Sexual behavior activity of timor deer (cervus iimorensis) in various types of grouping paddock
lntmational Asia Link Syrnpol~um"Reproductive Btotecb+nologyfor Improved Animal Bretd~ngIn Southeast Asia"
Sexual behavior activity of timor deer (cewus firnorensis)
fn various types of grouping paddock
W.M.M.
~ a l lI,eR.~ I4andarini2, B. ~unvantara',
T.L.YUSU?
' ~ a c u lof
t ~Animal Husbandry Univer3lty of Nuse Cendana, Kupang lndones~a
Bo or Agricultural Univers~ty,Darmaga, Bogor Indonesia
'Dtp,rntnt
of Animal Srlmre. Faculty of Agriculture,
Universitap Sumaiera U~ara,lndones~a
'Dcpanrntnt of Cllnlc, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty o f Veterinary Medicine,
Bogor Agriculture1 Univers~ty,Darmaga, Bogor Indones~a
Study on reproductive biology of deer plays an important role for supporting conservation program. One specific characteristic of deer stag is the antler. Antler development stages period
plays the most important role in determining the reproductive activities of adulr timor deer stags
(Bubenik et a/. 2002; Handarini er 01. 2004; Loudon et a/. 1988; Willard and Randel 2002;
Woodford 1991). An experiments on reproductive biology of this animal was aimed to study
the sexual behavior of this animals in various grouping paddocks to manage the deer breeding
system.
This research was conducted for 16 months (started from June 2002 until September 2003) on
five adult timor deer hinds (three until six years o f age, average body weight of 40 to 60 kg) and
three adult timor deer stags (three until five years, average body weight of 80 to 105 kg). The
animals were classified in three grouping paddocks : 1 . One group of stags in a paddock. Data
were collected about 12 hours per day (at 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) for three months. 2. Hinds in one
group paddock (for two months) and in individual paddock (for three months) and 3 . Stag-hind
pairs paddock (for two months). Data were collected using theJokul sampling method o f Martin
and Batesan ( 1 993).
Observation on stags grouped in one paddock showed various features including: rutting (the period of maximum reproductive activity, rubbing the vegetation wlth their neck or antler), roaring
(its frequency increases preceding a fight) , interest in hinds (they would aproach fences separating them from the hinds), striking the fence, sparing (fighting mode of boxing or complex of
display), wallowing, rolling. scrape its feet on the ground sometimes using its antlers and make
muddy mess, cover their antler with bush, preputial palpitation with or without urine spraying
which is used as a scent marker, flehmen (lip curt), stretching its head, blowing and flattening of
its noses, erection, mounting other stags (homosexual mount), follow other stags, smelling perheal regions of other stags.
This behavior was also observed in previous work by lsrnail (2002). The sexual behavior of stags
changed abruptly at hard antler stages and showed the dominance display. They showed preference homosexual behavior including mounting other stags in sub ordinate hierarchy, sometimes
they showed erection with or without ejaculation. This phenomenon indicated no hind in the
paddock, observed by Tomaszweska et a1 199 1; Haigh dan Hudson 1993).
Estrus signs of hinds in individual paddock showed that the hinds stood still when their back are
pushed down (loo%), redness of vulva (average 96.12%) and only 43.18% showed vaginal discharge. Hinds aproaching estrus may spend an increasing amount of time paying anention to the
stag. Hinds in estrus in the grouping paddock showed sexual signs such as uneasiness (13.42
tirnedday), striking out special voices (9.62 timeslday). This estrus signs are more frequent than
I
Inrernational Asia Ltnk Symposium "Reproductive B~otechnologyfor Improved An~rnalBreeding m Southeast Asia"
non estrus hinds (about 2.56 times/day and 1.93 timeslday). When they are kept separated from
the stags and in the estrus phase they would approach and ran along the fence which separating
them from the stag.
Observation on stag-hind pairs paddock showed interaction of hinds in estrus with the stag. This
is the best indicator of their reproductive state. Sexual behavior of the stag consited of stretching
of the head (about 12, I 1 timesiday), flehmen (19.33jday) and nose blowing and flattening (1 1.33
timeslday). Hinds in estrus showed higher frequency of urination (about 25.1 1 timeslday) than
non estrus ones. Hinds and slag may be seen approaching one another. The stag always following and rubbing his neck on the back region of the hind Urination as the sexual sign of hinds
stimulated the stag which licked the urine (about 18.44 times per day1 and genital region of the
hind (about 32 78 timestday). Finally the hind would yield for the stag. She took several steps
backward with her tail raised and the stag would mount the hind and lay over her back. Short
mount occurred several times and the actual moment of breeding took place only a few seconds.
