High Frequency Electronic Ballast Protection.
“I hereby declare that this report is qualified in form of scope and quality to earn a
graduation in Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
(Mechatronic)”
Signature
:………………………………
Supervisor Name
:MR. ALIAS BIN KHAMIS
Date
:22TH APRIL 2009
HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLAST PROTECTION
CATHERINE MUNA ANAK GEORGE MALANG
This Report is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For The Degree of
Bachelor in Electrical Engineering
(Mechatronic)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APRIL 2009
“I hereby declared that this report is a result of my own work except for the excerpts that
have been cited clearly in the references”
Signature
:……………………………………………..
Student‟s Name
: CATHERINE MUNA AK GEORGE MALANG
Date
: 22TH APRIL 2009
“I hereby declared that I have read through this report and found that it has comply the
partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
(Mechatronic)”
Signature
: ………………………….
Supervisor‟s Name
: MR. ALIAS BIN KHAMIS
Date
: 22TH APRIL 2009
HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLAST
PROTECTION
CATHERINE MUNA ANAK GEORGE MALANG
APRIL 2009
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would to express our deepest thanks and gratitude to my
supervisor, Mr. Alias Bin Khamis for their never-ending encouragement, moral support
and patience during final year project. Without their help and guide line, we will not be
able to complete the given tasks on time.
Next, our appreciation must be extended to our parents for their blessing and
their understanding throughout completing this project. Thousands of thanks is dedicated
to others family members who had share their opinion with us.
Last but not least, we would like to thank to all of our friends and colleagues for
their co-operations and their helps for giving ideas, responds and suggestions for
improvement of my project.
iv
ABSTRACT
High frequency electronic ballast is the best choice to save energy absorbed by
the lighting. However, the protection for electronic ballast is most important to avoid it
from fault and light. The FAN7710 has developed using Fairchild‟s unique high voltage
process and system-in-package concept, is a ballast control integrated circuit (IC) for a
compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). The FAN7710‟s high functionality and built-in
protection, features save board spaces, reduce power dissipation, and result in excellent
temperature characteristic and enhance reliability in end system. It will include the
combination of two 550V MOSFETs, high-side gate driver circuit, frequency control
circuit and shunt regulator, active ZVS control, and open lamp detection. The design is
able to drive 20W compact fluorescent lamp for the light 310VDC voltage.
v
ABSTRAK
Lampu elektonik ballast adalah pilihan terbaik untuk menjimatkan sistem tenaga
dan system pencahayaan. Walaubagaimanapun, Perlindungan untul lampu elektronik
ballast sangat penting untuk mengelak daripada kerosakan dan kilat. FAN7710 telah
diperkenalkan dengan proses voltan tinggi Fairchild’s dan konsep system-in-package,
merupakan IC kawalan ballast untuk lampu pendaflour. FAN7710 dengan pelbagai
fungsi dan perlindungan di dalam, mengurangkan pengunaan ruang litar, mengurangkan
kehilangan kuasa bekalan, dan keputusan adalah dalam sifat suhu dan meninggikan
kesesuaian pada penghujung sistem. Ia mengandungi dua MOSFET 550V, litar highside gate driver, litar kawakan frekuensi dan pengatur pengubah, active ZVS control, dan
pengesan lampu trbuka. Rekaan ini adalah sesuai untuk lampu pendaflour 20W untuk
voltan 310VDC.
