Thermal Comfort Assesment In Manufacturing Environment.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
THERMAL COMFORT ASSESMENT IN MANUFACTURING
ENVIRONMENT
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the UniversitiTeknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering
(Manufacturing Management) (Hons.)
by
ZULL AZMI BIN JAMALUDIN
B050910155
870608-11-5375
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
2012
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Thermal Comfort Assessment in
Manufacturing Environment” is the results of my own research except as cited in
references.
Signature
: …………………………………………
Author’s Name
: ZULL AZMI BIN JAMALUDIN
Date
: ………………………………………....
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini adalah mengenai kepuasan manusia terhadap haba persekitaran iaitu
keselesaan termal, terutamanya di dalam sektor industri. Dalam kajian ini, responden
yang dikaji adalah di kalangan pelajar dan pekerja dimana mereka adalah penghuni
yang menggunakan tempat-tempat yang dinyatakan didalam skop kajian ini. Setiap
penghuni mempunyai tanggapan dan penilaian yang berbeza terhadap keselesaan
termal disekeliling mereka. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti kepuasan
penghuni terhadap keselesaan termal dengan mendapatkan pendapat mereka terhadap
keselesaan termal kemudian menilai keadaan termal persekitaran mereka dengan
menggunakan alat “Thermal Comfort Monitor” bagi menentukan tahap-tahap
keselesaan penghuni terhadap haba persekitaran. Keselesaan penghuni adalah suatu
faktor yang boleh meningkatkan produktiviti kerja dan seterusnya meningkatkan
hasil kualiti pekerjaan tersebut. Tahap keselesaan penghuni terhadap keselesaan
termal ditentukan dengan menyediakan borang soal selidik dan sesi temubual,
kemudian melakukan penilaian terhadap haba persekitaran tersebut dengan
menggunakan “Thermal Comfort Monitor”. Setelah kesemua data-data penilaian
didapati, pengiraan dan analisis terhadap data-data tersebut dilakukan untuk
mendapatkan keputusan dan perbincangan terhadap kajian ini.
ABSTRACT
This study is about the human satisfaction to the thermal environment which is
thermal comfort, especially in the industrial sector. In this study, respondents were
surveyed is among students and workers which is the occupants who used the places
which specified in the scope of this study. Each person has a different perception and
evaluation of the thermal comfort around them. The objective of this study was to
identify occupant’s satisfaction of the thermal comfort by having their opinions then
evaluate the thermal comfort using thermal comfort monitor to determine the level of
occupants comfortable of the thermal environment. Comfortable of the occupants is
some factor that can increase the productivity and then increase work quality
outcomes. The occupants comfortable level is determined by providing a
questionnaires form and the interviews then do the assessment of the thermal
environment using the thermal comfort monitor. After all the assessment data is
available, calculation and analyze of those data will be done to get the results and
discussion of this research.
.
DEDICATION
I would like to express my deepest appreciation and special thanks to everyone,
especially to both of my beloved parents and family who have given their support,
encouragement and good advice to me. Then to my project super visor , lecturer and
all friends at UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) that was helped directly
or indirectly in produce this study.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I am grateful to God Almighty that for being my side throuhout
and grace that was given to me, finally, I was completed my Final Year Project
(FYP), consisting of FYP1 and FYP2 accordance with requirement of the Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Management).Firstly, I would
like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Dr Razali bin
Muhamad for too much to help me along the success of this study, and supervise me
with full commitment. I will never forget the contribution that he gave to me, with
support, encouragement, advice, assisting and providing information, and useful
guidance to me.Thanks also to all lecturers at UTeM, especially to lecturers those
involved with the FYP, all staff in Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering (FKP),
librarian, and who struggled to educate me until I successfully completed this study
and also help to complete my studies report both directly and indirectly.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak
i
Abstract
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Table of Content
v
List of Tables
viii
List of Figures
ix
List of Abbreviations, Symbol and Nomenclature
xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background of Study
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objective
3
1.4
Scope of Project
3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1
Introduction
4
2.2
Research and Observation of Thermal Comfort
5
2.3
Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort
6
2.3.1 The Effect of Air Temperature
7
2.3.2 The Effect of Air Velocity
7
2.3.3 The Effect of Relative Humidity
7
2.3.4 The Effect of Mean radiant Temperature
8
2.3.5 The Effect of Clothing Insulation for Thermal Comfort
8
2.3.6 Metabolic Rates for Work Activities
10
2.4
Models of Thermal Comfort
11
2.5
Thermal Comfort in Different Regions
11
2.6
The Effect Neglected Consequences of Thermal Comfort.
12
2.7
The Methods Used in Measuring Thermal Comfort.