Thcse results were supported by previous report by Haigh and Hudson ( 1 993). The general result
from three treatments indicated that tirnor deer are more easily handled , aggression and dangerous action are rare (except far males during the hard antler period) and respond to continuous
handling.
It is concluded that the sexual behavior of stags in the group paddock is dominated by stretching
his head, following other stag, mounting and erection. The sexual behavior of hinds in the group
paddock is dominated by striking out special voices, nervous, urination, approach and stay near
fences which separating them from the stag. Hinds in estrus phase in individual paddock are
dominated by striking out special voices, swelling, redness and sticky of the vulva, stand still
when it is pushed down on the back. The sexual behavior of stag-hind pairs in common paddock
is dominated by licking the genital region of hinds which is correlated with high urination frequency of hinds in estrus.
References
Bubenik G, White RG, Blake JE. Rowell JE, Schams D. 2002. Reindeer antler development, reproduction and endocrinology. http://www.uaf.edu/larsldocument IinWdoclittk I S.htmt. 2
Aaustus 2002.
Handarini R er a1 1004. Perientuan masa aktif reproduksi rusa tirnor (cervus rimoren.ris) jantan
berdasarkan kualitas semen dan tahap pertumbuhan ranggah. Pros. Seminar Nasional
Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 4 - 5 Agustus 2004. Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Peternakan. 45 1 - 458.
Ismail D.2002. Kajian tingkah laku dan kinerja reproduks~rusa lawa (Cervus timorensis) yang
dipelihara di penangkaran Cariu dan Ranca Upas Jawa Barat. Disertasi, uN iversitas Padjadjaran. Bandung.
Loudon ASI, Curlewis JD. 1988. Cycles of antler and testicular growth in a seasonal tropical
deer ( A r t s axis). J Reprod Fert 8 3 : 729 - 736
Martin P and P Batesan. 1993. Measuring behaviour. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Tomaszewska M W, IK Sutama, IG Putu, TD Chaniago. 199 1 . Reproduksi tingkah laku dan
produksi ternak di Indonesia. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Willard ST. Randel RD. 2002. Testicular mclrphology and sperm content relative to age. antler
status and season in Axis deer stags ( A x i s mu).Smaii Ruminun~Rcs 44.5: 5 I - 60.
Symplum
Woodford
Biotechnology
1
det
21
iposium
:
An~malBreed~ng
Biotechnology
timeslday
[n~em~ion.l
Aar Lmd Symp~snnn'*Rcpr~dudu~vr
B~otechnology(a Improved Anlmd Brwdingin southern ~ s i a ' '
timesfday).
Woodford K . 1991. Reproductive cycles and performance of rusa deer in the tropics and sub
tro~ics.In: Proceedings of a deer course for veterinarians. 88: 262 - 267. New Zealand
Veterinary Association.
rus
[he
consited
( 1 9.33/day)
tirnes!day)
follow-
:rus
:h
the
genital
Finally
h~nd
over
general
lrted
iicated
handled
timor
mntler
exual
ta
the
special
common
In
fre-
Rowell JE,
2002.
redocrinology. htt~://www.uaf.edu/larsl'document link/doclink l5.html.
timor ( r e n u s rimorensis)
pertumbuhan ranggah.
Nasional
Bogor.
Agustus
Pusat Peneiitian
'enentuan
semen
:makan. 45 1
(Cervus titnorensis)
Upas Jawa Barat. Disertasi. uNiversitas Pad-
igkah laku
gkaran
1988.
?eprod
Itama, IG
~donesia.
tingkah
Gramedia Pustaka Utarna.
Testicular
(Axis
5l
60.
I
International Asia Link Symposium Reproductive Biotechnology for Improved Animal Breeding in Southeast Asia
Sexual behavior activity of timor deer (cervus iimorensis)
in various types of grouping paddock
2
3
W. M. MNalley1, R. Handarini , B. Purwantara ,
T.L.Yusuf3
1)
Faculty of Animal Husbandry University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang Indonesia
Bogor Agricultural University, Dermaga Bogor Indonesia
2
Departemen of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
3
Department of Clinic, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Bogor Agriculturel University, Darmaga, Bogor Indonesia
Study on reproductive biology of deer plays an important role for supporting conservation program.