vi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE
I
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
CONTENTS
v
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
viii
LIST OFAPPENDIX
ix
INTRODUCTION
1
1.0 Background
2
1.1 Project Objectives
2
1.2 Project Scopes
3
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Thesis outline
3-4
4
1.5 Project Planning
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Electronic Ballast
5-6
2.2 Problems Caused By Electronic Ballast
7-8
2.3 Protection Alternatives
8
2.4 Full Bridge Rectifier
9-11
2.5 FAN7710(Ballast Control IC)
12-13
vii
2.5.1 Under-Voltage Lockout (UVLO)
2.5.2 Oscillator
15-17
2.6 Filter
17-18
2.7 Summary
III
14
18
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Flow Chart
19-20
3.2 OrCAD
21-24
3.3 Fluke Quality Analyzer
25
3.3.1 Measuring Lighting Load
3.3.1.1 Power and Power Factor
26-27
3.3.1.2 Inrush Current
27-30
3.3.1.2 Total harmonic Distortion
30-31
3.4 Illuminometer
IV
32
3.4.1 Features
32
3.4.2 Operating instructions
33
3.4.2.1 Preparations for measurements
33
3.4.2.2 Measurement
33
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Calculation And Simulation
34
4.1.1 Electronic Ballast
34
4.1.1.1 Fourier Analysis
4.1.1.2 Transient Analysis
4.1.1.3 Steady-state analysis
34-35
36
37-39
4.1.2 Ballast Control IC (FAN7710)
40
4.2.2.1 Operation Mode
40
4.2.2.2 Preheating Mode
41-42
viii
4.2.2.3 Shutdown Mode
4.3 Hardware and analysis
44
4.3.1 Circuit operation
44-45
4.3.2 Hardware
46-47
4.3.3 Electronic Ballast
47-50
4.3.4 Electronic ballast protection
50-51
4.3.5 Summary
V
43
CONCLUSION
5.1 Recommendation
52
53-54
55-56
REFERENCES
57
APPENDIX A
58
ix
LIST OF TABLES
NO
TITLE
1.1
Gantt chart for project planning
4
2.1
Pin definition
13
3.1
Illuminator features
32
4.1
Components of High frequency electronic ballast protection
46
4.2
Comparison between conventional electronic ballast and electronic
ballast protection
5.1
5.2
PAGE
52
Advantage and disadvantage of electronic ballast and electronic
Ballast protection
54
Component list
55
x
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Scope of construction electronic ballast with protection
2
2.1
Electronic ballast block diagram
6
2.2
Construction of electronic ballast
8
2.3
Full bridge rectifier
9
2.4
Positive cycle full bridge rectifier
10
2.5
Negative cycle full bridge rectifier
10
2.6
AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signal
11
2.7
IC FAN7710
12
2.8
Pin configuration
13
2.9
Internal block diagram
14
2.10
Resonant Inverter circuit based on LCC Resonant Tank
16
2.11
LCC transfer function in term of lamp impedance
17
2.12
Lowpass filter
17
3.1
Flow chart of Electronic ballast protection
19
3.2
Capture CIS
21
3.3
Schematic diagram
21
3.4
Simulation setting
22
3.5
Transient output file option
22
3.6
Time plot of output voltage
23
xi
3.7
Total harmonic distortion
23
3.8
Fluke Quality Analyzer
24
3.9
Power and Power Factor Measurement Connection
25
3.10
Power Menu
26
3.11
Lighting load connection
28
3.12
Inrush Current Menu
29
3.13
Total Harmonic Distortion Measurement Connection
30
3.14
Total Harmonic Menu
30
3.15
Illuminator
31
3.16
Illuminator designations
32
4.1
Resonant lamp output stage
36
4.2
Resonant lamp output stage during steady state
4.3
Simulation model for electronic ballast
37
4.4
Simulation result of lamp voltage
39
Result of lamp current
39
Operation mode
40
4.7
Typical transient waveform
42
4.8
External shutdown circuit
43
4.9
Schematic of high frequency electronic ballast protection
44
4.10
Test evaluation board
45
4.11
Front view of high frequency electronic ballast protection
46
4.12
PCB layout
47
4.13
Curve of fluorescent lamp efficacy versus lamp operating
49
frequency
49
4.14
Voltage and current for electronic ballast
49
4.15
Power factor for electronic ballast
49
4.16
Total harmonic distortion voltage for electronic ballast
49
4.17
Total harmonic distortion current for electronic ballast
50
4.18
Voltage and current for electronic ballast protection
50
4.19
Total harmonic distortion voltage for electronic ballast
4.5
4.6
protection
51
xii
4.20
Total harmonic distortion current for electronic ballast
protection
51
4.21
Power factor for electronic ballast protection
51
5.1
Typical application circuit for compact fluorescent lamp
55
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
DC
– Direct Current
CFL
– Compact Fluorescent Lamp
MOSFET
– Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
IC
– Integrated Circuit
ZVS
– Zero Voltage Switching
PCB
– Printed Circuit Board
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO
TITLE
A
Datasheet
PAGE
57
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
An electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye is a
defined for light or visible light. However, whether visible or nit, the light is often used
to refer to electromagnetic radiation of all wavelength in the broader field of physics.
