JAMES MADISON’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY IN FEDERALIST PAPER NO. 10 AND ITS INFLUENCE BEHIND THE MAKING OF US CONSTITUTION

FEDERALIST PAPER NO. 10 AND ITS INFLUENCE BEHIND THE MAKING OF US CONSTITUTION THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for the Sarjana Sastra Degree at the English Department Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By:

PUSPA HANANDHITA

C0305056

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY SURAKARTA

2012

Name : Puspa Hanandhita NIM : C0305056

I hereby stated wholeheartedly that I write the thesis entitled “James Madison’s Political Philosophy in Federalist Paper no. 10 and Its Influence behind the Making of US

Constitution.” It is not a plagiarism nor made by others. The things related to other people‟s works are written in the quotations and included in bibliography.

If it is then proved that I cheat, I am ready to take the responsibilities, including the withdrawal of my academic degree.

Surakarta, May 4 th 2012

Puspa Hanandhita

“We can know only that we know nothing. And that is the highest degree of human wisdom.” –Leo Tolstoy

“I can never read all the books I want; I can never be all the people I want and live all the lives I want. I can never train myself in all the skills I want. And why do I want? I want to live and feel all the shades, tones and variations of mental and physical experience

possible in life. And I am horribly limited.” –Sylvia Plath “In the world we live in, what we know and what we don't know are

like Siamese twins, inseparable, existing in a state of confusion.” –Haruki Murakami

“It happened..” –James Madison

DEDICATION

For Mama and Puspa Hanandhita

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘alamin..

I would like to thank mainly to Allah SWT, for all of His blessings and mercy. I would also like to thank many people who had supported her in working on thesis. Those special people are:

1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.A as the Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University for the approval of this thesis.

2. Drs.Agus Hari Wibowo, M.A., Ph.D. as the head of English Department, for giving the chance and trust to conduct this thesis.

3. Taufik Al Makmun, S.S as academic supervisor, thank you for the assistance during my period of study, as well as the opportunity for uniting me and my teammates as debaters.

4. Thesis supervisor, Dra. Susilorini, M.A, for trusting me, encouraging me, and for her patience in helping me out with this thesis. Her objectivity, patience, and her hard work in supervising my work are such an incredible inspiration. Without her supervision, my thesis would be like RMS Titanic crashed into the iceberg.

5. All English Department lecturers as well as staffs that I cannot mention one by one here, thank you. Thank you for all of your supports, inspirations, lessons, and everything you have shared to me and friends. Those are valuable. Bu Fitria Akhmerti Primasita, I just want you to know that I love and afraid of you, and you have inspired me so much to

Why didn‟t you share half of your intellectuality to modern Homo sapiens like me so I could finish this thesis sooner and got a Nobel in return? Nevertheless, thank you for

existing, Sir. I hope I can capture your thoughts well here.

7. My dearest family. Papa, Mama, thank you for the patience, supports and shelter. I will not be able to stand still in this world without your supports and guidance. I will make you proud, I promise. My brothers Damas Adi Prasetyo and Danang Dewantoro, thank you for somewhat keeping the smile in my face, being good brothers and teach me how to be responsible. All of my cats, I seriously cannot forget them, as they become the only living source of entertainment when I feel completely lonely. They make me smile.

8. Thank you Adnan Rifanadhi, for all life lessons you‟ve shared. I will be forever thankful.

I love you. Please keep my heart in a safe place.

9. Festiana Niyanti, you‟re like a personal shrink for me. Thank you for keeping me sane. Thank you for being a thoughtful listener, for putting up with all the weirdness in me. I love you. Agung Wicaksono, thank you for nursing me, for being a great conversation partner, providing sources to learn politics 101. Nurul Istiningdyahadi Triadanti, Masyhur Aziz Hilmy, Ishmah Zahratunnisa, thank you so much for being there, now and then. Entertaining me, helping me to laugh whenever I get sad.

10. Rizky Adi Yanuasari, thank you for providing me insights and suggestions, encouraging me to be better and for the inspirations. Dian Catur Prasetyaningtyas, thank you for being

a sweet, loving friend. I will forever admire your patience. Yogi Rohim Aryani, thank you for being a good listener and a good friend. Your sentimental heart needs to be a sweet, loving friend. I will forever admire your patience. Yogi Rohim Aryani, thank you for being a good listener and a good friend. Your sentimental heart needs to be

11. Friends of my batch, English Department 2005. Sonny, Arih, Hemy, Nunik, Mulyani, everyone. I don‟t mean to leave any of you here, but what you know is, you are all always in my heart. Thank you for the memory, for all togetherness we shared. Also,

many thanks to Rena „Herald‟ Aprilia, Ferrial Pondrafi, mas Itok, dek Vika, Diajeng Triastari, Mbak Esti, Nurul Kh., Ardianus Ichsan, Reny Puspitasari, I‟m afraid the list will be longer; so to sum up, thank you everyone for being there for me, teaching me patience, persistence, and give me more courage to survive.