One specific characteristic of deer stag is the antler. Antler development stages period plays the
most important role in determining the reproductive activities of adult timor deer stags (Bubenik et
at. 2002; Handarini et at. 2004; Loudon et at. 1988; Willard and Randel 2002; Woodford 1991). An
experiments on reproductive biology of this animal was aimed to study the sexual behavior of this
animals in various grouping paddocks to manage the deer breeding system.
This research was conducted for 16 months (started from June 2002 until September 2003) on five
adult timor deer hinds (three until six years of age, average body weight of 40 to 60 kg) and three
adult timor deer stags (three until five years, average body weight of 80 to 105 kg). The animals
were classified in three grouping paddocks : 1, Che group of stags in a paddock. Data were collected
about 12 hours per day (at 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) for three months. 2. Hinds in one group paddock (for two
months) and in individual paddock (for three months) and 3. Stag-hind pairs paddock (for two
months). Data were collected using the fokal sampling method of Martin and Batesan (1993).
Observation on stags grouped in one paddock showed various features including: rutting (the period
of maximum reproductive activity, rubbing the vegetation with their neck or antler), roaring
(its
frequency increases preceding a fight) , interest in hinds (they would aproach fences separating them
from the hinds), striking the fence, sparing (fighting mode of boxing or complex of display),
wallowing, rolling. scrape its feet on the ground sometimes using its antlers and make muddy mess,
cover their antler with bush, preputial palpitation with or without urine spraying which is used as a
scent marker, flehmen (lip curt), stretching its head, blowing and flattening of its noses, erection,
mounting other stags (homosexual mounl), follow other stags, smelling perineal regions of other
stags.
This behavior was also observed in previous work by Ismail (2002). The sexual behavior of stags
changed abruptly at hard antler stages and showed the dominance display. They showed preference
homosexual behavior including mounting other stags in sub ordinate hierarchy, sometimes they
showed erection with or without ejaculation. This phenomenon indicated no hind in the paddock,
observed by Tomaszweska et al 1991; Haigh dan Hudson 1993). Estrus signs of hinds in individual
167
International Asia Link Symposium Reproductive Biotechnology for Improved Animal Breeding in Southeast Asia
paddock showed that the hinds stood still when their back are pushed down (100%), redness of vulva
(average 96.12%) and only 43.18% showed vaginal discharge. Hinds aproaching estrus may spend
an increasing amount of time paying attention to the stag. Hinds in estrus in the grouping paddock
showed sexual signs such as uneasiness (13.42 times/day), striking out special voices (9.62
times/day). This estrus signs are more frequent than non estrus hinds (about 2.56 times/day and 1.93
timeslday). When they are kept separated from the stags and in the estrus phase they would
approach and ran along the fence which separating them from the stag.
Observation on stag-hind pairs paddock showed interaction of hinds in estrus with the stag. This is
the best indicator of their reproductive state. Sexual behavior of the stag consited of stretching of the
head (about 12,11 times/day)) flehmen (19.33/day) and nose blowing and flattening (11.33
timeslday). Hinds in estrus showed higher frequency of urination (about 25.11 timeslday) than non
estrus ones. Hinds and stag may be seen approaching one another. The stag always following and
rubbing his neck on the back region of the hind Urination as the sexual sign of hinds stimulated the
stag which licked the urine (about 18.44 times per day) and genital region of the hind (about 32 78
times/day). Finally the hind would yield for the stag. Shi took several steps backward with her tail
raised and the stag would mount the hind and lay over her back. Short mount occurred several times
and the actual moment of breeding took place only a few seconds. These results were supported by
previous report by Haigh and Hudson (1993). The general result frcm three treatments indicated that
timor deer are more easily handled , aggression and dangerous action are rare (except for males
during the hard antler period) and respond to continuous handling.
It is concluded that the sexual behavior of stags in the group paddock is dominated by stretching his
head, following other stag, mounting and erection. The sexual behavior of hinds in the group
paddock is dominated by striking out special voices, nervous, urination, approach and stay near
fences which separating them from the stag. Hinds in estrus phase in individual paddock are
dominated by striking out special voices, swelling, redness and sticky of the vulva, stand still when
it is pushed down on the back. The sexual behavior of stag-hind pairs in common paddock is
dominated by licking the genital region of hinds which is correlated with high urination frequency of
hinds in estrus.