13
v
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
14
3.1
Introduction
14
3.2
Study Overview
17
3.3
Summary of Methodology
18
3.4
Construct Survey
18
3.5
Thermal Comfort Measurement
20
3.6
Analysis
21
CHAPTER 4: RESULT & DISCUSSION
22
4.1
Questionnaire Responds Analysis
22
4.1.1 Building Occupant Background
23
4.1.2 Personal Workspace Location
28
4.1.3 Office Layout
31
4.1.4 Office Furnishings
33
4.1.5 Thermal Comfort
35
4.1.6 Air Quality
37
4.1.7 Lighting
38
4.1.8 General Comments
40
The Four Environmental Parameters
41
4.2.1 Dry-Bulb Temperature for Morning Session
42
4.2.2 Dry-Bulb Temperature for Afternoon Session
43
4.2.3 Mean Radian Temperature for Morning Session
44
4.2.4 Mean Radian Temperature for Afternoon Session
45
4.2.5 Relative Humidity Temperature for Morning Session
46
4.2.6 Relative Humidity Temperature for Afternoon Session
47
4.2.7 Air Velocity for Morning Session
48
4.2.8 Air Velocity for Afternoon Session
50
4.2.
4.3.
Data Analysis for Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted
Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)
51
4.3.1 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
51
4.3.1 Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)
52
vi
4.4
Discussion the Occupant’s Responses Regarding Thermal Comfort
4.5
Discussion the correlation between thermal comfort level and
subjective responses.
53
55
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
58
5.1
Conclusion
58
5.2
Future work recommendation for improvement
59
REFERENCE
60
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Gantt Chart Psm 1
Appendix A: Gantt Chart Psm 2
Appendix C: Data The Four Environmental Parameter
Appendix D: Questionnaire
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.3.1
Metabolic rates for various typical activities
9
Table 2.3.2
Insulating value of clothing elements
9
Table 2.3.4
Metabolic rates for various typical activities
10
Table 4.1.1: Responses of Question 1
23
Table 4.1.2 Responses of Question 2
24
Table 4.1.3: Responses of Question 3
25
Table 4.1.4: Responses of Question 4
26
Table 4.1.5: Responses of Question 5
27
Table 4.1.6: Responses of personal workplace location section
29
Table 4.1.7: Responses of Question 9
30
Table 4.1.8: Responses of office layout section
31
Table 4.1.9: Responses of office furnishing section
33
Table 4 1.10: Responses of thermal comfort section
36
Table 4.1.11: Responses of air quality section
37
Table 4.1.12: Responses of lighting section
38
Table 4.1.13: Responses of general comments section
40
Table 4.2.1: Data of average Dry-bulb temperature for morning session
42
Table 4.2.2: Data of average Dry-bulb temperature for afternoon session
43
Table 4.2.3: Data of average Mean radian temperature for morning session
44
Table 4.2.4: Data of average Mean radian temperature for afternoon session
45
Table 4.2.5: Data of average Relative humidity temperature for morning
Session
46
Table 4.2.6: Data of average Relative humidity temperature for afternoon
Session
48
Table 4.2.7: Data of average Air velocity for morning session
48
Table 4.2.8: Data of average Air velocity for afternoon session
50
Table 4.3.1: Data of average PMV
51
Table 4.3.2: Data of average PDD
52
Table 4 4.1: Responses of thermal comfort section
53
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Thermal Comfort Monitor (QUESTemp ™)
13
Figure 3.1
Project Framework
14
Figure 3.2
Flow chart of methodology
15
Figure 3.2.1: AMC Laboratory as Station1
16
Figure 3.2.2: Casting Laboratory as Station2
16
Figure 3.2.3: Welding Laboratory as Station3
16
Figure 3.2.4: Thermal Comfort Monitor (QUESTemp ™)
17
Figure 3.4.1: The six symbols of face
20
Figure 4.1: Pie-chart for responses question 1
24
Figure 4.2: Pie-chart for responses question 2
25
Figure 4.3: Pie-chart for responses question 3
26
Figure 4.4: Pie-chart for responses question 4
27
Figure 4.5: Pie-chart for responses question 5
28
Figure 4.6: Bar-chart for question 7 and 8 responses
30
Figure 4.7: Pie-chart for responses question 9
31
Figure 4.8: Bar-chart for result of office layout section
33
Figure 4.9: Bar-chart for result of office furnishings section
35
Figure 4.10: Bar-chart for result of thermal comfort section
36
Figure 4.11: Bar-chart for result of air quality section
38
Figure 4.12: Bar-chart for result of lighting section
39
Figure 4.13: Bar-chart for result of general comments section
41
Figure 4.14: Line graph for Dry-Bulb Temperature for morning session
43
Figure 4.15: Line graph for Dry-Bulb Temperature for afternoon session
44
Figure 4.16: Line graph for Mean Radian Temperature for morning
session
45
Figure 4.17: Line graph for Mean Radian Temperature for afternoon
session
46
Figure 4.18: Line graph for Relative Humidity Temperature for morning
session
47
Figure 4.19: Line graph for Relative Humidity Temperature for afternoon
ix
session
48
Figure 4.20: Line graph for Air velocity for morning session
49
Figure 4.21: Line graph of Air velocity for afternoon session
50
Figure 4.22: Line graph for Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) data
52
Figure 4.23: Line graph for Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) data
53
Figure 4.24: Bar-chart for result of thermal comfort section
54
Figure 4.25: Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of
Dissatisfied (PPD)
56
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND
NOMENCLATURE
HVAC
PPD
-
Heating, Ventilation and Air Condition
Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied
PMV
-
Predicted Mean Vote
MRT
-
Mean Radiant Temperature
WBGT
-
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
DB
-
Dry Bulb Temperature
WB
-
Wet Bulb Temperature
G
-
Globe Temperature
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fanger (1986) defined that “Thermal comfort is condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction and comfortable international human body with the surrounding thermal
environment.” Thermal comfort is affected by the environmental factors or personal
factors and the combination both of them. Auliciems and Szokolay (2007) explained
that the environmental factor contains of humidity, radiation, and air movement.