The development of modern lamps is overcome after the discovery of electrical power
and possibility of transmitted. Today, lamps is the electrical component which a very
important in our life. Many of types of lamp are being manufactured as incandescent
lamp, fluorescent lamp, and discharge lamp.
However, one of the lamps are more popular was introduced commercially in the
1940s called fluorescent lamp. It continued to be used in the 21st century and has since
evolved into many variations of outlook, applications and control. But, the fluorescent
lamp uses a ballast to provide a starting kick and to limit the current to its operating
value for the tube. There are basically 2 types of ballasts namely magnetic ballast and
electronic ballast design. The magnetic ballast uses a core and coil assembly transformer
that provides a minumum function of starting and operating the lamp. Hence it is not as
efficient as the electronic ballast. Electronic ballast operates at high frequencies from
20kHz to 45kHz and uses electronics circuitry to optimize the operation of the lamp.
2
Electronic ballast is most popular two years ago because it more cheaper
compare with magnetic ballast. But today, a request for electronic ballast from customer
is reduced because it easy to damage from fault and light. By implementing the
protection for the electronic ballast, it can be save energy and increase a lamp lift-time.
1.1 Project objectives
The main objectives of this project are
1. Develop a high frequency electronic ballast protection for avoided from fault and
light.
2. Develop an internal controller which is detects open-lamp condition without the
expense of external circuitry.
3. Comparison between electronic ballast and electronic ballast with protection.
4. Enhance knowledge and an experience in project management and to carry out
the project
1.2 Project scopes
Software
Rectifier
FAN7710
Resonant
Filter
Lamp
Figure 1.1: Scope of construction electronic ballast with protection
The scope of this project is consists of software, rectifier, FAN7710, and
resonant filter. A software has used for simulation are OrCad and Multism. A full bridge
rectifier uses four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve a full-wave rectification. It
also uses to convert AC power to DC power. The FAN 7710 is a ballast control
integrated circuit (IC) which is controls internal high-voltage stress. Then, the resonant
filter will be uses to eliminate the undesired harmonic components. Lastly, a comparison
between electronic ballast and electronic ballast with protection will be done by circuit
analysis. The inverter component is not includes in scope of project because the half
bridge inverter is already inside of FAN7710.
3
1.3 Problem statements
The high frequency electronic ballast is an electronic control device that can save
energy of the lighting system. However, the problem for electronic ballast is a short lifetime because there is no any protection from fault and light. Now, the design of high
frequency electronic ballast with protection must be perform four functions:
1. The circuit must be adversely affect other electrical devices with high frequency
devices introduce harmonic distortion in the power circuit.
2. Construct a high-side driver built included an inverter inside.
3. Incorporates a preheating and ignition function to increase lamp life.
4. Assure that the circuit will remain stable and prevents stress on MOSFETs.
1.4 Thesis outline
For the high frequency electronic ballast protection projects, the report will begin
with design a one circuit for electronic ballast with a protection to delivers a 36W
compact fluorescent lamp. It consists on five sections in detail. The section of this report
is includes the introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussions, and
conclusion.
Firstly, in chapter one is consist of introduction for the project which is discussed
about the characteristic of the lamp. For every type of lamp are different criteria. Beside
that, the project objective, scope, problem statement and thesis outline for this chapter is
included.