168
Sexual behavior activity of timor deer (cewus firnorensis)
fn various types of grouping paddock
W.M.M.
~ a l lI,eR.~ I4andarini2, B. ~unvantara',
T.L.YUSU?
' ~ a c u lof
t ~Animal Husbandry Univer3lty of Nuse Cendana, Kupang lndones~a
Bo or Agricultural Univers~ty,Darmaga, Bogor Indonesia
'Dtp,rntnt
of Animal Srlmre. Faculty of Agriculture,
Universitap Sumaiera U~ara,lndones~a
'Dcpanrntnt of Cllnlc, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty o f Veterinary Medicine,
Bogor Agriculture1 Univers~ty,Darmaga, Bogor Indones~a
Study on reproductive biology of deer plays an important role for supporting conservation program. One specific characteristic of deer stag is the antler. Antler development stages period
plays the most important role in determining the reproductive activities of adulr timor deer stags
(Bubenik et a/. 2002; Handarini er 01. 2004; Loudon et a/. 1988; Willard and Randel 2002;
Woodford 1991). An experiments on reproductive biology of this animal was aimed to study
the sexual behavior of this animals in various grouping paddocks to manage the deer breeding
system.
This research was conducted for 16 months (started from June 2002 until September 2003) on
five adult timor deer hinds (three until six years o f age, average body weight of 40 to 60 kg) and
three adult timor deer stags (three until five years, average body weight of 80 to 105 kg). The
animals were classified in three grouping paddocks : 1 . One group of stags in a paddock. Data
were collected about 12 hours per day (at 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) for three months. 2. Hinds in one
group paddock (for two months) and in individual paddock (for three months) and 3 . Stag-hind
pairs paddock (for two months). Data were collected using theJokul sampling method o f Martin
and Batesan ( 1 993).
Observation on stags grouped in one paddock showed various features including: rutting (the period of maximum reproductive activity, rubbing the vegetation wlth their neck or antler), roaring
(its frequency increases preceding a fight) , interest in hinds (they would aproach fences separating them from the hinds), striking the fence, sparing (fighting mode of boxing or complex of
display), wallowing, rolling. scrape its feet on the ground sometimes using its antlers and make
muddy mess, cover their antler with bush, preputial palpitation with or without urine spraying
which is used as a scent marker, flehmen (lip curt), stretching its head, blowing and flattening of
its noses, erection, mounting other stags (homosexual mount), follow other stags, smelling perheal regions of other stags.
This behavior was also observed in previous work by lsrnail (2002). The sexual behavior of stags
changed abruptly at hard antler stages and showed the dominance display. They showed preference homosexual behavior including mounting other stags in sub ordinate hierarchy, sometimes
they showed erection with or without ejaculation. This phenomenon indicated no hind in the
paddock, observed by Tomaszweska et a1 199 1; Haigh dan Hudson 1993).
Estrus signs of hinds in individual paddock showed that the hinds stood still when their back are
pushed down (loo%), redness of vulva (average 96.12%) and only 43.18% showed vaginal discharge. Hinds aproaching estrus may spend an increasing amount of time paying anention to the
stag. Hinds in estrus in the grouping paddock showed sexual signs such as uneasiness (13.42
tirnedday), striking out special voices (9.62 timeslday). This estrus signs are more frequent than
I
Inrernational Asia Ltnk Symposium "Reproductive B~otechnologyfor Improved An~rnalBreeding m Southeast Asia"
non estrus hinds (about 2.56 times/day and 1.93 timeslday). When they are kept separated from
the stags and in the estrus phase they would approach and ran along the fence which separating
them from the stag.
Observation on stag-hind pairs paddock showed interaction of hinds in estrus with the stag. This
is the best indicator of their reproductive state. Sexual behavior of the stag consited of stretching
of the head (about 12, I 1 timesiday), flehmen (19.33jday) and nose blowing and flattening (1 1.33
timeslday). Hinds in estrus showed higher frequency of urination (about 25.1 1 timeslday) than
non estrus ones. Hinds and slag may be seen approaching one another. The stag always following and rubbing his neck on the back region of the hind Urination as the sexual sign of hinds
stimulated the stag which licked the urine (about 18.44 times per day1 and genital region of the
hind (about 32 78 timestday). Finally the hind would yield for the stag. She took several steps
backward with her tail raised and the stag would mount the hind and lay over her back. Short
mount occurred several times and the actual moment of breeding took place only a few seconds.