12. Tiemi Tamura, Emily Spencer, Stephanie Gerngross, Alice Katindig, Kaysee Dayvina Leong, Sheena Chua. Thank you so much for being such great friends. We haven‟t met

yet, but one day we will! Thank you Kaysee for your book presents, Alice and Stephy, thank you so much for the help with JSTOR journals you two are the best!

13. Thank you for my inspiration, Sylvia Plath and Haruki Murakami. You two color my bland and empty soul.

I hope this thesis will be beneficial for other scholars who want to study more about American Studies, especially in American Government and History. I welcome any form of suggestions and criticisms related to this research, for the sake of improvement. Thank you.

Surakarta, May 4 th 2012

Puspa Hanandhita. C0305056. 2012. James Madison’s Political Philosophy in Federalist Paper

no. 10 and Its Influence behind the Making of US Constitution. Undergraduate thesis. Surakarta. English Department. Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University.

There were many founding fathers playing important role in shaping this Constitution, but Madison appeared to be one of the most influential figures. Pinned as the Father of Constitution, he wrote several scribbles to accompany him to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and suggested that the Articles of Confederation must be replaced with the whole new Constitution and better governme ntal system. What are James Madison‟s political philosophy revealed in Federalist Paper no. 10? How does United States Constitution realize

James Madison‟s political philosophy? There were only few studies about US Constitution and Madison‟s role in convincing US founding fathers to ratify the Constitution. How his ideas helped the US to have the new established government through the shaping of Constitution. This is what this research is conducted for.

This research is a descriptive qualitative research that uses historical records and facts happened around the Constitutional Convention, before and after. This research uses Federalist Paper no. 10 as well as the Constitution of the United States as main data in observing Madison‟s political philosophy. Thi s research involves discovering the significance of James Madison‟s political philosophy behind the Constitution making. Several approaches have been used in this research. Those approaches are historical, biographical, political, and philosophical approaches.

Madison‟s political philosophy stated on Federalist Paper no. 10 brings further implications toward United States‟ political system. From the analysis, it can be concluded that Madison‟s political philosophies stated in Federalist Paper no. 10 are: the nature of faction (the state of nature), people‟s different faculties, and extended republican government as the fittest form for United States. Some ideas of Madison‟s are being referred in the Constitution of U.S.,

particularly the idea of extended republican government.

ABSTRAK

Puspa Hanandhita. C0305056. 2012. Filosofi Politik James Madison dalam Federalist Paper no. 10 dan Pengaruhnya Di Balik Pembuatan Undang-Undang Amerika Serikat. Skripsi. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra dan Seni Rupa, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta.

Banyak pendiri negara berperan penting dalam pembentukan Undang-Undang Amerika Serikat, tapi James Madison muncul sebagai figur yang penting. Diberi gelar sebagai Bapak Konstitusi Amerika, Madison menulis beberapa catatan yang menemani perjalanannya dalam Konvensi Undang-Undang di Philadelphia dan menyarankan agar Undang-Undang Konfederasi (Articles of Confederation) harus digantikan oleh Undang-Undang baru dengan sistem pemerintahan yang lebih baik. Apakah filosofi politik James Madison dalam Federalist Paper no. 10? Bagaimana Undang-Undang Amerika Serikat merealisasikan filosofi politik James Madison? Hanya terdapat beberapa studi mengenai Undang-Undang Amerika Serikat dan peran Madison dalam mempengaruhi para pendiri Amerika untuk meratifikasi Undang-Undang tersebut. Bagaimana ide-ide James Madison membantu Amerika Serikat agar mereka mempunyai pemerintahan yang kokoh melalui pembentukan Undang-Undang; dan dengan tujuan tersebutlah skripsi ini ditulis.