While personal factors, they include the metabolic rate (activity level). Havenith et
al., (2002)
added for personal factors include also clothing properties and metabolic heat
production. ACT Government Work Safe ACT (2010) also said that the term thermal
comfort describes a person"s psychological state of mind in terms of whether they
feel too hot or too cold.
Thermal comfort is very difficult to define because it’s need to take into account a
range of environmental and personal factors when deciding on the temperatures and
ventilation that will make feel comfortable. In indoor air should minimize occupant
discomfort, irritation, and illness. Sick building syndrome symptoms, discomfort,
and irritation can result from non-indoor air quality environmental factors such as
noise, poor quality or inadequate lighting, lack of individual privacy or control, and
other environmental factors.
1.1
Background of study
Mike Everley (1992) also described that thermal comfort is very difficult to defined
because its need to take into account a range of environmental and personal factors
1
when deciding on the temperatures and ventilation that will make humans feel
comfortable. The study is about the quantification of thermal comfort at difference
place with difference environment which is the manufacturing laboratories at Faculty
of Manufacturing (FKP) in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM).
The thermal comfort is psychological; it may affect our overall morale. For example
in industrial field, the employee complaints may increase when they fell not
comfortable while they working. Some aspects of the thermal environment such as
air temperature, radiant heat, humidity and air movement also may contribute to the
symptoms of sick building syndrome, then the productivity of the organization may
fall and in some cases people may refuse to work in a particular environment.
1.2
Problem statement
Thermal comfort in laboratories has to be considered seriously because of the
negative influence on learning and the potential for energy conservation through
careful temperature control. Thermal discomfort such as overheated environment at
laboratories or too cold can be associated to physical stress (thermal stress) and
therefore be responsible for illnesses and poor performance of the students or
workers.
Thermal condition in laboratories has to be considered carefully mainly because of
the high occupant density in laboratories may cause of the negative influences that an
unsatisfactory thermal environment has on learning and performance. The mean
radiant temperature is a significant factor, especially in buildings whose envelopes
were exposed to a strong solar radiation.
Cold walls or windows may cause a person to feel cold even though the surrounding
air may be at a comfortable level. Likewise warm surfaces may cause a person to feel
warmer than the surrounding air temperature would indicate. Undesirable thermal
conditions can lead to occupant dissatisfaction which, in turn, has an adverse effect
on their health, productivity and performance.
2
1.3
Objectives
The objectives to be achieved in this project are:
1. To investigate and identify the thermal comfort levels at manufacturing
laboratories in faculty of manufacturing (FKP)
2. To determine the subjective response of occupants regarding to thermal comfort
at laboratories in UTeM.
3. To relate the thermal comfort levels with the subjective response of occupants.
1.4
Scope of project
This project will be focused on the objective and subjective measurements of thermal
comfort at the FKP manufacturing laboratories in UTeM, mainly the AMC
laboratory, fabrication laboratory and welding laboratory which the machine shop
area. This study will not be covering other places in the UTeM campus such as the
classrooms and lecturer offices in UTeM.
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
While the first chapter describes the background of study, this chapter proceeds with
a fully-referenced review from the relevant literature. It covers introduction to
thermal comfort, models of thermal comfort, methods and tools used for thermal
comfort study.
2.1
Introduction
The development of human civilization in creating the facilities and comfort in doing
a day's work has evolved. Coaching tradition from ancient times until today, man has
created a lot of facilities in achieving comfort, especially in technology thermal
comfort to their environment. Today, in realizing the convenience of a thermal
comfort is one of the most important parameter to consider in the construction of
buildings and facilities.
Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind which expresses satisfaction
with the surrounding thermal environment, according to ISO/EN 7730 and
ANSI/ASHRAE 55-92. Thermal environment is state of mind expressed satisfaction
and comfort of international human body with their thermal environment is
influenced by environmental factors or personal factors, or both of them.
Environmental that affected as a factors such as the air temperature, relative
humidity, air speeds and radiation conditions such as mean temperature or solar
intensity. Then, the personal factors such as clothing type, activity level and mental
state. Furthermore, other factors such as human factors of different ages among
4
children, adults and the elderly. Gender factor is also calculated for the type of skin
between women and men in terms of skin temperature, evaporation loss, metabolic
rate and the type of clothing they wear. Moreover, human adaptation to other
environmental for example the ability of people from warm climates may adapt to
the hot environment. So, this explanation of thermal comfort is the psychological
object of human's mind, especially in terms of whether a person is feeling too hot or
too cold.
Technology in achieving thermal comfort in buildings has been made
to give
comfort to all and maintaining health and improving the quality of work. HVAC
(heating, ventilation and air condition) has been made for the design of industrial
buildings and large offices where conditions are safe and healthy buildings are
arranged with reference to temperature and humidity using the fresh air of nature.
