Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency Plan
TELKOMNIKA, Vol.14, No.3A, September 2016, pp. 145~151
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited A by DIKTI, Decree No: 58/DIKTI/Kep/2013
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i3A.4422
145
Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological
Disaster Emergency Plan
1,2,3,5
Lu Huang1, Xiangang Luo2*, Zhong Xie3, Luyang Xiang4, Jingmin Tu5
Faculty of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430073, P. R.
China
4
Engineering Department, The 709th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation,
Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
*Corresponding author, e-mail: huanglu213@163.com
Abstract
Digital emergency plan is an important part of the emergency platform. This paper proceeds as
follow. Firstly, it presents the key technologies of digital emergency plan, emphasizing feature extraction,
multi-source information fusion and GIS technology. And then the processes of the geological disaster
emergency plan are discussed based on the “The national sudden geological disaster emergency plan” for
guideline, including regional geological disaster warning information response process and single
geological disaster emergency response information flow. Moreover, the digital prototype system is
designed, including the framework of geological disaster emergency plan of the overall structure, database
and function modules. Finally, based on MapGIS platform, B/S mode, using Flex, Flash Builder
technology, it developed the prototype system for experiment.
Keywords: Geological disaster; Emergency plan; Digital; GIS
Copyright © 2016 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
China is one of the worst-hit countries by geological disasters in the world. Especially
the sudden geological hazard would be hugely damaging, such as collapse, landslides,
mudslide ground sink and so on. During the past decade, the sudden geological hazard has
caused significant loss of people's lives and property safety each year. It restricts the
sustainable development of our society.
When disaster is coming, emergency plan is an important basis for making decision of
geological disaster emergency. On January 13, 2006, “The national sudden geological disaster
emergency plan” was released in our country. It reflected that the geological disaster
emergency response work became standardized and normalized in China [1].
Inform of text, the emergency plan has made outstanding contributions to the geological
disaster emergency work. However, with the increasing of sudden geological disasters, some
shortcomings of the text emergency plan have occurred in practice. (1) Static text plan is not
intuitive, timeliness, poor operability in the process of implementation. (2) Making emergency
decision often needs many aspects of emergency information by support, the text plan cannot
provide sharing information. (3) Emergency disposal strategies need to be developed by the
actual situation of the disaster, the text plan cannot achieve it. Therefore, it is necessary to
construct digital plan for using modern technology. It can play an important role in disaster
prevention and reduction.
Foreign research of digital plan started early. There are typical projects, such as digital
emergency plan system in America Savannah coastal area, American Ohio oil emergency
response system [2], emergency response plan and management system in Dartmouth, Britain,
crisis prevention information system in Germany [3, 4], the Uthmaniyah gas processing plant
emergency response plan system in sandi Arabia and so on.
In the aspect of emergency plan digital technology, Adriaanter Mors [5], Mark
Hoogendoom [6], Gheorghe Tecuci [7], Marco Scaioni [8] has done related research work. It
mainly concentrated in the process of modeling, emergency operation modeling and evaluation
and evaluation system.
Received March 22, 2016; Revised July 19, 2016; Accepted August 2, 2016
146
ISSN: 1693-6930
China woke up late to emergency management theory and technology. The standard of
emergency management system is still relatively frail. Through the massive literature retrieval,
we found that the articles about the analysis of digital emergency plan, process modeling are
limited.
At present, in our country, we have established some digital plan system in several
areas, such as the environmental pollution [9, 10], earthquake [11, 12], city track traffic [13], the
campus emergency [14], flood control [15]. But the geological disaster emergency plan digital
system is an unusual. The sudden geological disasters digital emergency plan is still in an
original stage.
Digital emergency plan is the implementation of the platform. It is an important part of
the emergency platform. Based on the “The national sudden geological disaster emergency
plan” for the program, using feature extraction, multi-source information fusion and GIS
technology, the paper analysis process of the geological disaster emergency plan. And then
design digital prototype system, including the framework of geological disaster emergency plan
of the overall structure, database and function modules. Based on MapGIS platform, B/S mode,
using Flex, Flash Builder technology, it developed the prototype system for experiment. It
achieves high efficiency and visualization of geological disaster emergency plan implementation
process.