Skripsi ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif yang menggunakan catatan sejarah dan fakta-fakta yang terjadi sekitar Konvensi Undang-Undang, sebelum dan sesudahnya.Skripsi ini menggunakan Federalist Paper no. 10 dan juga Undang-Undang Amerika Srikat sebagai sumber data dalam mempelajari filosofi politik James Madison. Skripsi ini juga menemenukan signifikansi dari filosofi politik James Madison di balik proses pembuatan Undang-Undang Amerika Serikat. Beberapa pendekatan digunakan dalam skripsi ini. Pendekatan-pendekatan tersebut adalah pendekatan sejarah, pendekatan biografi, pendekatan politik, dan pendekatan filosofis. Filosofi politik james Madison membawa pengaruh besar pada Undang-Undang Amerika Serikat. Dari analisis data dapat disimpulkan bahwa filosofi politik James Madison yang disebut dalam Federalist Paper no. 10 adalah: keadaan alamiah dari faksi (keadaan alamiah manusia), perbedaan kemampuan manusia, dan ekstensi republik sebagai bentuk pemerintahan yang sesuai bagi Amerika Serikat. Beberapa ide Madison dijadikan sebagai referensi dalam Undang-Undang Amerika Serikat utamanya dari ide ekstensi republik.

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

What makes a nation great is its history. How countries survive through trials and errors, and finally settle. So does United States. It has long remarkable history until becomes the superpower, dominating country. The Constitution of United States certainly becomes the fundamental asset in supporting this nation. Although facing series of amendments, this constitution is still able to serve the need of the people, and endure for two centuries since it was conceptualized by the framers. It has guided the evolution of governmental institutions and has provided the basis for political stability, individual freedom, economic growth, and social progress. The Constitution of the United States is the supreme US law since it provides the framework for the working of the US government. It has become the world‟s oldest written constitution in force, the one that becomes the model for all constitutions around the world. It consists of a preamble, seven articles, and twenty seven amendments. The Constitution remains durable and endures for two centuries for its simplicity and flexibility. It was designed in the late 18 th century to provide framework in governing

4 million people in 13 different states.

The basic idea that became the foundation in shaping the constitution was the expectation of US founding fathers to have effective national government as well as to grant the need of the people. They hoped to create a strong national government The basic idea that became the foundation in shaping the constitution was the expectation of US founding fathers to have effective national government as well as to grant the need of the people. They hoped to create a strong national government

powerful families.” (Hrebenar et al., 1998). But here in the Preamble of the Constitution, they wrote “We, the People of United States” indicating that they tried

to communicate to the US common men, as the people under the same nationality. Without the approval of the people of the United States, this Constitution could not

be ratified, and revolution would become the result. Therefore the Framers use the terminology “We are the people of United States” in order to create a sense that they

wrote this Constitution not as an elite group, but as the common men; in the name of all common people.

After winning the war from Britain, the young nation decided to organize the Continental Congress, which in 1776 appointed two committees —one to draft the Declaration of Independence and the other to prepare a “form of confederation” among the colonies. The states finally had the Articles of Confederation which served only as the league of friendship of the states. It did not give any political binding between the federal government to the states. Consequently, the states remained having self-independent governments. This type of political arrangement caused a chaotic condition when it came to national-level of economic problem. Congress had no power in imposing taxes from the states. In 1780s, Congress could not deal with a serious national problem such as the repayment of about $40 million in domestic debt

1783). States also incurred about $25 million in debt during the war. Small creditors including soldiers who had lent their money during the Revolutionary War were starving for cash since the states were too slow to repay. The Federal government could not do anything dealing with this problem, because they had no political rights in controlling other states. As a matter-of-fact, the unequal amount of Congressional

membership supported the nation‟s depression. It made each state had equal power, and let them reject national policies which did not favor them.

Such political condition at that time initiated the framers to create the next level of discussion, in order to find the most suitable system of governance. Each of the States‟ representation decided to meet again in Annapolis, Maryland, in May

1786. They discussed about trading issues as well as other issues. Unfortunately, only

5 states sent their delegations. “One of the delegates, Alexander Hamilton convinced his colleagues that commerce was too much bound up with other political and economic questions, and that situation was too serious to be dealt with by so unrepresentative a body.” (Cincotta, 1994, p. 87). Therefore, they decided to adjourn

their discussion and tried to arrange another meeting in Philadelphia. This final meeting at Philadelphia would be the crux of the long debate of Constitution ratification. Each state had their representatives on this meeting except Rhode Island. From 74 delegates who had been appointed, 55 attended. Patrick Henry (later on known as the leader of the Anti-Federalist group) refused to come since he feared that the meeting would legitimate and create too strong national government. The other 18

The Constitutional Convention began on May 25, 1787, when a quorum of delegates arrived at Philadelphia‟s Independence Hall, then known as the Pennsylvania State House. The distinguished gathering brought together nearly all of the nation‟s most

prominent men, including George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and the ailing Benjamin Franklin.