The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with roles including operation and
maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales,
and in education and research. The HVAC industry was historically regulated by the
manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but Regulating and Standards organizations
such as HARDI, ASHRAE, SMACNA, ACCA, Uniform Mechanical Code,
international Mechanical Code, and AMCA have been established to support the
industry and encourage high standards and achievement.
2.2
Research and observation of thermal comfort
The studies of factors that cause the thermal comfort have been touch since the
1970’s. Based to the research conducted at Kansas State University by Ole Fanger et
al. and had to bring in the development and refinement of ASHRAE Standard 55.
The perception of comfort is obtained into one of complex and varied interactions.
The study also found the majority of individuals satisfied with a set of values that
were introduced.
The observation of the comfort index is shown in predicted percentage of
dissatisfied (PPD) which is shown the human discomfort with the thermal
5
environment by the result of predicted mean vote (PMV). PMV is survey conducted
in a place to evaluate the comfort level of a group of people in that environment.
When these factors have been estimated personal comfort and physical factors have
been measured, the overall sensation of heat loss can be predicted by calculating the
PMV index is based on heat balance in the human body were found comfort from the
following equation:
PMV = (0.028 + 0.303 e-0.036M) [ (M - W) - H - E - Cres - Eres ]
Where,
M = Metabolic rate of the subject
W = Effective mechanical work it does
H = Body heat loss by convection, radiation and conduction (dry heat loss)
E = Actual evaporative heat exchange at the skin of the subject
Cres = Respiratory convective heat exchange
Eres = Respiratory evaporative heat exchange
Comfort of home building as compared to public buildings is much more convenient
in terms of thermal comfort is due to their smaller size, type of clothing worn and the
use of different rooms. The small rooms have to be more considering because the
room such as the bathroom should be more comfortable to user although naked user
or dressed users. Then in the bedroom while the garments of man are different
because the metabolic rate of people who sleep with people who are aware of is
different.
2.3
Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort
According to European Standard ISO 7730, the combined effect of four
environmental parameters and two personal factors can determines the level of
thermal comfort. The four environmental parameters are air temperature, air velocity,
6
relative humidity and mean radiant temperature. Then the two personal factors that
involved are clothing insulation and metabolic rates.
2.3.1 The effect of air temperature
The best temperature is the condition where all people feel comfortable the
environment. Air temperature is a measure of how cold or how hot we feel the air
around us. They are kinetic energy of the gases around and if the gas molecules
move quickly the air temperature will increase. Air temperature is expressed in
degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius. Room temperature is typically considered 33ᵒC.
2.3.2 The effect of air velocity
Air velocity is the speed of air movement in the environment. Effect of air velocity
affects human comfort. For example, the high velocity of air at low temperatures will
make people uncomfortable with the environment. But when air temperatures are
high and the air velocity is too low also makes people become uncomfortable
and been sweating.
2.3.3 The effect of relative humidity
Relative humidity also how dry conditions we are and how cold we feel. For example
a sense of air around us after we shower or we are in a room that has been
dehumidified by the air-conditioner. Environments that have high humidity also
caused sweating is ineffective because the reverse sweating process will occur where
moisture will accumulate on the surface of the skin and visible sweat a lot on the
surface. In areas of very low humidity people may experience discomfort from dry
eyes, nose and throat. Generally people are much more sensitive to extremes of
temperature than extremes of humidity.
2.3.4 The effect of mean radiant temperature
7
Mean radiant temperature is the average temperature of surfaces that surround a
person. The entire human body occurs about 50% and 60% change between sensible
heats through the radiation process. For example, the sensitivity of radiant on
comforts at the temperature that in controlling on the floor, but the MRT was the air
environment in that space. Moreover, Sunlight coming in through a window will
markedly contribute to mean radiant temperature. This may be decreased by simple
measures such as the closing of blinds and curtains or the installation of solar film.
2.3.5 The effect of clothing insulation for thermal comfort
Clothing is the protective equipments that we wear on our body to avoid from
exposure of the environment whether the pollution or light, it also protect the body
from extreme temperature whether overheat or overcooled. As the insulating
materials, clothes are mechanism that will transfer the temperature from the
environment to the body. Clo- value is representing numerical value of clothing
ensemble’s thermal resistance in SI units.
1 Clo = 0.155 m² °C/w.
(Where; m = meter, w = Watt)
Barriers evaporation clothing is size moisture permeability or humidity affect the
heat transfer from the buried layers of clothing and the skin through evaporation
affects the heat loss from the skin surface. The following table shows some of the
combination of insulation values.
Table 2.3.1: Metabolic rates for various typical activities
8
Clothing Combination
Thermal insulation values
m² °C/w
Clo
Naked
0
0
Shorts
0.018
0.1
Typical tropic clothing outfit
0.047
0.3
Light summer clothing
0.078
0.5
Working cloths
0.124
0.8
Typical indoor winter clothing combination
0.155
1.0
Heavy traditional European business suit
0.233
1.5
Thermal resistance that happened to human body can be calculate by adding all the
thermal resistance on the body especially the clothing worn based on the following
table :
Table 2.3.2: Insulating value of clothing elements
9
THERMAL COMFORT ASSESMENT IN MANUFACTURING
ENVIRONMENT
This report submitted in accordance with requirement of the UniversitiTeknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for the Bachelor Degree of Manufacturing Engineering
(Manufacturing Management) (Hons.)
by
ZULL AZMI BIN JAMALUDIN
B050910155
870608-11-5375
FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
2012
DECLARATION
I hereby, declared this report entitled “Thermal Comfort Assessment in
Manufacturing Environment” is the results of my own research except as cited in
references.