Thcse results were supported by previous report by Haigh and Hudson ( 1 993). The general result
from three treatments indicated that tirnor deer are more easily handled , aggression and dangerous action are rare (except far males during the hard antler period) and respond to continuous
handling.
It is concluded that the sexual behavior of stags in the group paddock is dominated by stretching
his head, following other stag, mounting and erection. The sexual behavior of hinds in the group
paddock is dominated by striking out special voices, nervous, urination, approach and stay near
fences which separating them from the stag. Hinds in estrus phase in individual paddock are
dominated by striking out special voices, swelling, redness and sticky of the vulva, stand still
when it is pushed down on the back. The sexual behavior of stag-hind pairs in common paddock
is dominated by licking the genital region of hinds which is correlated with high urination frequency of hinds in estrus.
References
Bubenik G, White RG, Blake JE. Rowell JE, Schams D. 2002. Reindeer antler development, reproduction and endocrinology. http://www.uaf.edu/larsldocument IinWdoclittk I S.htmt. 2
Aaustus 2002.
Handarini R er a1 1004. Perientuan masa aktif reproduksi rusa tirnor (cervus rimoren.ris) jantan
berdasarkan kualitas semen dan tahap pertumbuhan ranggah. Pros. Seminar Nasional
Teknologi Peternakan dan Veteriner. Bogor. 4 - 5 Agustus 2004. Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Peternakan. 45 1 - 458.
Ismail D.2002. Kajian tingkah laku dan kinerja reproduks~rusa lawa (Cervus timorensis) yang
dipelihara di penangkaran Cariu dan Ranca Upas Jawa Barat. Disertasi, uN iversitas Padjadjaran. Bandung.
Loudon ASI, Curlewis JD. 1988. Cycles of antler and testicular growth in a seasonal tropical
deer ( A r t s axis). J Reprod Fert 8 3 : 729 - 736
Martin P and P Batesan. 1993. Measuring behaviour. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Tomaszewska M W, IK Sutama, IG Putu, TD Chaniago. 199 1 . Reproduksi tingkah laku dan
produksi ternak di Indonesia. PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Willard ST. Randel RD. 2002. Testicular mclrphology and sperm content relative to age. antler
status and season in Axis deer stags ( A x i s mu).Smaii Ruminun~Rcs 44.5: 5 I - 60.
Symplum
Woodford
Biotechnology
1
det
21
iposium
:
An~malBreed~ng
Biotechnology
timeslday
[n~em~ion.l
Aar Lmd Symp~snnn'*Rcpr~dudu~vr
B~otechnology(a Improved Anlmd Brwdingin southern ~ s i a ' '
timesfday).
Woodford K . 1991. Reproductive cycles and performance of rusa deer in the tropics and sub
tro~ics.In: Proceedings of a deer course for veterinarians. 88: 262 - 267. New Zealand
Veterinary Association.
rus
[he
consited
( 1 9.33/day)
tirnes!day)
follow-
:rus
:h
the
genital
Finally
h~nd
over
general
lrted
iicated
handled
timor
mntler
exual
ta
the
special
common
In
fre-
Rowell JE,
2002.
redocrinology. htt~://www.uaf.edu/larsl'document link/doclink l5.html.
timor ( r e n u s rimorensis)
pertumbuhan ranggah.
Nasional
Bogor.
Agustus
Pusat Peneiitian
'enentuan
semen
:makan. 45 1
(Cervus titnorensis)
Upas Jawa Barat. Disertasi. uNiversitas Pad-
igkah laku
gkaran
1988.
?eprod
Itama, IG
~donesia.
tingkah
Gramedia Pustaka Utarna.
Testicular
(Axis
5l
60.
I
International Asia Link Symposium Reproductive Biotechnology for Improved Animal Breeding in Southeast Asia
Sexual behavior activity of timor deer (cervus iimorensis)
in various types of grouping paddock
2
3
W. M. MNalley1, R. Handarini , B. Purwantara ,
T.L.Yusuf3
1)
Faculty of Animal Husbandry University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang Indonesia
Bogor Agricultural University, Dermaga Bogor Indonesia
2
Departemen of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture,
Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia
3
Department of Clinic, Reproduction, and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Bogor Agriculturel University, Darmaga, Bogor Indonesia
Study on reproductive biology of deer plays an important role for supporting conservation program.