The creation of the Constitution entailed hours of debate and compromise, and even when it was completed, some delegates were unhappy with it. The task of fixing the ailing Confederate government was not complete yet; each state had to ratify, or approve, the Constitution. Basically, people divided into two groups, the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists (Chin & Stern, 1997, par.1).

The era of philosophical battle in United States then officially opened by the existence of such differences in deciding constitutional platform: whether or not the US Constitution should include the Bill of Rights. Each of the conflicting sides tried to argue if inserting Bill of Rights to the Constitution was philosophically accepted, to protect the rights of the people.

The Constitution had to be ratified by nine states in order to make it legally effective. At that time, ratification of the Constitution was nearly failed. In addition to the Anti-Federalist, many people began to doubt the Constitution since it did not

include the Bill of Rights which guarantees people‟s rights. Finally after series of battles in state conventions, the Constitution was ratified by promising to amend it.

We cannot only analyze either what Constitution actually is, or how Constitution was finally ratified at that time. We need to examine who were the We cannot only analyze either what Constitution actually is, or how Constitution was finally ratified at that time. We need to examine who were the

The main idea in creating this constitution was in order to create a strong elected government, directly responsive to the will of the people.

The concept of self-government did not originate with the Americans, indeed,

a measure of self-government existed in England at the time. But the degree to which Constitution committed the United States to rule by the people was unique, even revolutionary, in comparison with other governments around the world. (Targonski, 2000, p. 8)

Constitution of United States is more than just a symbol. It is supreme and binding law that both grants and limits powers. In Federalist Paper no. 51, James

Madison as one of the US Constitution drafter mentioned that “the great difficulty lies in this: you must first enable the government to control the governed; and in the

next place oblige it to control itself.” The Constitution enables the government to control the governed as well as enables the ruled to check the rulers. James Madison

also noted in the same series of Paper, “If men were angels, no government would be necessary.” This statement indicates that however, men need to be ruled in order to guarantee that each people‟s need is not being hampered by one another. Therefore,

the existence of Constitution is used to be the guideline of American political system, in what way this nation should be operated and how.

In this research, the researcher takes the significance of James Madison‟s

Constitution ratification, and was awarded as the father of Constitution as well therefore James Madison‟s political philosophy is drawn in the Constitution itself.

Madison was one of the first delegates to arrive in Philadelphia for the Constitutional Convention, three weeks before the convention opened. He came equipped with two papers he had written earlier that spring, a Study of Ancient and Modern Confederacies ; and Vices of the Political System of the United States, drawn from his comprehensive reading and his eleven years of experience in government. When his fellow delegates from Virginia arrived, Madison was ready to outline for them his plan of government. (James Madison. (2008) In Microsoft® Encarta® 2009)

James Madison already made the conception of how should a good government be on his two writings in an „Ancient and Modern Confederacies‟ and „Vices of the Political System of the United States‟. Those two works are James Madison‟s notes in analyzing the political situations of United States at that period. It

contains his political ideas and thoughts in shaping good governance which he thought would be applicable in United States.

James Madison was awarded the title as „The Father of Constitution‟ for some reasons. He fought for the Constitution ratification from drafting, until the time he

had to write series of Federalist Papers defending The Constitution from being amended along with his partners, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

Understanding America means understanding what makes this nation able to survive. Survive in serving the need of the people, running the government based on fixed political agreement of the people once as written in the Constitution. Constitution of United States is not merely a historical artifact; it is an evidence of

who played important role in the making of the Constitution. He wrote his philosophical thoughts in Federalist Paper no. 10, „Ancient and Modern Confederacies‟ and „Vices of the Political System of the United States‟ which contained his political ideas in analyzing the suitable form of government for United States. In collaboration with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, James Madison wrote Federalist papers. This set of essays is a classic of political theory and a thorough exposition of the republican principles that dominated the framing of the Constitution. From Federalist Paper no. 10 itself, James Madison gained popularity as

he wrote his thoughts why the nation needed to ratify Constitution. Best known from its later appearance as The Federalist no. 10, Madison‟s

theory of extended republic is the argument from the Founding most often anthologized, taught, studied, and remembered in this century. In Federalist Paper no.