Signature
: …………………………………………
Author’s Name
: ZULL AZMI BIN JAMALUDIN
Date
: ………………………………………....
ABSTRAK
Kajian ini adalah mengenai kepuasan manusia terhadap haba persekitaran iaitu
keselesaan termal, terutamanya di dalam sektor industri. Dalam kajian ini, responden
yang dikaji adalah di kalangan pelajar dan pekerja dimana mereka adalah penghuni
yang menggunakan tempat-tempat yang dinyatakan didalam skop kajian ini. Setiap
penghuni mempunyai tanggapan dan penilaian yang berbeza terhadap keselesaan
termal disekeliling mereka. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti kepuasan
penghuni terhadap keselesaan termal dengan mendapatkan pendapat mereka terhadap
keselesaan termal kemudian menilai keadaan termal persekitaran mereka dengan
menggunakan alat “Thermal Comfort Monitor” bagi menentukan tahap-tahap
keselesaan penghuni terhadap haba persekitaran. Keselesaan penghuni adalah suatu
faktor yang boleh meningkatkan produktiviti kerja dan seterusnya meningkatkan
hasil kualiti pekerjaan tersebut. Tahap keselesaan penghuni terhadap keselesaan
termal ditentukan dengan menyediakan borang soal selidik dan sesi temubual,
kemudian melakukan penilaian terhadap haba persekitaran tersebut dengan
menggunakan “Thermal Comfort Monitor”. Setelah kesemua data-data penilaian
didapati, pengiraan dan analisis terhadap data-data tersebut dilakukan untuk
mendapatkan keputusan dan perbincangan terhadap kajian ini.
ABSTRACT
This study is about the human satisfaction to the thermal environment which is
thermal comfort, especially in the industrial sector. In this study, respondents were
surveyed is among students and workers which is the occupants who used the places
which specified in the scope of this study. Each person has a different perception and
evaluation of the thermal comfort around them. The objective of this study was to
identify occupant’s satisfaction of the thermal comfort by having their opinions then
evaluate the thermal comfort using thermal comfort monitor to determine the level of
occupants comfortable of the thermal environment. Comfortable of the occupants is
some factor that can increase the productivity and then increase work quality
outcomes. The occupants comfortable level is determined by providing a
questionnaires form and the interviews then do the assessment of the thermal
environment using the thermal comfort monitor. After all the assessment data is
available, calculation and analyze of those data will be done to get the results and
discussion of this research.
.
DEDICATION
I would like to express my deepest appreciation and special thanks to everyone,
especially to both of my beloved parents and family who have given their support,
encouragement and good advice to me. Then to my project super visor , lecturer and
all friends at UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) that was helped directly
or indirectly in produce this study.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I am grateful to God Almighty that for being my side throuhout
and grace that was given to me, finally, I was completed my Final Year Project
(FYP), consisting of FYP1 and FYP2 accordance with requirement of the Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering (Management).Firstly, I would
like to express my deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Prof. Dr Razali bin
Muhamad for too much to help me along the success of this study, and supervise me
with full commitment. I will never forget the contribution that he gave to me, with
support, encouragement, advice, assisting and providing information, and useful
guidance to me.Thanks also to all lecturers at UTeM, especially to lecturers those
involved with the FYP, all staff in Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering (FKP),
librarian, and who struggled to educate me until I successfully completed this study
and also help to complete my studies report both directly and indirectly.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak
i
Abstract
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgement
iv
Table of Content
v
List of Tables
viii
List of Figures
ix
List of Abbreviations, Symbol and Nomenclature
xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Background of Study
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Objective
3
1.4
Scope of Project
3
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1
Introduction
4
2.2
Research and Observation of Thermal Comfort
5
2.3
Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort
6
2.3.1 The Effect of Air Temperature
7
2.3.2 The Effect of Air Velocity
7
2.3.3 The Effect of Relative Humidity
7
2.3.4 The Effect of Mean radiant Temperature
8
2.3.5 The Effect of Clothing Insulation for Thermal Comfort
8
2.3.6 Metabolic Rates for Work Activities
10
2.4
Models of Thermal Comfort
11
2.5
Thermal Comfort in Different Regions
11
2.6
The Effect Neglected Consequences of Thermal Comfort.
12
2.7
The Methods Used in Measuring Thermal Comfort.
13
v
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
14
3.1
Introduction
14
3.2
Study Overview
17
3.3
Summary of Methodology
18
3.4
Construct Survey
18
3.5
Thermal Comfort Measurement
20
3.6
Analysis
21
CHAPTER 4: RESULT & DISCUSSION
22
4.1
Questionnaire Responds Analysis
22
4.1.1 Building Occupant Background
23
4.1.2 Personal Workspace Location
28
4.1.3 Office Layout
31
4.1.4 Office Furnishings
33
4.1.5 Thermal Comfort
35
4.1.6 Air Quality
37
4.1.7 Lighting
38
4.1.8 General Comments
40
The Four Environmental Parameters
41
4.2.1 Dry-Bulb Temperature for Morning Session
42
4.2.2 Dry-Bulb Temperature for Afternoon Session
43
4.2.3 Mean Radian Temperature for Morning Session
44
4.2.4 Mean Radian Temperature for Afternoon Session
45
4.2.5 Relative Humidity Temperature for Morning Session
46
4.2.6 Relative Humidity Temperature for Afternoon Session
47
4.2.7 Air Velocity for Morning Session
48
4.2.8 Air Velocity for Afternoon Session
50
4.2.
