Evaluation of Nutrient Digestibility of Goats Fed on Biofermented Cocoa Pods Using Phanerochaete chrysosporium Supplemented by Mangan (Mn) and Calsium (Ca)
Evaluation of Nutrient Digestibility of Goats Fed on Biofermented
Cocoa Pods Using Phanerochaete chrysosporium Supplemented
by Mangan (Mn) and Calsium (Ca)
Suparjo 1), E.B. Laconi 2), K. G. Wiryawan2), & D. Mangunwidjaya3)
1)
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science,
University of Jambi
2)
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University
3)
Department of Agricultural Industrial technology, Faculty of Agricultural
Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
Abstract
An in vivo experiment was conducted to evaluate biofermented cocoa pods to
substitute forages for goats. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized
Block Design on a total of 15 goats with 5 treatments and 3 blocks. Ration was
designed iso-protein (50 g/day) and TDN (359 g/day) using cocoa pod (CP) or napier
grass (NG) as forages and concentrate. The treatments consisted of concentrate
plus : 80% NG (R1); 60% EG (R2); 30% EG and 30% untreated CP (R3); 30%
EG and 30% bio fermented CP supplemented Mn and Ca (R4), and 30% NG and
50% biofermented CP supplemented Mn and Ca (R5). Variables measured were
feed consumption, nutrient digestibility and average daily gain.. Data were analyzed
with analysis of variance and followed by Duncan`s multiple range test. Results
showed that ration contained 30% biofermented CP supplemented by 100 ppm Mn
and 1 190 ppm Ca, 30% napier grass and 40% concentrate resulted in a better goat
performance and more profitable than other rations. Goats receiving such ration
had more advantage on dry matter consumption (560.33 g/day/head), dry matter
digestibility (70.48%), organic matter digestibility (74.31%), feed conversion (5.50),
average daily gain (101.79 g/day/head) and income over feed cost (Rp 1 192.80)
compared to the other treatments. It was concluded that cocoa pod biofermented
with Phanerochaete chrysosporium supplemented by Mangan ( 100 ppm Mn) and
Calsium (1 190 ppm Ca) is potential to be used as forages for substituting napier
grass for feeding goats during growing period.
Keywords: cocoa pod, biofermented, Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungi, nutrient
digestibility
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
447
Introducton
Cocoa pod s a bggest cocoa by-product. Some researchers utlzed cocoa pods
as anmal feed for cows (Smth et al. 1988; Amrroneas 1990; Lacon 1998), sheep
(Smth and Adegbola 1985), broler (Donkoh et al. 1991; Sobawma and Longe
1994; Olubamwa 2002; Tequa 2004), layer (Ose et al. 1991) and rabbt (Rdwan et
al. 1993). Utlzng cocoa pods on rumnant decrease feed dgestblty and anmal
performance (Smth and Adegbola 1985; Smth et al. 1988).
Constrans utlzng cocoa pods as anmal feed are low proten and hgh fber
contents. Hgh lgnn content and hard structure of cocoa pods can reduce feed
consumpton, dgestblty and anmal performance.
Utlzng cocoa pods as feed can mprove by pretreatment wth Phanerochaete
chrysosporium. P. chrysosporium boconverson can reduce tghtness lgnocellulose
bond and feed lgnn content. Fermentaton cocoa pods wth P. chrysosporium and
supplement Ca and Mn for 10 days result better dgestblty and cellulose lgnn
rato.
Materals and Methods
Man materals used were cocoa pods, manganese sulfat (MnSO4·H2O), calsum
chlorde (CaCl2) and P. chrysosporium fung. P. chrysosporium fung IFO 31249
were obtaned from Pusat Peneltan Kma-LIPI Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong.
Fungus were mantaned on mllet for 10 days.
Det composed to fulfll nutrent requrement goats wth weght 10kg and daly
gan 100 g day-1. Nutrent requrement base on 50g day-1 total proten and 359g day-1
total dgestblty nutrent (NRC 1981). Feed dry matter consumpton estmated as
bg as 645g day-1.
Fresh cocoa pods chopped and dred (dry matter +35%). Dred Cocoa pod was
supplemented wth 100 ppm Mn dan 1190 ppm Ca and noculated wth 0.9% P.
chrysosporium (Bonnen et al. 1994). Cocoa pod was fermented for 10 days.
Ffty goats wth an average lve weght of 11.60±1.54 kg were used to compared utlzaton of cocoa pods n randomzed complete desgn. Treatment dd n 3
perods were adaptaton perod for 30 days, prelmnary perod for 15 days and data
collecton for 28 days. Dets for data collecton perod were ad lbtum based on
voluntary feed ntake on prelmnary perod. Measured and analyzed varables were
feed and nutrent consumpton (g kg-1 BW0.75 day-1), average daly gan (g day-1),
nutrent dgestblty (total collecton method) and feed converson.
Data on feed ntake, growth, feed converson, feed dgestblty were analyzed
statstcally by analyss of varance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multple range test was
used to separate the means.