10, James Madison did not merely talk about the basic foundation of factional life. He also offered the nation, possible way in controlling the damage that might be caused by faction, by having extended republican system. In the end, we should link back to Federalist Paper no. 10‟s purpose which was defending the Constitution ratification,

and as a medium to explain and convince the people of United States to ratify the Constitution. The purpose of this paper was reached by convincing the people of New York that they need to gather as one and being ruled by solid government with clear purpose and task division. Young United States of America needed strong government under the Constitution to operate better, moreover to deal with internal and as a medium to explain and convince the people of United States to ratify the Constitution. The purpose of this paper was reached by convincing the people of New York that they need to gather as one and being ruled by solid government with clear purpose and task division. Young United States of America needed strong government under the Constitution to operate better, moreover to deal with internal

What we need to clarify first is that Federalist Paper no. 10 is not about banning all sorts of factional life or discouraging faction itself, but on how to synchronize faction which based on people‟s different interest, and national integrity.

Through this paper, James Madison successfully elaborated his ideas in promoting republican government with extended republic system. Targonski (2000) stated “Madison‟s 29 letters (along with no. 10) have proved to be the most memorable combination of frankness, balance, and reasoning power.” Therefore in the end

Federalist Paper no. 10 supports the success of The Federalist Papers as a whole, and this can be seen through New York people‟s supports in Constitution ratification. This started the task of the Constitution of United States as supreme laws which describe the task of the government in order to realize the government that safeguard private rights yet still promotes public good.

B. Research Question

Research question is used to formulate the fundamental issue raised by the topic in the research. The analysis of James Madison‟s political philosophy related to

the making of US Constitution is focused on answering two basic questions, as follows: the making of US Constitution is focused on answering two basic questions, as follows:

2. How does United States Constitution reflect James Madison‟s political philosophy?

C. Scope of Study

The scope of the study is related to the basic idea of how US political system is shaped by the framers, taken from James Madison‟s intellectual musings in Federalist Paper no. 10. This research analyze s James Madison‟s point of view since

he was one of the main contributors of the constitution. Some political philosophy which spread at that time had influenced James Madison in conceptualizing the perfect republic through his role in Constitution-making. The influences James Madison got from his society helped him in arranging the Constitution, and as a result, shaped American political system. The study focuses on how James Madison‟s political philosophy through Federalist Paper no. 10 has contributed significant role behind Constitution making.

D. Objective of Study

Based on the research question, the objectives of the study are:

2. To find out how United States Constitution reflects James Madison‟s political philosophy.

E. Research Significance

This research studies the importance of James Madison‟s political philosophy that has contributed to the making of the Constitution, which eventually defines

American political system. Hence, there are some significances of the research to the study of American identity as follows:

1. to give the knowledge of what United States Constitution actually is,

2. to understand historical context behind the making of Constitution,

3. t o understand James Madison‟s major contribution behind the making of the Constitution through his role.

F. Research Methodology

1. Type of Research

The research uses descriptive qualitative research in the study which is done through library research. Through this method, the data which are used will be The research uses descriptive qualitative research in the study which is done through library research. Through this method, the data which are used will be

2. Data

The sources of data in the research are taken from Federalist paper No. 10, and the Constitution itself.

This research examines James Madison‟s political philosophy in advocating Constitution ratification through Federalist Paper no. 10.

a. Main Data

The main data of this analysis will be taken from Federalist Paper no. 10 by Madison and the Constitution of United States. These data contain Madison‟s political philosophy related to the construction of US political system. These data also portray historical background connected to James Madison‟s political philosophy

when he tried to conceptualize US political system along with other framers. James Madison was one of the contributors of The Federalist Papers, which aimed to support the Constitution ratification. He wrote the Federalist along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. Among series of Federalist Papers, no. 10 is the most cited paper, since it mentioned about the creation of good republic without neglecting the interest of the people through faction. It discusses about the role of faction, liberty, and how a well established government should control the excesses of factions ( “Short

retrieved from

10 on May 17, 2009 10:08 PM). James Madison, known as the Father of Constitution, was the primary author of Constitution, influenced by the work of Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, and John Adams.

b. Supporting Data

The supporting data of this analysis will be James Madison‟s biography, historical documentation of figures that inspired Madison in conceptualizing the idea of perfect republic, articles, books related to the topic of research, and historical

records of that time from American history books and encyclopedia, as well as excerpts from a journal titled “Madison‟s Audience”, Harvard Law Review, vol.112. no 611, and thoughts which shaped James Madison‟s idea in conceptualizing American‟s political system.

