o ng o i ng mo ni to ri ng
available to resource managers
and the public
Recognize the importance of
local knowledge and ensure
that it is incorporated in the
management process
Recommend conservation
and restoration
4- techniques for
inclusion in local planning.
Desig n
a
mo nito ring
programme that nests local,
national and international
monitoring efforts that builds
on and utilizes existing
research and monitoring
institutions. This programme
should seek to incorporate
resource users in the effort.
STW G sha ll use exi sti ng
institutions for full implementation
a nd ma y d evelo p p i lo t
mo ni to ri ng
o r resea rc h
programmes as the need arises.
Str a teg y Six : Prov id e m ea ning ful op p or tunities for sta k ehold er
involvem ent in the coa sta l development process a nd the implementa tion
of coa sta l m a na gem ent policies
The stra teg y a d d resses the
follow ing issues:
(i) The ra p i d
ra te o f
unplanned development in
critical coastal areas and
resulta nt enviro nmenta l
implications .
(ii) The low socio-economic
status of coastal inhabitants
The strategy seeks to improve the
overall w ell being of coastal
inha b ita nts throug h their
involvement in the planning of
resources. This participatory
a p p roa ch to environmenta l
management requires access to
relevant and necessary information
in order to make sound decisions that
will take advantage of emerging
economic opportunities in the coastal
areas.
I m p l e m e n t a t i o n
mechanisms
This ICM Strategy recognizes that
without active participation by the
people, the urgent environmental
coastal problems will not be solved.
This Strategy creates opportunities for
participation and empowers people
to become active stewards of the
coastal environment.
The mecha nisms b y w hich
stakeholders shall be involved
include:
•
Public education and outreach
p rog ra mmes
to
ra ise
awareness of the need and for
importance of sustainable
coastal management
•
Input to district action plans,
SAM Ps, protected area plans
and guidelines
•
Initiation of a 45-day public
review period for any District
Action Plan, Special Area
M a na g ement Pla n, or
Economic Use G uidelines
before they are submitted to the
N SC-ICM for final review
and endorsement. The ICMU
shall work with the planning
functionaries to respond to
ea ch p ub lic comment.
Specific review guidelines
shall have to be developed
that describe this review
process.
Special attention shall be given to
ensure that those most affected by
p rop osed p la ns, a ctions or
guidelines, are included in the
d evelop ment, review a nd
implementation process.
Stra tegy Seven: Build both huma n a nd institutiona l ca pacity for interdisciplinary and intersectoral management of coastal environment
This strategy addresses three broader
issues
(i)
The inadequacy of human and
institutional capacity and
awareness
(ii) Lack of readily available
information availability for
decision-making.
(iii) The need for support for local
initiatives as well as increased
d ecision-ma king
for
intersectoral developments,
and harmonizing national
interest with local needs
Pwani Yetu
P.O.Box 71886, Dar es Salaam
Tel:+ 255+ 22+ 2666088/2666190
Fax: 2668611
Email:gluhikula@ epiq.or.tz
Implementation mechanisms:
Human and institutional capacity shall
b e streng thened p rima rily b y
improving the skills, attitudes and
knowledge of individuals through the
following three primary tools:
•
Lea rning -b y-d oing .
Build
capacity of both practitioners
(local and national) and resource
users to plan for and manage
coa sta l resources in a n
integrated way by providing inservice training and workshops
•
•
and by providing opportunities
for
lea rning
throug h
experience.
Information exchange. The
IC M U shall serve as the
backbone of a national ICM
network where practitioners
(local and national) can easily
exchange information and
ideas.
Formal curriculum in coastal
ma na g ement.
Sup p ort
incorp ora tion of coa sta l
management-relevant material
into educational curricula from
p rima ry schools to the
university . At the University
level, encourage the creation
of a formal education track for
ICM within existing institutes or
universities.
O ther types of capacity building, in
terms of limited finance and technical
assistance, shall be provided to
partner sectors and institutions to
build their institutional capacity for
carrying out specific ICM activities.