Then, the chapter two is about the literature review that is for a make a comparison
between electronic ballast and electronic ballast protection. The comparison is discuss
about the operational and the problem caused by electronic ballast. Electronic ballast
with protection alternative is overcome to encounter the problems. The detail each part
of electronic ballast with protection will be discussed in this chapter.
4
In chapter three, it will be include the methodology part. In this part, the technique
and consideration that applied during carried out PSM1 is discussed. A simulation has
done to get an expected result by simulate the design circuit before proceed to the
hardware part.
For PSM1, the discussion and result is base on simulation and expected result. The
simulation is done to the design circuit to ensure it can be functionally probably. The
hardware part is not including in PSM1 because it will be proceed on PSM2. Lastly, the
analysis is done according to the results.
1.5 Project planning
Table 1.1: Gantt chart for project planning
Project Activities
J J A S O N D J F M A M
1
Choosing title for Final Year Project x x
2
Research on electronic ballast and x x x
x
protection
3
Submitted the proposal
x
4
Study and design circuit
5
Simulation
6
Presentation PSM1
7
List of components and identify
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
function of components
8
Build and troubleshoot the hardware
9
Analysis
circuit
between
electronic
(Comparison
ballast
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
and
electronic ballast with protection)
10 Written
PSM2
thesis
and
presentation
x
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Electronic ballast
Electronic ballast design is becoming more common due to its superior
performance. It outputs 10%-15% more light output, does not have the 50/60 cycles
irritating hum, high frequency switching that does not have visible flicker to the human
eyes, cooler and more reliable. Operating the ballast at higher frequency means that the
design can be smaller and made compact. It utilizes the switching mode power supply
technology electronic ballasts can be categorized into 3 categories as an instant start,
rapid start and programmed start.
Instant start ballasts require an instant-start certified lamp and ignite a lamp in
about 80 milliseconds or less using a high frequency electronic circuit. It starts the lamp
without heating the cathodes by using a high voltage at around 600V. It is the most
efficient energy type when used in installations where the lamps are not turned on and
off regularly.
Rapid start ballasts precisely heat the cathodes and then ignite the lamp with a
lower charge. In this way, it helps to prolong the life of the lamp but it uses more energy
as the cathodes are heated up continuously during the operation of the lamp.
Programmed Start is an upgrade version of rapid start. It allows the cathodes to be
preheated before applying the voltage to the lamps to strike an arc. This type gives the
6
best life to the lamps and is used in applications where frequent ON/OFF of lights is
required.
Self-oscillating electronic ballasts has been proposed as a potential energy saving
proposition for several environments and makes the electronic ballasts versatile without
increasing significant cost. Beside that, it‟s used to ensuring a characteristic avoiding
complexity, maintaining its well-known reliability and simplicity. The electronic ballast
is reduced in size and components numbers comparing traditional automatic systems.
The energy saving system will be implemented by self-oscillating gate-driver in
electronic ballast application.
The high frequency electronic ballast is consists of rectifier, inverter, selfoscillating gate drive, and resonant filter. A bridge rectifier converts AC power to DC
power. An inverter is used to converts DC power to AC power. A self-oscillating gate
driver is used to switch on and off complimentary of transistors to produce a high
frequency square wave of inverter output. The square wave is passed though the lowpass filter to eliminate the undesired harmonic components.
Filter
180-255Vac
AC/DC
Rectifier
Ballast
controller
Half bridge
inverter
Lamp
Figure 2.1: Electronic ballast block diagram
For the bridge rectifier, it will contain four diodes and one bulk capacitor. The
AC mains voltage is rectified by four bridges rectifying diodes and the DC supply
voltage for the half bridge inverter is smoothed by a buffer capacitor. The DC/AC
inverter is a half-bridge series-resonant parallel-loaded converter. A filter is used to
minimize the disturbance towards the mains. To generated a high frequency square
waveform, two of MOSFETs is used as a switches, and switch on and off position
complementarily with a fixed dead time.
graduation in Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
(Mechatronic)”
Signature
:………………………………
Supervisor Name
:MR. ALIAS BIN KHAMIS
Date
:22TH APRIL 2009
HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLAST PROTECTION
CATHERINE MUNA ANAK GEORGE MALANG
This Report is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For The Degree of
Bachelor in Electrical Engineering
(Mechatronic)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
APRIL 2009
“I hereby declared that this report is a result of my own work except for the excerpts that
have been cited clearly in the references”
Signature
:……………………………………………..