3. Techniques of Analyzing Data

This research applies descriptive analysis, where data are collected and classified first, before being taken to the next step. Understanding James Madison‟s

political philosophy means understanding what brought him into such comprehensive idea of the better government. Situational background at that time which needs historical point of view and political analysis will be used in understanding

Madison‟s conception of US political system. Therefore after gathering the data, Madison‟s conception of US political system. Therefore after gathering the data,

G. Theoretical Approach

This research is conducted within American Studies, which means that interdisciplinary studies will be needed in order to have a comprehensive result. Smith (1957) has strengthened this statement by mentioning Americ an Studies‟ characteristics not depended on the importance of certain subject matter‟s issues but more on how to analyze the issues from various different approaches or angles. This research takes Federalist Paper no. 10 as subject matter. Federalist Paper no. 10 has been written during US Constitutional era, and it becomes part of the Federalist series which explains and supports Constitution ratification. This paper questions the problem of faction and how a stronger government with extended republican system under Constitution can give a better cure of its mischief.

Based on this contextual background, Federalist Paper no. 10 can be considered as American literature text in American Studies perspective. As American literature text, this paper provides the explanation of US Constitution as well as persuasion to the American people to ratify the proposed Constitution (Federalist papers. (2012). Encyclopædia Britannica). Federalist Paper no. 10 along with other

time. In this case, we are looking at what has happened in the past. Smith (1957) has defined American Studies as the study of American culture, past and present as a whole. From this research, we have Federalist Paper no. 10 as the work of American literature, American society as the audience, and the relationship of the two. As Smith has described, “One of distinctive fields of American Studies is this ambiguous relation between works of art and the culture in w hich they occur.” (Smith, 1957, p.199). In this situation, works of art and culture are closely related. Thus, to understand Madison's political philosophy in the Federalist Paper no. 10, we need to find out what has happened to Madison himself as the writer of the paper as well as the social change (the American society at that time under Articles of Confederation).

For many years, scholars have faced great difficulty in defining what American literature is; what differentiates them from other types, or origins of literature, and so on. This happens as the result of American history itself, „the history that the British think of as a dark chapter in the story of British Empire‟ (Spiller, 1981, p.220). Such historical context has endorsed American Studies scholars to find out what American culture is, how it has come into being, how it functions, and how it should be studied, researched, and taught. (Spiller, 1981, p.219).

Spiller (1981) has encouraged American Studies scholars to see subject matter from different perspectives, it also means by applying interdisciplinary studies, combining some studies to conduct the research. He has also mentioned some ways in deciding the approaches that can be used in certain types of research. In relation to Spiller (1981) has encouraged American Studies scholars to see subject matter from different perspectives, it also means by applying interdisciplinary studies, combining some studies to conduct the research. He has also mentioned some ways in deciding the approaches that can be used in certain types of research. In relation to

data and both are literary texts. This research takes Madison‟s political philosophy as its main focus. First step which needs to be taken in understanding Madison‟s mind is to take his individual work, in this case Federalist Paper no. 10, then to analyze the origin of its existence. Afterwards, in order to get the result of the research biographical and psychological study of Madison as the writer and composer of both

literary texts are needed. To apply Spiller‟s theory in analyzing from past time (historical) framework, there are four approaches that will be used in this analysis: historical approach, biographical approach, political approach, and philosophical

approach. Historical approach is applied in this thesis, since we need to trace back the political history of United States. Without having historical approach, it is impossible

to analyze James Madison‟s philosophy especially related to the US political system. The study of US historical documents automatically requires the study of historical

sequences, thus we can draw a causal-and-effect line from one event to another.

Biographical approach of James Madison is needed to understand who really

he was. What was his role in shaping American political system, and who are the people behind this figure. James Madison was one of United States think tank, he he was. What was his role in shaping American political system, and who are the people behind this figure. James Madison was one of United States think tank, he

Political approach is used to analyze the governmental system of United States. At the same time, historical approach can be used to analyze the nature of governmental system of United States. This feature will be completed by having political approach, in which we can understand more about the result of this study. This approach featured analysis of governmental system through the study of

Madison‟s musings esp. in Federalist Paper no. 10. Philosophical approach is needed to highlight Madison‟s philosophical

thoughts especially stated in the Federalist Paper no. 10.

G. Thesis Organization

This research will be divided into four chapters and will be divided again into few sub chapters.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The first chapter is introduction, which includes research background, research question, scope of the study, objective of the study, research significances, research methodology, theoretical approach, and thesis organization.