448
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Table 1. Composton det experment (%)
Feedstuffs
Naper grass (NG)
Cocoa pod (CP)
Fermented cocoa pod
Rce bran
Corn
Coconut Meal
Soybean Meal
Molasses
Salt
Feedmx
Total
Det Nutrent (% DM)
Dry matter
Crude proten
TDN
Treatment
A
80.0
0.0
0.0
9.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
84.88
10.18
58.93
B
60.0
0.0
0.0
29.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
86.31
11.29
62.37
C
30.0
30.0
0.0
29.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
86.29
11.32
61.59
D
30.0
0.0
30.0
29.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
E
30.0
0.0
50.0
9.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
86.25
12.89
62.59
84.78
12.86
59.29
Results and Dscusson
Feed Intake
The level of ntake and the characterstcs of dgeston depend closely on the
feedng behavour n goats reared n the goat house (Morand-Fehr 2005). Feed ntake can expressed n g day-1 (Lallo 1996), g BW-1 day-1 (Aregheore 2000) or g kg-1
BW0.75 day-1 (Ananda et al. 1996; Mandal et al. 2005). Dry matter ntake (Table 2)
were 433.92 - 560.33 g days-1 or 60.40 - 78.49 g kg-1 BW0.75. Some researches had
been reported that dry matter ntake by goats were 41.5 (Kondo et al. 2004), 46.0
(Ananda et al. 1996), 57.1 (Santra et al. 1998) and 61.8 g kg-1 BW0.75 day-1 (Aregheore 2006). The varaton of feed ntake caused nutrent content, partcularly feed
proten and energy (Lallo 1996), sex (Aregheore 1995) and feed composton (Aregheore 2006). Dry matter ntake ncreased wth ncreasng feed proten. However,
no sgnfcant (P>0.05) dfferences were obtaned among treatments. Lallo (1996)
reported dry matter ntake by goats ncreased n step ncreasng feed proten content.
Feed Digestibility
Dry matter dgestblty range from 55.36 to 70.48% (Table 3). Tuah et al.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
449
Table 2. Average nutrent consumpton (g day-1)
Treatment
Nutrent
A
B
C
D
E
a
a
a
Dry matter
433.92 ±8.40
499.29 ±59.05
537.93 ±24.04
560.33 ±57.07
549.83a±21.15
Organc matter
368.27b±7.13
427.69ab±50.59
467.41ab±20.89
492.31a±50.14
481.82a±16.16
b
ab
a
a
66.09a±14.56
Crude proten
a
45.17 ±0.87
58.92 ±6.97
63.48 ±2.84
71.55 ±7.29
Means wthn each treatment for each varable of dfferent superscrpt dffer (P
Cocoa Pods Using Phanerochaete chrysosporium Supplemented
by Mangan (Mn) and Calsium (Ca)
Suparjo 1), E.B. Laconi 2), K. G. Wiryawan2), & D. Mangunwidjaya3)
1)
Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Animal Science,
University of Jambi
2)
Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science,
Bogor Agricultural University
3)
Department of Agricultural Industrial technology, Faculty of Agricultural
Technology, Bogor Agricultural University
Abstract
An in vivo experiment was conducted to evaluate biofermented cocoa pods to
substitute forages for goats. The experiment was carried out using a Randomized
Block Design on a total of 15 goats with 5 treatments and 3 blocks. Ration was
designed iso-protein (50 g/day) and TDN (359 g/day) using cocoa pod (CP) or napier
grass (NG) as forages and concentrate. The treatments consisted of concentrate
plus : 80% NG (R1); 60% EG (R2); 30% EG and 30% untreated CP (R3); 30%
EG and 30% bio fermented CP supplemented Mn and Ca (R4), and 30% NG and
50% biofermented CP supplemented Mn and Ca (R5). Variables measured were
feed consumption, nutrient digestibility and average daily gain.. Data were analyzed
with analysis of variance and followed by Duncan`s multiple range test. Results
showed that ration contained 30% biofermented CP supplemented by 100 ppm Mn
and 1 190 ppm Ca, 30% napier grass and 40% concentrate resulted in a better goat
performance and more profitable than other rations. Goats receiving such ration
had more advantage on dry matter consumption (560.33 g/day/head), dry matter
digestibility (70.48%), organic matter digestibility (74.31%), feed conversion (5.50),
average daily gain (101.79 g/day/head) and income over feed cost (Rp 1 192.80)
compared to the other treatments. It was concluded that cocoa pod biofermented
with Phanerochaete chrysosporium supplemented by Mangan ( 100 ppm Mn) and
Calsium (1 190 ppm Ca) is potential to be used as forages for substituting napier
grass for feeding goats during growing period.
Keywords: cocoa pod, biofermented, Phanerochaete chrysosporium fungi, nutrient
digestibility
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
447
Introducton
Cocoa pod s a bggest cocoa by-product. Some researchers utlzed cocoa pods
as anmal feed for cows (Smth et al. 1988; Amrroneas 1990; Lacon 1998), sheep
(Smth and Adegbola 1985), broler (Donkoh et al. 1991; Sobawma and Longe
1994; Olubamwa 2002; Tequa 2004), layer (Ose et al. 1991) and rabbt (Rdwan et
al. 1993). Utlzng cocoa pods on rumnant decrease feed dgestblty and anmal
performance (Smth and Adegbola 1985; Smth et al. 1988).