4.3.
Data Analysis for Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted
Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)
51
4.3.1 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV)
51
4.3.1 Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD)
52
vi
4.4
Discussion the Occupant’s Responses Regarding Thermal Comfort
4.5
Discussion the correlation between thermal comfort level and
subjective responses.
53
55
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK
58
5.1
Conclusion
58
5.2
Future work recommendation for improvement
59
REFERENCE
60
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Gantt Chart Psm 1
Appendix A: Gantt Chart Psm 2
Appendix C: Data The Four Environmental Parameter
Appendix D: Questionnaire
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.3.1
Metabolic rates for various typical activities
9
Table 2.3.2
Insulating value of clothing elements
9
Table 2.3.4
Metabolic rates for various typical activities
10
Table 4.1.1: Responses of Question 1
23
Table 4.1.2 Responses of Question 2
24
Table 4.1.3: Responses of Question 3
25
Table 4.1.4: Responses of Question 4
26
Table 4.1.5: Responses of Question 5
27
Table 4.1.6: Responses of personal workplace location section
29
Table 4.1.7: Responses of Question 9
30
Table 4.1.8: Responses of office layout section
31
Table 4.1.9: Responses of office furnishing section
33
Table 4 1.10: Responses of thermal comfort section
36
Table 4.1.11: Responses of air quality section
37
Table 4.1.12: Responses of lighting section
38
Table 4.1.13: Responses of general comments section
40
Table 4.2.1: Data of average Dry-bulb temperature for morning session
42
Table 4.2.2: Data of average Dry-bulb temperature for afternoon session
43
Table 4.2.3: Data of average Mean radian temperature for morning session
44
Table 4.2.4: Data of average Mean radian temperature for afternoon session
45
Table 4.2.5: Data of average Relative humidity temperature for morning
Session
46
Table 4.2.6: Data of average Relative humidity temperature for afternoon
Session
48
Table 4.2.7: Data of average Air velocity for morning session
48
Table 4.2.8: Data of average Air velocity for afternoon session
50
Table 4.3.1: Data of average PMV
51
Table 4.3.2: Data of average PDD
52
Table 4 4.1: Responses of thermal comfort section
53
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1
Thermal Comfort Monitor (QUESTemp ™)
13
Figure 3.1
Project Framework
14
Figure 3.2
Flow chart of methodology
15
Figure 3.2.1: AMC Laboratory as Station1
16
Figure 3.2.2: Casting Laboratory as Station2
16
Figure 3.2.3: Welding Laboratory as Station3
16
Figure 3.2.4: Thermal Comfort Monitor (QUESTemp ™)
17
Figure 3.4.1: The six symbols of face
20
Figure 4.1: Pie-chart for responses question 1
24
Figure 4.2: Pie-chart for responses question 2
25
Figure 4.3: Pie-chart for responses question 3
26
Figure 4.4: Pie-chart for responses question 4
27
Figure 4.5: Pie-chart for responses question 5
28
Figure 4.6: Bar-chart for question 7 and 8 responses
30
Figure 4.7: Pie-chart for responses question 9
31
Figure 4.8: Bar-chart for result of office layout section
33
Figure 4.9: Bar-chart for result of office furnishings section
35
Figure 4.10: Bar-chart for result of thermal comfort section
36
Figure 4.11: Bar-chart for result of air quality section
38
Figure 4.12: Bar-chart for result of lighting section
39
Figure 4.13: Bar-chart for result of general comments section
41
Figure 4.14: Line graph for Dry-Bulb Temperature for morning session
43
Figure 4.15: Line graph for Dry-Bulb Temperature for afternoon session
44
Figure 4.16: Line graph for Mean Radian Temperature for morning
session
45
Figure 4.17: Line graph for Mean Radian Temperature for afternoon
session
46
Figure 4.18: Line graph for Relative Humidity Temperature for morning
session
47
Figure 4.19: Line graph for Relative Humidity Temperature for afternoon
ix
session
48
Figure 4.20: Line graph for Air velocity for morning session
49
Figure 4.21: Line graph of Air velocity for afternoon session
50
Figure 4.22: Line graph for Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) data
52
Figure 4.23: Line graph for Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) data
53
Figure 4.24: Bar-chart for result of thermal comfort section
54
Figure 4.25: Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Predicted Percentage of
Dissatisfied (PPD)
56
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND
NOMENCLATURE
HVAC
PPD
-
Heating, Ventilation and Air Condition
Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied
PMV
-
Predicted Mean Vote
MRT
-
Mean Radiant Temperature
WBGT
-
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature
DB
-
Dry Bulb Temperature
WB
-
Wet Bulb Temperature
G
-
Globe Temperature
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fanger (1986) defined that “Thermal comfort is condition of mind which expresses
satisfaction and comfortable international human body with the surrounding thermal
environment.” Thermal comfort is affected by the environmental factors or personal
factors and the combination both of them. Auliciems and Szokolay (2007) explained
that the environmental factor contains of humidity, radiation, and air movement.