The structure of the paper is as follows. To begin with we will provide a brief
background on the digital plan. Details on digital management mechanism of sudden geological
disaster emergency plan are discussed in later sections. Section 2 discusses sudden geological
disaster emergency plan process which includes general process of geological disaster
emergency, information flow of regional geological disaster emergency response and
information flow of single geological disaster emergency response. Section 3, prototype system
is developed for verifying the digital management mechanism. Section 4 is the conclusion of the
paper.
2. Research Method
2.1. Key Technology
(1) Feature extraction technology
Feature extraction is from text features to select the most representative features, in
order to reduce the dimension of feature space, which can achieve the purpose of reducing the
computational complexity and improving the classification accuracy. In the process of the digital
geological disaster emergency plan, we need to use feature extraction technology.
For example, extract important information about the geological disaster from “The
national sudden geological disaster emergency plan”, such as plans to start conditions, disaster
emergency response level, emergency organization, and so on. Extract the truth from the report
information, such as geological disaster type, time, place, personnel casualties and economic
losses, the rescue, and so on.
(2) Multisource information fusion technology
According to the actual demand of digital plan, for the main elements of information
involved in “The national sudden geological disaster emergency plan”, the collation,
comparison, processing and coordination and comprehensive treatment of geological hazard
information collected is needed to obtain the correlation and integration of information fusion.
In the paper, based on data center technology and spatial data engine (SDE)
technology, by means of combination of the multi-source information for emergency plans in
space or time redundancy or complementarity, it realizes the unity of the data storage and
management of geological disaster spatial and nonspatial data in the database.
(3) GIS Technology
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a kind of spatial information analysis
technology rapidly developed in recent years. Geographic Information System is refers to a kind
of computer system, which has the main task including collection, storage, management,
retrieval, analysis and description of spatial objects' location and related attribute data, and
answer user questions, in the support of computer software and hardware [16].
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 14, No. 3A, September 2016 : 145 – 151
TELKOMNIKA
ISSN: 1693-6930
147
Using the spatial analysis and spatial database management functions of GIS,
combined with the geological disasters emergency procedures, it can provide technical support
for the research of digitalized preplan [17, 18].
Table 1. GIS applied in geological disaster emergency plan in digitization
The function of GIS
Spatial data management
Two or three-dimensional visualization
Buffer analysis
Path analysis
Overlay analysis
……
Applied in geological disaster emergency plan in Digitization
Geospatial information, information on geological disasters, the
meteorological early warning information, resource distribution and
information management
Disaster map display, 3D scene simulation
Analysis of disaster affected area
Transfer the evacuation path analysis
Analysis of the threat of disaster area population
……
2.2. Digital Flow Analysis of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency Plan
(1) Overall process of geological disaster emergency
According to “The national sudden geological disaster emergency plan”, by the idea of
emergency management of backbone chain drives the key link of emergency response
technology, to design the main process of emergency management. It includes disaster
warning, disaster response preparation, identification, emergency disposal, response to the end
(Figure 1).
(2) Information flow of regional geological disaster emergency response
Early warning of regional geological hazard warning forecasting, refers to a geological
disaster warning information release mechanism in a certain period which geo-logical disasters
may occur collapse, landslides, mudslides and others.
Using feature extraction technology, extract feature of “The national sudden geological
disaster emergency plan”. According to the regional geological disaster early warning response
plan work process, it can be divided into the early warning, emergency response plan,
triggering, and warning termination stage. The core content of the digital early warning of
regional geological disaster response plan is shown in Figure 2.
(3) Information flow of single geological disaster emergency response
Single geological disaster emergency plan is in response to the occurrence of
geological disasters, in view of the specific characteristics of geological disaster or hidden points
and the environment. According to the local economic and social level or ability, disaster
prevention and mitigation work program can ensure personal safety, property safety and
environment and advance the development of the good.
Using feature extraction technology, extract feature of “The national sudden geological
disaster emergency plan”. The work processes of single emergency plan included preliminary
geological disasters, verification, start plan, emergency response and response of end stage.