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

The second chapter is the literature review. This chapter will be the basis of the next chapter, which is the analysis. This chapter encompasses three subchapters, they are: path to Constitution ratification, James Madison‟s political biography, general spreading of US political philosophy during Federalist period and brief explanation of what political philosophy is.

This chapter will be started by elaborating the struggle between the Federalist versus Anti Federalist until the process of Constitution ratification. The need of strong central government from Federalist‟s side against the fear of dictator government from Anti- Federalist‟s side. The battle between these two major political poles in Constitutional Convention eventually reached a consensus and ended by Constitution ratification.

The next discussion afterwards will be about James Madison‟s

biography, about his early career and his contributions to national politics.

General spreading of US political philosophy that colored the national politics at that time is essential to discuss in literary review. This part will be the background

in explaining Madison‟s political philosophy, and what inspired him in outlining his political views. This part also clarifies the definition of political philosophy.

CHAPTER III

ANALYSIS

The third chapter will be the analysis. This chapter will focus on three points: James Madison‟s political philosophy behind the making of US Constitution, James

Madison‟s political philosophy reflected in the Constitution, and US Constitution and the implementation of extended republicanism.

First part of the analysis will be about James Madison‟s political philosophy contained in Federalist Paper no. 10. Three main ideas which become Madison‟s

political philosophy and peaked on Madison proposed extended republican system under the US Constitution. This part will point out his political philosophy stated in Federalist Paper no. 10 as well as the explanation of each and influences he got from several historical figures.

Next sub chapter will point out the philosophy of Madison‟s basic ideas from Federalist Paper no. 10 and connecting the most similar ideas to Constitution‟s content. The significance of Madison‟s political philosophy in defending US Constitution until its ratification, how his ideas are justifiable and suitable with US political condition at that time will also be observed through this chapter. This part will highlight Madison‟s ideas from Federalist Paper no. 10 that significantly emphasize James Madison‟s contribution to US political system through the Constitution.

highlighting the influence of Madison‟s political philosophy stated in previous sub chapters. This includes the basic information about Constitution‟s content as well as

the operation of government under checks and balances system.

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

The last chapter will sum up the answers from research questions as the result of analysis.

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Path to Constitution Ratification

If we wish to talk about government, there are certain fundamental things we must ask. How the government is supported to run their legislation and authorities in governing the people. There should be once, a contract of the founders of nation concerning how to rule the nation. The contract of the people includes how the nation is governed as well as the authority-division of the government. In this case, United States has the Constitution, a supreme and binding law that both grants and limits powers. The ratification of the Constitution itself was not done overnight. It faced series of debates and argumentations which eventually lead to a compromise of its ratification.

The task of creating new government was not easily achieved. Disputes among delegates made the newborn Constitution draft nearly failed to be ratified. In chapter One, there was a short history of the Constitution ratification. Of how it was arranged and planned, as a matter of Article of Confederation‘s failure. How the dispute between the Federalist vs. the Anti Federalist ‗colored‘ the path of

Constitution ratification. The dispute between the two conflicting groups of Federalist v. Anti Federalist was started from Constitutional Convention. It was about the fear of the Anti Federalist about the lack guarantee of people‘s rights. They started the debate by questioning the existence of Bill of Rights.

American people had just fought a war to defend their rights, and they did not want an intimidating national government taking those rights away again. The lack of a bill of rights was the focus of the Anti-Federalist campaign against ratification. (Chin & Stern, 1997, par.3).

The Constitution defines distinct powers for the Congress of the United States, the president, and the federal courts. This system is also known as the Checks and Balances system, which assures that none of each branch will be able to dominate one another. The United States Constitution establishes and limits the power of central government over states, which the Anti-Federalist feared that will create too strong central government. James Madison tried to convince all members of Constitutional Convention that people however need laws to govern them.

The conflict between the Federalist v. Anti Federalist became the beginning of ‗battle of political philosophy‘ in United States. Each side of the conflicting group tried to convince US people that their ideas of perfect government was the best compared to their opponent‘s side. The Federalist tried to publish series of papers promoting Constitution named The Federalist Papers, and the Anti-Federalist did the same thing, by criticizing the lack of people‘s rights guarantee in the Constitution.