Student‟s Name
: CATHERINE MUNA AK GEORGE MALANG
Date
: 22TH APRIL 2009
“I hereby declared that I have read through this report and found that it has comply the
partial fulfillment for awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering
(Mechatronic)”
Signature
: ………………………….
Supervisor‟s Name
: MR. ALIAS BIN KHAMIS
Date
: 22TH APRIL 2009
HIGH FREQUENCY ELECTRONIC BALLAST
PROTECTION
CATHERINE MUNA ANAK GEORGE MALANG
APRIL 2009
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would to express our deepest thanks and gratitude to my
supervisor, Mr. Alias Bin Khamis for their never-ending encouragement, moral support
and patience during final year project. Without their help and guide line, we will not be
able to complete the given tasks on time.
Next, our appreciation must be extended to our parents for their blessing and
their understanding throughout completing this project. Thousands of thanks is dedicated
to others family members who had share their opinion with us.
Last but not least, we would like to thank to all of our friends and colleagues for
their co-operations and their helps for giving ideas, responds and suggestions for
improvement of my project.
iv
ABSTRACT
High frequency electronic ballast is the best choice to save energy absorbed by
the lighting. However, the protection for electronic ballast is most important to avoid it
from fault and light. The FAN7710 has developed using Fairchild‟s unique high voltage
process and system-in-package concept, is a ballast control integrated circuit (IC) for a
compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). The FAN7710‟s high functionality and built-in
protection, features save board spaces, reduce power dissipation, and result in excellent
temperature characteristic and enhance reliability in end system. It will include the
combination of two 550V MOSFETs, high-side gate driver circuit, frequency control
circuit and shunt regulator, active ZVS control, and open lamp detection. The design is
able to drive 20W compact fluorescent lamp for the light 310VDC voltage.
v
ABSTRAK
Lampu elektonik ballast adalah pilihan terbaik untuk menjimatkan sistem tenaga
dan system pencahayaan. Walaubagaimanapun, Perlindungan untul lampu elektronik
ballast sangat penting untuk mengelak daripada kerosakan dan kilat. FAN7710 telah
diperkenalkan dengan proses voltan tinggi Fairchild’s dan konsep system-in-package,
merupakan IC kawalan ballast untuk lampu pendaflour. FAN7710 dengan pelbagai
fungsi dan perlindungan di dalam, mengurangkan pengunaan ruang litar, mengurangkan
kehilangan kuasa bekalan, dan keputusan adalah dalam sifat suhu dan meninggikan
kesesuaian pada penghujung sistem. Ia mengandungi dua MOSFET 550V, litar highside gate driver, litar kawakan frekuensi dan pengatur pengubah, active ZVS control, dan
pengesan lampu trbuka. Rekaan ini adalah sesuai untuk lampu pendaflour 20W untuk
voltan 310VDC.