While personal factors, they include the metabolic rate (activity level). Havenith et
al., (2002)
added for personal factors include also clothing properties and metabolic heat
production. ACT Government Work Safe ACT (2010) also said that the term thermal
comfort describes a person"s psychological state of mind in terms of whether they
feel too hot or too cold.
Thermal comfort is very difficult to define because it’s need to take into account a
range of environmental and personal factors when deciding on the temperatures and
ventilation that will make feel comfortable. In indoor air should minimize occupant
discomfort, irritation, and illness. Sick building syndrome symptoms, discomfort,
and irritation can result from non-indoor air quality environmental factors such as
noise, poor quality or inadequate lighting, lack of individual privacy or control, and
other environmental factors.
1.1
Background of study
Mike Everley (1992) also described that thermal comfort is very difficult to defined
because its need to take into account a range of environmental and personal factors
1
when deciding on the temperatures and ventilation that will make humans feel
comfortable. The study is about the quantification of thermal comfort at difference
place with difference environment which is the manufacturing laboratories at Faculty
of Manufacturing (FKP) in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM).
The thermal comfort is psychological; it may affect our overall morale. For example
in industrial field, the employee complaints may increase when they fell not
comfortable while they working. Some aspects of the thermal environment such as
air temperature, radiant heat, humidity and air movement also may contribute to the
symptoms of sick building syndrome, then the productivity of the organization may
fall and in some cases people may refuse to work in a particular environment.
1.2
Problem statement
Thermal comfort in laboratories has to be considered seriously because of the
negative influence on learning and the potential for energy conservation through
careful temperature control. Thermal discomfort such as overheated environment at
laboratories or too cold can be associated to physical stress (thermal stress) and
therefore be responsible for illnesses and poor performance of the students or
workers.
Thermal condition in laboratories has to be considered carefully mainly because of
the high occupant density in laboratories may cause of the negative influences that an
unsatisfactory thermal environment has on learning and performance. The mean
radiant temperature is a significant factor, especially in buildings whose envelopes
were exposed to a strong solar radiation.
Cold walls or windows may cause a person to feel cold even though the surrounding
air may be at a comfortable level. Likewise warm surfaces may cause a person to feel
warmer than the surrounding air temperature would indicate. Undesirable thermal
conditions can lead to occupant dissatisfaction which, in turn, has an adverse effect
on their health, productivity and performance.
2
1.3
Objectives
The objectives to be achieved in this project are:
1. To investigate and identify the thermal comfort levels at manufacturing
laboratories in faculty of manufacturing (FKP)
2. To determine the subjective response of occupants regarding to thermal comfort
at laboratories in UTeM.
3. To relate the thermal comfort levels with the subjective response of occupants.
1.4
Scope of project
This project will be focused on the objective and subjective measurements of thermal
comfort at the FKP manufacturing laboratories in UTeM, mainly the AMC
laboratory, fabrication laboratory and welding laboratory which the machine shop
area. This study will not be covering other places in the UTeM campus such as the
classrooms and lecturer offices in UTeM.
3
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
While the first chapter describes the background of study, this chapter proceeds with
a fully-referenced review from the relevant literature. It covers introduction to
thermal comfort, models of thermal comfort, methods and tools used for thermal
comfort study.
2.1
Introduction
The development of human civilization in creating the facilities and comfort in doing
a day's work has evolved. Coaching tradition from ancient times until today, man has
created a lot of facilities in achieving comfort, especially in technology thermal
comfort to their environment. Today, in realizing the convenience of a thermal
comfort is one of the most important parameter to consider in the construction of
buildings and facilities.
Thermal comfort is defined as the condition of mind which expresses satisfaction
with the surrounding thermal environment, according to ISO/EN 7730 and
ANSI/ASHRAE 55-92. Thermal environment is state of mind expressed satisfaction
and comfort of international human body with their thermal environment is
influenced by environmental factors or personal factors, or both of them.
Environmental that affected as a factors such as the air temperature, relative
humidity, air speeds and radiation conditions such as mean temperature or solar
intensity. Then, the personal factors such as clothing type, activity level and mental
state. Furthermore, other factors such as human factors of different ages among
4
children, adults and the elderly. Gender factor is also calculated for the type of skin
between women and men in terms of skin temperature, evaporation loss, metabolic
rate and the type of clothing they wear. Moreover, human adaptation to other
environmental for example the ability of people from warm climates may adapt to
the hot environment. So, this explanation of thermal comfort is the psychological
object of human's mind, especially in terms of whether a person is feeling too hot or
too cold.
Technology in achieving thermal comfort in buildings has been made
to give
comfort to all and maintaining health and improving the quality of work. HVAC
(heating, ventilation and air condition) has been made for the design of industrial
buildings and large offices where conditions are safe and healthy buildings are
arranged with reference to temperature and humidity using the fresh air of nature.