During the period from the drafting and proposal of the federal Constitution in September, 1787, to its ratification in 1789 there was an intense debate on ratification. The principal arguments in favor of it were stated in the series written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay called the Federalist Papers, although they were not as widely read as numerous independent local speeches and articles. The arguments against ratification appeared in various forms, by various authors, most of whom used a pseudonym. Collectively, these writings have become known as the Anti-Federalist Papers. ( ―Anti-Federalist Papers ‖ retrieved from http://www.constitution.org/afp/afp.htm on January 15th 2010 on 06:48 AM GMT+7) During the period from the drafting and proposal of the federal Constitution in September, 1787, to its ratification in 1789 there was an intense debate on ratification. The principal arguments in favor of it were stated in the series written by Madison, Hamilton, and Jay called the Federalist Papers, although they were not as widely read as numerous independent local speeches and articles. The arguments against ratification appeared in various forms, by various authors, most of whom used a pseudonym. Collectively, these writings have become known as the Anti-Federalist Papers. ( ―Anti-Federalist Papers ‖ retrieved from http://www.constitution.org/afp/afp.htm on January 15th 2010 on 06:48 AM GMT+7)

Bill of Rights which grants citizen‘s rights. He showed his objection firstly by not attending the Constitutional Convention.

The Anti-Federalist, led by Patrick Henry, objected to the constitution. They objected to it for a few basic reasons. Mostly the Anti-Federalists thought that the Constitution created too strong a central government. They felt that the Constitution did not create a Federal government, but a single national government. They were afraid that the power of the states would be lost and that the people would lose their individual rights because a few individuals would take over. They proposed a ―Bill of Rights‖, to make sure the citizens were protected by the law. They believed that no Bill of Rights would be equal to no check on our government for the people ( ―Federalists vs. Anti- Federalists ‖ retrieved from http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=65596 on May 14, 2009 01:49 AM).

The Federalist tried to defend Constitution ratification by stating that the ratification was needed in order to ensure national stability. United States needs a governmental instrument that will help them in facing chaotic conditions at that time.

A governmental instrument that is able to bind all states and establish stronger nation.

The Federalist, led by James Madison, was in favor of the newly formed Constitution. One of the main objects of the federal constitution is to secure the union and in addition include any other states that would arise as a part of the union. The federal constitution would also set its aim on improving the infrastructure of the union ( ―Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists‖ http://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=65596 Accessed May 14, 2009 01:49 AM).

The Federalist here tried to prove that the fear of Anti-Federalist was not valid. Federalist answered the fear of Anti-Federalist of a dictator central government by conveying the political system they would have, which consists of three branches

Each of these branches has equal power which makes them unable to control one another. ―The separation of powers into three independent branches protected the

rights of the people. Each branch represents a different aspect of the people, and because all three branches are equal, no one group can assume control over another‖ (Chin & Stern, 1997, par. 4). The three branches of the government will go hand in hand in securing the rights of the people, and none of them can claim as the strongest since they always evaluate the work of each branch, to avoid domination of power by certain people.

The Federalist also answered the main issue raised by Anti-Federalist upon the existence of Bill of Rights in the Constitution. ―A listing of rights can be a

dangerous thing. If the national government were to protect specific listed rights, what would stop it from violating rights other than the listed ones? Since we can't list all the rights, the Federalists argued that it's better to list none a t all‖ (Chin & Stern, 1997, par. 4). They Federalist here trying to emphasize that listing people‘s rights can

be a dangerous. If the national government were to protect specific listed rights, what would stop it from violating rights other than the listed ones? It is impossible to list all complete rights. The Federalists argued that it will be better to list none at all. Also, James Madison tried to convince all members of Constitutional Convention that people however need laws to govern them. James Madison stated that, ―If men were angels, no government would be necessary.‖ (Madison in Federalist Papers no. 51).

Based on this statement it is clear that what the nation needed at that period was a Based on this statement it is clear that what the nation needed at that period was a

The first nine states to ratify the Constitution were Delaware (on December 7, 1787), followed by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, and South Carolina. New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify on June 21, 1788. Therefore it made the Constitution legally effective. But without the ratification from New York and Virginia, it was questionable for the Constitution to succeed. Virginia ratified four days later and finally New York in July 26, 1788. North Carolina ratified in 1789 and Rhode Island in 1790.

Federalist Papers became the device of overviewing the Constitution and to convince American people (especially the people of New York) to ratify the

Constitution. ―Formally The Federalist series of 85 essays on the proposed new Constitution of the United States and on the nature of republican government,

published between 1787 and 1788 by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in an effort to persuade New York state voters to support ratification‖ ("Federalist papers.". (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved June 12, 2009 10: 09 PM GMT+7). From eighty-five series of Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton was the dominant contributor by writing fifty-seven, James Madison contributed twenty one, and John Jay wrote five of them. Additionally three were written by the collaboration of Hamilton and Madison.