Constrans utlzng cocoa pods as anmal feed are low proten and hgh fber
contents. Hgh lgnn content and hard structure of cocoa pods can reduce feed
consumpton, dgestblty and anmal performance.
Utlzng cocoa pods as feed can mprove by pretreatment wth Phanerochaete
chrysosporium. P. chrysosporium boconverson can reduce tghtness lgnocellulose
bond and feed lgnn content. Fermentaton cocoa pods wth P. chrysosporium and
supplement Ca and Mn for 10 days result better dgestblty and cellulose lgnn
rato.
Materals and Methods
Man materals used were cocoa pods, manganese sulfat (MnSO4·H2O), calsum
chlorde (CaCl2) and P. chrysosporium fung. P. chrysosporium fung IFO 31249
were obtaned from Pusat Peneltan Kma-LIPI Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong.
Fungus were mantaned on mllet for 10 days.
Det composed to fulfll nutrent requrement goats wth weght 10kg and daly
gan 100 g day-1. Nutrent requrement base on 50g day-1 total proten and 359g day-1
total dgestblty nutrent (NRC 1981). Feed dry matter consumpton estmated as
bg as 645g day-1.
Fresh cocoa pods chopped and dred (dry matter +35%). Dred Cocoa pod was
supplemented wth 100 ppm Mn dan 1190 ppm Ca and noculated wth 0.9% P.
chrysosporium (Bonnen et al. 1994). Cocoa pod was fermented for 10 days.
Ffty goats wth an average lve weght of 11.60±1.54 kg were used to compared utlzaton of cocoa pods n randomzed complete desgn. Treatment dd n 3
perods were adaptaton perod for 30 days, prelmnary perod for 15 days and data
collecton for 28 days. Dets for data collecton perod were ad lbtum based on
voluntary feed ntake on prelmnary perod. Measured and analyzed varables were
feed and nutrent consumpton (g kg-1 BW0.75 day-1), average daly gan (g day-1),
nutrent dgestblty (total collecton method) and feed converson.
Data on feed ntake, growth, feed converson, feed dgestblty were analyzed
statstcally by analyss of varance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multple range test was
used to separate the means.
448
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Table 1. Composton det experment (%)
Feedstuffs
Naper grass (NG)
Cocoa pod (CP)
Fermented cocoa pod
Rce bran
Corn
Coconut Meal
Soybean Meal
Molasses
Salt
Feedmx
Total
Det Nutrent (% DM)
Dry matter
Crude proten
TDN
Treatment
A
80.0
0.0
0.0
9.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
84.88
10.18
58.93
B
60.0
0.0
0.0
29.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
86.31
11.29
62.37
C
30.0
30.0
0.0
29.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
86.29
11.32
61.59
D
30.0
0.0
30.0
29.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
E
30.0
0.0
50.0
9.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
3.2
0.5
0.8
100.0
86.25
12.89
62.59
84.78
12.86
59.29
Results and Dscusson
Feed Intake
The level of ntake and the characterstcs of dgeston depend closely on the
feedng behavour n goats reared n the goat house (Morand-Fehr 2005). Feed ntake can expressed n g day-1 (Lallo 1996), g BW-1 day-1 (Aregheore 2000) or g kg-1
BW0.75 day-1 (Ananda et al. 1996; Mandal et al. 2005). Dry matter ntake (Table 2)
were 433.92 - 560.33 g days-1 or 60.40 - 78.49 g kg-1 BW0.75. Some researches had
been reported that dry matter ntake by goats were 41.5 (Kondo et al. 2004), 46.0
(Ananda et al. 1996), 57.1 (Santra et al. 1998) and 61.8 g kg-1 BW0.75 day-1 (Aregheore 2006). The varaton of feed ntake caused nutrent content, partcularly feed
proten and energy (Lallo 1996), sex (Aregheore 1995) and feed composton (Aregheore 2006). Dry matter ntake ncreased wth ncreasng feed proten. However,
no sgnfcant (P>0.05) dfferences were obtaned among treatments. Lallo (1996)
reported dry matter ntake by goats ncreased n step ncreasng feed proten content.
Feed Digestibility
Dry matter dgestblty range from 55.36 to 70.48% (Table 3). Tuah et al.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
449
Table 2. Average nutrent consumpton (g day-1)
Treatment
Nutrent
A
B
C
D
E
a
a
a
Dry matter
433.92 ±8.40
499.29 ±59.05
537.93 ±24.04
560.33 ±57.07
549.83a±21.15
Organc matter
368.27b±7.13
427.69ab±50.59
467.41ab±20.89
492.31a±50.14
481.82a±16.16
b
ab
a
a
66.09a±14.56
Crude proten
a
45.17 ±0.87
58.92 ±6.97
63.48 ±2.84
71.55 ±7.29
Means wthn each treatment for each varable of dfferent superscrpt dffer (P