The core content of the digital early warning of single geological disaster response plan
is shown in Figure 3.
Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency … (Xiangang Luo)
148
ISSN: 1693-6930
Figure 1. Division of geological disaster emergency stage
Figure 2. Information flow of regional geological disaster emergency response
Figure 3. Information flow of single geological disaster emergency response
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 14, No. 3A, September 2016 : 145 – 151
TELKOMNIKA
ISSN: 1693-6930
149
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Development Framework
The prototype system is developed based on MapGIS platform, using the browser /
server mode (B/S mode). The customer terminal is developed by Flex technology, using Flash
Builder 4.5 as the client development environment. Web server uses WCF framework to
develop and mature, it will be released to the IIS application server, and for the client calls. The
data layer uses Microsoft SQL Server2005 as the database file management system, GIS data
server layer uses spatial data for storage and management capabilities provided by MapGIS
platform, to solve the complex problems of spatial data access, modify the data type, and so on
(Figure 4).
3.2. Overall Framework Design
The construction of sudden geological disasters digital emergency plan system is based
on B/S model, MapGIS IGServer platform. The four layer structure including the data layer, GIS
application support layer, application layer and user layer (Figure 5).
Figure 4. Development framework
Figure 5. Overall system architecture
3.3. Database Design
In the geological disaster emergency plan digital sys-tem, it needs the massive spatial
data and relational data-base for data support, the data types can be divided into the following
six types of database: basic geographic database, basic geological database, geological hazard
database, meteorological warning database, rainfall database and emergency resource
database. The spatial data is stored in the MapGIS SDE, using SQL Server database to store
the relational data (Figure 6).
3.4. Function Design
According to different contingency plan, the functions of sudden geological disaster
emergency plan digital sys-tem includes two parts, regional geological disasters and geological
disasters haplotype module (Figure 7).
Figure 6. Database design
Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency … (Xiangang Luo)
150
ISSN: 1693-6930
Emergency warning
Emergency warning
Regional geological
Regional geological
disasters
disasters
Disaster verification
Disaster verification
response preparation
response preparation
digital
digital
system
system of
of
sudden
sudden
geological
geological
disaster
disaster
emergency
emergency
plan
plan
Disaster grade evaluation
Disaster grade evaluation
layer control
layer control
Emergency warning
Emergency warning
Disaster verification
Disaster verification
Disaster grade evaluation
Disaster grade evaluation
response preparation
response preparation
Emergency resource
Emergency resource
allocation
allocation
Single geological
Single geological
disasters
disasters
Hazard identification
Hazard identification
Emergency disposal
Emergency disposal
Experts to verify
Experts to verify
formation of expert group
formation of expert group
formation of the working
formation of the working
group
group
Emergency investigation
Emergency investigation
Material / personnel
Material / personnel
distribution
distribution
Emergency monitoring
Emergency monitoring
resourcesallocation
resourcesallocation
Emergency evaluation
Emergency evaluation
Response to end
Response to end
Response to end
Response to end
Results archive
Results archive
Figure 7. System function structure
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the paper analyzes the process of the geological disaster emergency
plan. And then design digital prototype system. Based on MapGIS platform, B/S mode, using
Flex, Flash Builder technology, the prototype system is developed for experiment. The prototype
system inter-face is shown in Figure 8.
It transfers the emergency plan in the implementation of the information from the
original into a modern way. It changes the emergency plan in the implementation of technology
by the experience of experts into intelligent auxiliary means. Future work includes: (1) To
achieve Intelligent emergency plan using intelligent technology. (2) To establish a typical
emergency management case data-base is another aspect.
Figure 8. Interface of prototype system
Conflict of Interest
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Special Project of Minis-try of Land and Resources for
Public Industry Research (201211055) and the Central Universities (CUGL130259), the views
expressed are the authors’ alone.