vi
CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE
I
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
CONTENTS
v
LIST OF TABLES
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
viii
LIST OFAPPENDIX
ix
INTRODUCTION
1
1.0 Background
2
1.1 Project Objectives
2
1.2 Project Scopes
3
1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Thesis outline
3-4
4
1.5 Project Planning
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Electronic Ballast
5-6
2.2 Problems Caused By Electronic Ballast
7-8
2.3 Protection Alternatives
8
2.4 Full Bridge Rectifier
9-11
2.5 FAN7710(Ballast Control IC)
12-13
vii
2.5.1 Under-Voltage Lockout (UVLO)
2.5.2 Oscillator
15-17
2.6 Filter
17-18
2.7 Summary
III
14
18
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Flow Chart
19-20
3.2 OrCAD
21-24
3.3 Fluke Quality Analyzer
25
3.3.1 Measuring Lighting Load
3.3.1.1 Power and Power Factor
26-27
3.3.1.2 Inrush Current
27-30
3.3.1.2 Total harmonic Distortion
30-31
3.4 Illuminometer
IV
32
3.4.1 Features
32
3.4.2 Operating instructions
33
3.4.2.1 Preparations for measurements
33
3.4.2.2 Measurement
33
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Calculation And Simulation
34
4.1.1 Electronic Ballast
34
4.1.1.1 Fourier Analysis
4.1.1.2 Transient Analysis
4.1.1.3 Steady-state analysis
34-35
36
37-39
4.1.2 Ballast Control IC (FAN7710)
40
4.2.2.1 Operation Mode
40
4.2.2.2 Preheating Mode
41-42
viii
4.2.2.3 Shutdown Mode
4.3 Hardware and analysis
44
4.3.1 Circuit operation
44-45
4.3.2 Hardware
46-47
4.3.3 Electronic Ballast
47-50
4.3.4 Electronic ballast protection
50-51
4.3.5 Summary
V
43
CONCLUSION
5.1 Recommendation
52
53-54
55-56
REFERENCES
57
APPENDIX A
58
ix
LIST OF TABLES
NO
TITLE
1.1
Gantt chart for project planning
4
2.1
Pin definition
13
3.1
Illuminator features
32
4.1
Components of High frequency electronic ballast protection
46
4.2
Comparison between conventional electronic ballast and electronic
ballast protection
5.1
5.2
PAGE
52
Advantage and disadvantage of electronic ballast and electronic
Ballast protection
54
Component list
55
x
LIST OF FIGURES
NO
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Scope of construction electronic ballast with protection
2
2.1
Electronic ballast block diagram
6
2.2
Construction of electronic ballast
8
2.3
Full bridge rectifier
9
2.4
Positive cycle full bridge rectifier
10
2.5
Negative cycle full bridge rectifier
10
2.6
AC, half-wave and full wave rectified signal
11
2.7
IC FAN7710
12
2.8
Pin configuration
13
2.9
Internal block diagram
14
2.10
Resonant Inverter circuit based on LCC Resonant Tank
16
2.11
LCC transfer function in term of lamp impedance
17
2.12
Lowpass filter
17
3.1
Flow chart of Electronic ballast protection
19
3.2
Capture CIS
21
3.3
Schematic diagram
21
3.4
Simulation setting
22
3.5
Transient output file option
22
3.6
Time plot of output voltage
23
xi
3.7
Total harmonic distortion
23
3.8
Fluke Quality Analyzer
24
3.9
Power and Power Factor Measurement Connection
25
3.10
Power Menu
26
3.11
Lighting load connection
28
3.12
Inrush Current Menu
29
3.13
Total Harmonic Distortion Measurement Connection
30
3.14
Total Harmonic Menu
30
3.15
Illuminator
31
3.16
Illuminator designations
32
4.1
Resonant lamp output stage
36
4.2
Resonant lamp output stage during steady state
4.3
Simulation model for electronic ballast
37
4.4
Simulation result of lamp voltage
39
Result of lamp current
39
Operation mode
40
4.7
Typical transient waveform
42
4.8
External shutdown circuit
43
4.9
Schematic of high frequency electronic ballast protection
44
4.10
Test evaluation board
45
4.11
Front view of high frequency electronic ballast protection
46
4.12
PCB layout
47
4.13
Curve of fluorescent lamp efficacy versus lamp operating
49
frequency
49
4.14
Voltage and current for electronic ballast
49
4.15
Power factor for electronic ballast
49
4.16
Total harmonic distortion voltage for electronic ballast
49
4.17
Total harmonic distortion current for electronic ballast
50
4.18
Voltage and current for electronic ballast protection
50
4.19
Total harmonic distortion voltage for electronic ballast
4.5
4.6
protection
51
xii
4.20
Total harmonic distortion current for electronic ballast
protection
51
4.21
Power factor for electronic ballast protection
51
5.1
Typical application circuit for compact fluorescent lamp
55
xiii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
DC
– Direct Current
CFL
– Compact Fluorescent Lamp
MOSFET
– Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor
IC
– Integrated Circuit
ZVS
– Zero Voltage Switching
PCB
– Printed Circuit Board
xiv
LIST OF APPENDIX
NO
TITLE
A
Datasheet
PAGE
57
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
An electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the human eye is a
defined for light or visible light. However, whether visible or nit, the light is often used
to refer to electromagnetic radiation of all wavelength in the broader field of physics.