The HVAC industry is a worldwide enterprise, with roles including operation and
maintenance, system design and construction, equipment manufacturing and sales,
and in education and research. The HVAC industry was historically regulated by the
manufacturers of HVAC equipment, but Regulating and Standards organizations
such as HARDI, ASHRAE, SMACNA, ACCA, Uniform Mechanical Code,
international Mechanical Code, and AMCA have been established to support the
industry and encourage high standards and achievement.
2.2
Research and observation of thermal comfort
The studies of factors that cause the thermal comfort have been touch since the
1970’s. Based to the research conducted at Kansas State University by Ole Fanger et
al. and had to bring in the development and refinement of ASHRAE Standard 55.
The perception of comfort is obtained into one of complex and varied interactions.
The study also found the majority of individuals satisfied with a set of values that
were introduced.
The observation of the comfort index is shown in predicted percentage of
dissatisfied (PPD) which is shown the human discomfort with the thermal
5
environment by the result of predicted mean vote (PMV). PMV is survey conducted
in a place to evaluate the comfort level of a group of people in that environment.
When these factors have been estimated personal comfort and physical factors have
been measured, the overall sensation of heat loss can be predicted by calculating the
PMV index is based on heat balance in the human body were found comfort from the
following equation:
PMV = (0.028 + 0.303 e-0.036M) [ (M - W) - H - E - Cres - Eres ]
Where,
M = Metabolic rate of the subject
W = Effective mechanical work it does
H = Body heat loss by convection, radiation and conduction (dry heat loss)
E = Actual evaporative heat exchange at the skin of the subject
Cres = Respiratory convective heat exchange
Eres = Respiratory evaporative heat exchange
Comfort of home building as compared to public buildings is much more convenient
in terms of thermal comfort is due to their smaller size, type of clothing worn and the
use of different rooms. The small rooms have to be more considering because the
room such as the bathroom should be more comfortable to user although naked user
or dressed users. Then in the bedroom while the garments of man are different
because the metabolic rate of people who sleep with people who are aware of is
different.
2.3
Factors Affecting Thermal Comfort
According to European Standard ISO 7730, the combined effect of four
environmental parameters and two personal factors can determines the level of
thermal comfort. The four environmental parameters are air temperature, air velocity,
6
relative humidity and mean radiant temperature. Then the two personal factors that
involved are clothing insulation and metabolic rates.
2.3.1 The effect of air temperature
The best temperature is the condition where all people feel comfortable the
environment. Air temperature is a measure of how cold or how hot we feel the air
around us. They are kinetic energy of the gases around and if the gas molecules
move quickly the air temperature will increase. Air temperature is expressed in
degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius. Room temperature is typically considered 33ᵒC.
2.3.2 The effect of air velocity
Air velocity is the speed of air movement in the environment. Effect of air velocity
affects human comfort. For example, the high velocity of air at low temperatures will
make people uncomfortable with the environment. But when air temperatures are
high and the air velocity is too low also makes people become uncomfortable
and been sweating.
2.3.3 The effect of relative humidity
Relative humidity also how dry conditions we are and how cold we feel. For example
a sense of air around us after we shower or we are in a room that has been
dehumidified by the air-conditioner. Environments that have high humidity also
caused sweating is ineffective because the reverse sweating process will occur where
moisture will accumulate on the surface of the skin and visible sweat a lot on the
surface. In areas of very low humidity people may experience discomfort from dry
eyes, nose and throat. Generally people are much more sensitive to extremes of
temperature than extremes of humidity.
2.3.4 The effect of mean radiant temperature
7
Mean radiant temperature is the average temperature of surfaces that surround a
person. The entire human body occurs about 50% and 60% change between sensible
heats through the radiation process. For example, the sensitivity of radiant on
comforts at the temperature that in controlling on the floor, but the MRT was the air
environment in that space. Moreover, Sunlight coming in through a window will
markedly contribute to mean radiant temperature. This may be decreased by simple
measures such as the closing of blinds and curtains or the installation of solar film.
2.3.5 The effect of clothing insulation for thermal comfort
Clothing is the protective equipments that we wear on our body to avoid from
exposure of the environment whether the pollution or light, it also protect the body
from extreme temperature whether overheat or overcooled. As the insulating
materials, clothes are mechanism that will transfer the temperature from the
environment to the body. Clo- value is representing numerical value of clothing
ensemble’s thermal resistance in SI units.
1 Clo = 0.155 m² °C/w.
(Where; m = meter, w = Watt)
Barriers evaporation clothing is size moisture permeability or humidity affect the
heat transfer from the buried layers of clothing and the skin through evaporation
affects the heat loss from the skin surface. The following table shows some of the
combination of insulation values.
Table 2.3.1: Metabolic rates for various typical activities
8
Clothing Combination
Thermal insulation values
m² °C/w
Clo
Naked
0
0
Shorts
0.018
0.1
Typical tropic clothing outfit
0.047
0.3
Light summer clothing
0.078
0.5
Working cloths
0.124
0.8
Typical indoor winter clothing combination
0.155
1.0
Heavy traditional European business suit
0.233
1.5
Thermal resistance that happened to human body can be calculate by adding all the
thermal resistance on the body especially the clothing worn based on the following
table :
Table 2.3.2: Insulating value of clothing elements
9