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 14, No. 3A, September 2016 : 145 – 151
TELKOMNIKA
ISSN: 1693-6930
151
References
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Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency … (Xiangang Luo)
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited A by DIKTI, Decree No: 58/DIKTI/Kep/2013
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v14i3A.4422
145
Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological
Disaster Emergency Plan
1,2,3,5
Lu Huang1, Xiangang Luo2*, Zhong Xie3, Luyang Xiang4, Jingmin Tu5
Faculty of Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430073, P. R.
China
4
Engineering Department, The 709th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation,
Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
*Corresponding author, e-mail: huanglu213@163.com
Abstract
Digital emergency plan is an important part of the emergency platform. This paper proceeds as
follow. Firstly, it presents the key technologies of digital emergency plan, emphasizing feature extraction,
multi-source information fusion and GIS technology. And then the processes of the geological disaster
emergency plan are discussed based on the “The national sudden geological disaster emergency plan” for
guideline, including regional geological disaster warning information response process and single
geological disaster emergency response information flow. Moreover, the digital prototype system is
designed, including the framework of geological disaster emergency plan of the overall structure, database
and function modules. Finally, based on MapGIS platform, B/S mode, using Flex, Flash Builder
technology, it developed the prototype system for experiment.
Keywords: Geological disaster; Emergency plan; Digital; GIS
Copyright © 2016 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
China is one of the worst-hit countries by geological disasters in the world. Especially
the sudden geological hazard would be hugely damaging, such as collapse, landslides,
mudslide ground sink and so on. During the past decade, the sudden geological hazard has
caused significant loss of people's lives and property safety each year. It restricts the
sustainable development of our society.
When disaster is coming, emergency plan is an important basis for making decision of
geological disaster emergency. On January 13, 2006, “The national sudden geological disaster
emergency plan” was released in our country. It reflected that the geological disaster
emergency response work became standardized and normalized in China [1].
Inform of text, the emergency plan has made outstanding contributions to the geological
disaster emergency work. However, with the increasing of sudden geological disasters, some
shortcomings of the text emergency plan have occurred in practice. (1) Static text plan is not
intuitive, timeliness, poor operability in the process of implementation. (2) Making emergency
decision often needs many aspects of emergency information by support, the text plan cannot
provide sharing information. (3) Emergency disposal strategies need to be developed by the
actual situation of the disaster, the text plan cannot achieve it. Therefore, it is necessary to
construct digital plan for using modern technology. It can play an important role in disaster
prevention and reduction.
Foreign research of digital plan started early. There are typical projects, such as digital
emergency plan system in America Savannah coastal area, American Ohio oil emergency
response system [2], emergency response plan and management system in Dartmouth, Britain,
crisis prevention information system in Germany [3, 4], the Uthmaniyah gas processing plant
emergency response plan system in sandi Arabia and so on.
In the aspect of emergency plan digital technology, Adriaanter Mors [5], Mark
Hoogendoom [6], Gheorghe Tecuci [7], Marco Scaioni [8] has done related research work. It
mainly concentrated in the process of modeling, emergency operation modeling and evaluation
and evaluation system.
Received March 22, 2016; Revised July 19, 2016; Accepted August 2, 2016
146
ISSN: 1693-6930
China woke up late to emergency management theory and technology. The standard of
emergency management system is still relatively frail. Through the massive literature retrieval,
we found that the articles about the analysis of digital emergency plan, process modeling are
limited.
At present, in our country, we have established some digital plan system in several
areas, such as the environmental pollution [9, 10], earthquake [11, 12], city track traffic [13], the
campus emergency [14], flood control [15]. But the geological disaster emergency plan digital
system is an unusual. The sudden geological disasters digital emergency plan is still in an
original stage.
Digital emergency plan is the implementation of the platform. It is an important part of
the emergency platform. Based on the “The national sudden geological disaster emergency
plan” for the program, using feature extraction, multi-source information fusion and GIS
technology, the paper analysis process of the geological disaster emergency plan. And then
design digital prototype system, including the framework of geological disaster emergency plan
of the overall structure, database and function modules. Based on MapGIS platform, B/S mode,
using Flex, Flash Builder technology, it developed the prototype system for experiment. It
achieves high efficiency and visualization of geological disaster emergency plan implementation
process.