The development of modern lamps is overcome after the discovery of electrical power
and possibility of transmitted. Today, lamps is the electrical component which a very
important in our life. Many of types of lamp are being manufactured as incandescent
lamp, fluorescent lamp, and discharge lamp.
However, one of the lamps are more popular was introduced commercially in the
1940s called fluorescent lamp. It continued to be used in the 21st century and has since
evolved into many variations of outlook, applications and control. But, the fluorescent
lamp uses a ballast to provide a starting kick and to limit the current to its operating
value for the tube. There are basically 2 types of ballasts namely magnetic ballast and
electronic ballast design. The magnetic ballast uses a core and coil assembly transformer
that provides a minumum function of starting and operating the lamp. Hence it is not as
efficient as the electronic ballast. Electronic ballast operates at high frequencies from
20kHz to 45kHz and uses electronics circuitry to optimize the operation of the lamp.
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Electronic ballast is most popular two years ago because it more cheaper
compare with magnetic ballast. But today, a request for electronic ballast from customer
is reduced because it easy to damage from fault and light. By implementing the
protection for the electronic ballast, it can be save energy and increase a lamp lift-time.
1.1 Project objectives
The main objectives of this project are
1. Develop a high frequency electronic ballast protection for avoided from fault and
light.
2. Develop an internal controller which is detects open-lamp condition without the
expense of external circuitry.
3. Comparison between electronic ballast and electronic ballast with protection.
4. Enhance knowledge and an experience in project management and to carry out
the project
1.2 Project scopes
Software
Rectifier
FAN7710
Resonant
Filter
Lamp
Figure 1.1: Scope of construction electronic ballast with protection
The scope of this project is consists of software, rectifier, FAN7710, and
resonant filter. A software has used for simulation are OrCad and Multism. A full bridge
rectifier uses four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve a full-wave rectification. It
also uses to convert AC power to DC power. The FAN 7710 is a ballast control
integrated circuit (IC) which is controls internal high-voltage stress. Then, the resonant
filter will be uses to eliminate the undesired harmonic components. Lastly, a comparison
between electronic ballast and electronic ballast with protection will be done by circuit
analysis. The inverter component is not includes in scope of project because the half
bridge inverter is already inside of FAN7710.
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1.3 Problem statements
The high frequency electronic ballast is an electronic control device that can save
energy of the lighting system. However, the problem for electronic ballast is a short lifetime because there is no any protection from fault and light. Now, the design of high
frequency electronic ballast with protection must be perform four functions:
1. The circuit must be adversely affect other electrical devices with high frequency
devices introduce harmonic distortion in the power circuit.
2. Construct a high-side driver built included an inverter inside.
3. Incorporates a preheating and ignition function to increase lamp life.
4. Assure that the circuit will remain stable and prevents stress on MOSFETs.
1.4 Thesis outline
For the high frequency electronic ballast protection projects, the report will begin
with design a one circuit for electronic ballast with a protection to delivers a 36W
compact fluorescent lamp. It consists on five sections in detail. The section of this report
is includes the introduction, literature review, methodology, results and discussions, and
conclusion.
Firstly, in chapter one is consist of introduction for the project which is discussed
about the characteristic of the lamp. For every type of lamp are different criteria. Beside
that, the project objective, scope, problem statement and thesis outline for this chapter is
included.