One specific characteristic of deer stag is the antler. Antler development stages period plays the
most important role in determining the reproductive activities of adult timor deer stags (Bubenik et
at. 2002; Handarini et at. 2004; Loudon et at. 1988; Willard and Randel 2002; Woodford 1991). An
experiments on reproductive biology of this animal was aimed to study the sexual behavior of this
animals in various grouping paddocks to manage the deer breeding system.
This research was conducted for 16 months (started from June 2002 until September 2003) on five
adult timor deer hinds (three until six years of age, average body weight of 40 to 60 kg) and three
adult timor deer stags (three until five years, average body weight of 80 to 105 kg). The animals
were classified in three grouping paddocks : 1, Che group of stags in a paddock. Data were collected
about 12 hours per day (at 6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) for three months. 2. Hinds in one group paddock (for two
months) and in individual paddock (for three months) and 3. Stag-hind pairs paddock (for two
months). Data were collected using the fokal sampling method of Martin and Batesan (1993).
Observation on stags grouped in one paddock showed various features including: rutting (the period
of maximum reproductive activity, rubbing the vegetation with their neck or antler), roaring
(its
frequency increases preceding a fight) , interest in hinds (they would aproach fences separating them
from the hinds), striking the fence, sparing (fighting mode of boxing or complex of display),
wallowing, rolling. scrape its feet on the ground sometimes using its antlers and make muddy mess,
cover their antler with bush, preputial palpitation with or without urine spraying which is used as a
scent marker, flehmen (lip curt), stretching its head, blowing and flattening of its noses, erection,
mounting other stags (homosexual mounl), follow other stags, smelling perineal regions of other
stags.
This behavior was also observed in previous work by Ismail (2002). The sexual behavior of stags
changed abruptly at hard antler stages and showed the dominance display. They showed preference
homosexual behavior including mounting other stags in sub ordinate hierarchy, sometimes they
showed erection with or without ejaculation. This phenomenon indicated no hind in the paddock,
observed by Tomaszweska et al 1991; Haigh dan Hudson 1993). Estrus signs of hinds in individual
167
International Asia Link Symposium Reproductive Biotechnology for Improved Animal Breeding in Southeast Asia
paddock showed that the hinds stood still when their back are pushed down (100%), redness of vulva
(average 96.12%) and only 43.18% showed vaginal discharge. Hinds aproaching estrus may spend
an increasing amount of time paying attention to the stag. Hinds in estrus in the grouping paddock
showed sexual signs such as uneasiness (13.42 times/day), striking out special voices (9.62
times/day). This estrus signs are more frequent than non estrus hinds (about 2.56 times/day and 1.93
timeslday). When they are kept separated from the stags and in the estrus phase they would
approach and ran along the fence which separating them from the stag.
Observation on stag-hind pairs paddock showed interaction of hinds in estrus with the stag. This is
the best indicator of their reproductive state. Sexual behavior of the stag consited of stretching of the
head (about 12,11 times/day)) flehmen (19.33/day) and nose blowing and flattening (11.33
timeslday). Hinds in estrus showed higher frequency of urination (about 25.11 timeslday) than non
estrus ones. Hinds and stag may be seen approaching one another. The stag always following and
rubbing his neck on the back region of the hind Urination as the sexual sign of hinds stimulated the
stag which licked the urine (about 18.44 times per day) and genital region of the hind (about 32 78
times/day). Finally the hind would yield for the stag. Shi took several steps backward with her tail
raised and the stag would mount the hind and lay over her back. Short mount occurred several times
and the actual moment of breeding took place only a few seconds. These results were supported by
previous report by Haigh and Hudson (1993). The general result frcm three treatments indicated that
timor deer are more easily handled , aggression and dangerous action are rare (except for males
during the hard antler period) and respond to continuous handling.
It is concluded that the sexual behavior of stags in the group paddock is dominated by stretching his
head, following other stag, mounting and erection. The sexual behavior of hinds in the group
paddock is dominated by striking out special voices, nervous, urination, approach and stay near
fences which separating them from the stag. Hinds in estrus phase in individual paddock are
dominated by striking out special voices, swelling, redness and sticky of the vulva, stand still when
it is pushed down on the back. The sexual behavior of stag-hind pairs in common paddock is
dominated by licking the genital region of hinds which is correlated with high urination frequency of
hinds in estrus.
168