The structure of the paper is as follows. To begin with we will provide a brief
background on the digital plan. Details on digital management mechanism of sudden geological
disaster emergency plan are discussed in later sections. Section 2 discusses sudden geological
disaster emergency plan process which includes general process of geological disaster
emergency, information flow of regional geological disaster emergency response and
information flow of single geological disaster emergency response. Section 3, prototype system
is developed for verifying the digital management mechanism. Section 4 is the conclusion of the
paper.
2. Research Method
2.1. Key Technology
(1) Feature extraction technology
Feature extraction is from text features to select the most representative features, in
order to reduce the dimension of feature space, which can achieve the purpose of reducing the
computational complexity and improving the classification accuracy. In the process of the digital
geological disaster emergency plan, we need to use feature extraction technology.
For example, extract important information about the geological disaster from “The
national sudden geological disaster emergency plan”, such as plans to start conditions, disaster
emergency response level, emergency organization, and so on. Extract the truth from the report
information, such as geological disaster type, time, place, personnel casualties and economic
losses, the rescue, and so on.
(2) Multisource information fusion technology
According to the actual demand of digital plan, for the main elements of information
involved in “The national sudden geological disaster emergency plan”, the collation,
comparison, processing and coordination and comprehensive treatment of geological hazard
information collected is needed to obtain the correlation and integration of information fusion.
In the paper, based on data center technology and spatial data engine (SDE)
technology, by means of combination of the multi-source information for emergency plans in
space or time redundancy or complementarity, it realizes the unity of the data storage and
management of geological disaster spatial and nonspatial data in the database.
(3) GIS Technology
Geographic Information System (GIS) is a kind of spatial information analysis
technology rapidly developed in recent years. Geographic Information System is refers to a kind
of computer system, which has the main task including collection, storage, management,
retrieval, analysis and description of spatial objects' location and related attribute data, and
answer user questions, in the support of computer software and hardware [16].
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 14, No. 3A, September 2016 : 145 – 151
TELKOMNIKA
ISSN: 1693-6930
147
Using the spatial analysis and spatial database management functions of GIS,
combined with the geological disasters emergency procedures, it can provide technical support
for the research of digitalized preplan [17, 18].
Table 1. GIS applied in geological disaster emergency plan in digitization
The function of GIS
Spatial data management
Two or three-dimensional visualization
Buffer analysis
Path analysis
Overlay analysis
……
Applied in geological disaster emergency plan in Digitization
Geospatial information, information on geological disasters, the
meteorological early warning information, resource distribution and
information management
Disaster map display, 3D scene simulation
Analysis of disaster affected area
Transfer the evacuation path analysis
Analysis of the threat of disaster area population
……
2.2. Digital Flow Analysis of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency Plan
(1) Overall process of geological disaster emergency
According to “The national sudden geological disaster emergency plan”, by the idea of
emergency management of backbone chain drives the key link of emergency response
technology, to design the main process of emergency management. It includes disaster
warning, disaster response preparation, identification, emergency disposal, response to the end
(Figure 1).
(2) Information flow of regional geological disaster emergency response
Early warning of regional geological hazard warning forecasting, refers to a geological
disaster warning information release mechanism in a certain period which geo-logical disasters
may occur collapse, landslides, mudslides and others.
Using feature extraction technology, extract feature of “The national sudden geological
disaster emergency plan”. According to the regional geological disaster early warning response
plan work process, it can be divided into the early warning, emergency response plan,
triggering, and warning termination stage. The core content of the digital early warning of
regional geological disaster response plan is shown in Figure 2.
(3) Information flow of single geological disaster emergency response
Single geological disaster emergency plan is in response to the occurrence of
geological disasters, in view of the specific characteristics of geological disaster or hidden points
and the environment. According to the local economic and social level or ability, disaster
prevention and mitigation work program can ensure personal safety, property safety and
environment and advance the development of the good.
Using feature extraction technology, extract feature of “The national sudden geological
disaster emergency plan”. The work processes of single emergency plan included preliminary
geological disasters, verification, start plan, emergency response and response of end stage.