Then, the chapter two is about the literature review that is for a make a comparison
between electronic ballast and electronic ballast protection. The comparison is discuss
about the operational and the problem caused by electronic ballast. Electronic ballast
with protection alternative is overcome to encounter the problems. The detail each part
of electronic ballast with protection will be discussed in this chapter.
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In chapter three, it will be include the methodology part. In this part, the technique
and consideration that applied during carried out PSM1 is discussed. A simulation has
done to get an expected result by simulate the design circuit before proceed to the
hardware part.
For PSM1, the discussion and result is base on simulation and expected result. The
simulation is done to the design circuit to ensure it can be functionally probably. The
hardware part is not including in PSM1 because it will be proceed on PSM2. Lastly, the
analysis is done according to the results.
1.5 Project planning
Table 1.1: Gantt chart for project planning
Project Activities
J J A S O N D J F M A M
1
Choosing title for Final Year Project x x
2
Research on electronic ballast and x x x
x
protection
3
Submitted the proposal
x
4
Study and design circuit
5
Simulation
6
Presentation PSM1
7
List of components and identify
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
function of components
8
Build and troubleshoot the hardware
9
Analysis
circuit
between
electronic
(Comparison
ballast
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
and
electronic ballast with protection)
10 Written
PSM2
thesis
and
presentation
x
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Electronic ballast
Electronic ballast design is becoming more common due to its superior
performance. It outputs 10%-15% more light output, does not have the 50/60 cycles
irritating hum, high frequency switching that does not have visible flicker to the human
eyes, cooler and more reliable. Operating the ballast at higher frequency means that the
design can be smaller and made compact. It utilizes the switching mode power supply
technology electronic ballasts can be categorized into 3 categories as an instant start,
rapid start and programmed start.
Instant start ballasts require an instant-start certified lamp and ignite a lamp in
about 80 milliseconds or less using a high frequency electronic circuit. It starts the lamp
without heating the cathodes by using a high voltage at around 600V. It is the most
efficient energy type when used in installations where the lamps are not turned on and
off regularly.
Rapid start ballasts precisely heat the cathodes and then ignite the lamp with a
lower charge. In this way, it helps to prolong the life of the lamp but it uses more energy
as the cathodes are heated up continuously during the operation of the lamp.
Programmed Start is an upgrade version of rapid start. It allows the cathodes to be
preheated before applying the voltage to the lamps to strike an arc. This type gives the
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best life to the lamps and is used in applications where frequent ON/OFF of lights is
required.
Self-oscillating electronic ballasts has been proposed as a potential energy saving
proposition for several environments and makes the electronic ballasts versatile without
increasing significant cost. Beside that, it‟s used to ensuring a characteristic avoiding
complexity, maintaining its well-known reliability and simplicity. The electronic ballast
is reduced in size and components numbers comparing traditional automatic systems.
The energy saving system will be implemented by self-oscillating gate-driver in
electronic ballast application.
The high frequency electronic ballast is consists of rectifier, inverter, selfoscillating gate drive, and resonant filter. A bridge rectifier converts AC power to DC
power. An inverter is used to converts DC power to AC power. A self-oscillating gate
driver is used to switch on and off complimentary of transistors to produce a high
frequency square wave of inverter output. The square wave is passed though the lowpass filter to eliminate the undesired harmonic components.
Filter
180-255Vac
AC/DC
Rectifier
Ballast
controller
Half bridge
inverter
Lamp
Figure 2.1: Electronic ballast block diagram
For the bridge rectifier, it will contain four diodes and one bulk capacitor. The
AC mains voltage is rectified by four bridges rectifying diodes and the DC supply
voltage for the half bridge inverter is smoothed by a buffer capacitor. The DC/AC
inverter is a half-bridge series-resonant parallel-loaded converter. A filter is used to
minimize the disturbance towards the mains. To generated a high frequency square
waveform, two of MOSFETs is used as a switches, and switch on and off position
complementarily with a fixed dead time.