The core content of the digital early warning of single geological disaster response plan
is shown in Figure 3.
Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency … (Xiangang Luo)
148
ISSN: 1693-6930
Figure 1. Division of geological disaster emergency stage
Figure 2. Information flow of regional geological disaster emergency response
Figure 3. Information flow of single geological disaster emergency response
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 14, No. 3A, September 2016 : 145 – 151
TELKOMNIKA
ISSN: 1693-6930
149
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Development Framework
The prototype system is developed based on MapGIS platform, using the browser /
server mode (B/S mode). The customer terminal is developed by Flex technology, using Flash
Builder 4.5 as the client development environment. Web server uses WCF framework to
develop and mature, it will be released to the IIS application server, and for the client calls. The
data layer uses Microsoft SQL Server2005 as the database file management system, GIS data
server layer uses spatial data for storage and management capabilities provided by MapGIS
platform, to solve the complex problems of spatial data access, modify the data type, and so on
(Figure 4).
3.2. Overall Framework Design
The construction of sudden geological disasters digital emergency plan system is based
on B/S model, MapGIS IGServer platform. The four layer structure including the data layer, GIS
application support layer, application layer and user layer (Figure 5).
Figure 4. Development framework
Figure 5. Overall system architecture
3.3. Database Design
In the geological disaster emergency plan digital sys-tem, it needs the massive spatial
data and relational data-base for data support, the data types can be divided into the following
six types of database: basic geographic database, basic geological database, geological hazard
database, meteorological warning database, rainfall database and emergency resource
database. The spatial data is stored in the MapGIS SDE, using SQL Server database to store
the relational data (Figure 6).
3.4. Function Design
According to different contingency plan, the functions of sudden geological disaster
emergency plan digital sys-tem includes two parts, regional geological disasters and geological
disasters haplotype module (Figure 7).
Figure 6. Database design
Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency … (Xiangang Luo)
150
ISSN: 1693-6930
Emergency warning
Emergency warning
Regional geological
Regional geological
disasters
disasters
Disaster verification
Disaster verification
response preparation
response preparation
digital
digital
system
system of
of
sudden
sudden
geological
geological
disaster
disaster
emergency
emergency
plan
plan
Disaster grade evaluation
Disaster grade evaluation
layer control
layer control
Emergency warning
Emergency warning
Disaster verification
Disaster verification
Disaster grade evaluation
Disaster grade evaluation
response preparation
response preparation
Emergency resource
Emergency resource
allocation
allocation
Single geological
Single geological
disasters
disasters
Hazard identification
Hazard identification
Emergency disposal
Emergency disposal
Experts to verify
Experts to verify
formation of expert group
formation of expert group
formation of the working
formation of the working
group
group
Emergency investigation
Emergency investigation
Material / personnel
Material / personnel
distribution
distribution
Emergency monitoring
Emergency monitoring
resourcesallocation
resourcesallocation
Emergency evaluation
Emergency evaluation
Response to end
Response to end
Response to end
Response to end
Results archive
Results archive
Figure 7. System function structure
4. Conclusion
In conclusion, the paper analyzes the process of the geological disaster emergency
plan. And then design digital prototype system. Based on MapGIS platform, B/S mode, using
Flex, Flash Builder technology, the prototype system is developed for experiment. The prototype
system inter-face is shown in Figure 8.
It transfers the emergency plan in the implementation of the information from the
original into a modern way. It changes the emergency plan in the implementation of technology
by the experience of experts into intelligent auxiliary means. Future work includes: (1) To
achieve Intelligent emergency plan using intelligent technology. (2) To establish a typical
emergency management case data-base is another aspect.
Figure 8. Interface of prototype system
Conflict of Interest
The authors confirm that this article content has no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the Special Project of Minis-try of Land and Resources for
Public Industry Research (201211055) and the Central Universities (CUGL130259), the views
expressed are the authors’ alone.
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 14, No. 3A, September 2016 : 145 – 151
TELKOMNIKA
ISSN: 1693-6930
151
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Digital Management Mechanism of Sudden Geological Disaster Emergency … (Xiangang Luo)