Oil Palm Fronds (OPF) as potential affordable source of feeds for ruminants small holder farms
Oil Palm Fronds (OPF) as Potential Affordable Source of Feeds for
Ruminants Small Holder Farms
¹Mohammad Amizi, A., 2Yazid, M.E., 2Abdul Razak, M.N, 3Mohd Mansor Ismail, &
4
Mohammed Alimul Islam
1
Integrated Agrotechnology and Resourse Management (IATReM) Research Center
UITM (Perlis)
2
Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perlis)
3
Institute of Agricultural and Food Policies Studies, (IKDPM) UPM
4
School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Presently, the most important constraints faced by the ruminants industry are
not only the high cost of feeds but also their shortage. The shortage is especially so
in the supply of palm kernel cakes (PKC) since 95% of PKC produced in Malaysia
were exported to European Union (EU) countries for their dairy industries (Sabah
Veterinary Services, 2009). Most of the cattle industries (about 47%) in Malaysia
are run by small holders and traditional farmers. With the sufficiency level of 24.4%,
it can be considered low as far as food security level is concerned. The current
challenges faced by both small holders and traditional farmers are the high cost of
feedstuff for the ruminants industry such as cattle and goats. The main reason for the
slow growth of the ruminant industry is due to the high demand and shortage of PKC
and at the same time the high cost of soya bean meal (SBM), the best alternative. Oil
Palm Fronds (OPF) on the other hand are possible substitutes as affordable feeds for
ruminants in cases where forages and fodder are limited. Furthermore, with the huge
planted hectare of oil palm in Malaysia and Indonesia, the potential for constant
supply of oil palm fronds is huge. Studies have shown the recommended levels of
OPF in the total mixed rations (on dry matter basis) are 50% for beef cattle and 30%
for dairy cattle and goats. Although the energy level is only 5.6M.E/MJ/kg and the
crude protein (CP) is 4.7%, the OPF can be considered reliable due to their constant
supply and with the dry matter production of 9.7mt/hectare/year can be considered
sustainable feed for the ruminant industry. This paper reviews the potential of OPF
as an alternative and affordable source of feeds for ruminants for smallholders and
traditional farmers to sustain the growth of industry in Malaysia and Indonesia.
Keywords: cattle, feeds, Oil Palm Fronds (OPF), small holders, traditional farmers
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
335
Introducton
The issues at hand with the ruminant industry in Malaysia
In Malaysa, natural forages are freely grown and the extensve system s
wdely practced by the smallholders. The lvestock graze on poor qualty natve
pastures such as carpet grass (Axonopus compresses) and Paspalum spp whch are
the common vegetaton grown under the waste land and under the tree crop. The slow
growth of the lvestock ndustry n Malaysa s manly due lmted forage speces
and the lack of techncal knowhow among the small holders. In addton, the hgh
cost of feed and shortage of palm kernel cake (PKC) supply also contrbuted to the
constrants (Sabah Veternary Servces, 2009). The prospects of ncreasng farmland
for grass and fodder are smply not favorable (Joseph, 1991) because the natonal
thrd agrcultural polcy (NAP3) stated that any converson of tropcal ranforest to
pasture for grazng had not enough justfcaton n terms of envronment or economc
vablty. The rumnants ndustry then was left to be carred out by the tradtonal
farmers except for feedlot projects whch were mplemented n bg scales by the
prvate sector or ndvduals. The potental of bomass products especally from ol
palm trees need to be gven specal attenton snce ths s the most logcal source of
affordable feed.
Oil Palm Fronds (OPF) Availability as Source of Feeds for Ruminants
Prevously the ol palm fronds are abundant as waste materals left rottng
wthn the stackng rows and manly used to recycle as compostng fertlzers and
for sol conservaton. After the ntroducton of cattle and goat ntegraton programs
n ol palm plantatons, the potental of OPF has been observed when the cattle and
goats were seen grazng on the ol palm fronds. Usually the cattle and goats would
turn to ol palm fronds f the forages n the grazng area were not avalable. Ths
happened when the ol palm reached the stage where the canopy became extensve
thus preventng forages to grow due of poor lghtng. Takng advantage of ths, wth
the assumpton of the average of economc lfe span of ol palm of 25 years, ths
would gve a huge and promsng supply of OPF for the rumnants ndustry. Wth
the present ncrease n ol palm exports and rsng revenue, t s very lkely and most
surely that there wll be a tremendous ncrease of ol palm areas n both Malaysa
and Indonesa. Ths n turn wll provde a good opportunty to harness the bomass
byproduct whch ncludes ol palm fronds. The best thng about ol palm fronds s
that they are avalable at all tmes when the prunng, harvestng and replantng are
beng carred out. The ol palm fronds can be taken by cattle and goats as feeds
ether green or conserved as slages n combnaton wth other ngredents as total
mxed raton (Abu Hassan and Ishda 1991). The ol palm fronds are smlar to rce
straws n that they have fbrous characterstc.
336
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Availability of Oil Palm Fronds
Ol palm fronds are avalable at all tmes when the prunng, harvestng and
replantng have been carred out (Table 1).
Oil Palm Fronds from pruning and routine harvesting
The total dry weght of fronds can also be obtaned from routne prunng and
harvestng (Table 2). OPF are avalable regularly n terms of dry weght and seem to
be more sustanable resources of bomass compared to other ol palm bomass such
as palm press fber (PPF), palm kernel cake (PKC), ol palm trunks (OPT) and other
bomass products such as soya bean meal (SBM), rapeseed and maze.
Comparison Cost of Other Biomass Products with Oil Palm Fronds
The cost of ol palm fronds pellets (OPFP) s lower compared to PKC and
SBM (Table 3). The feed converson rate (FCR) for 7 kg OPFP produced an average
daly gan weght (ADGW) of 0.8 kg to 1.1 kg for Kedah Kelantan Cattle whch cost
n the range of USD 1.33 to produce 1kg ADGW (Mard 2008). Compared to PKC
ratons of 80% PKC, 17.5% grass/hay, 1.5% lmestone and 1% mneral premx (M
Wan Zahar and A .R Almon 2004) the cost was USD 1.70.
Table 1. Avalablty of fronds durng fellng at replantng n mllon tons n 2009
Locaton
Pennsular Malaysa
Sabah
Sarawak
Total
Ol palm
(mature ha)
Fronds dry weght
(ml tons)
2,489,814
1,361,598
839,748
4,691,160
1.80
0.99
0.61
3.40
Sources: Based on 5% replantng of mature areas at 14.47t/ha of dry weght of fronds at fellng taken
from Chan 1999.
Table 2. Total Avalablty of fronds from annual prunng and harvestng n mllon tons n
2009
Locaton
Pennsular Malaysa
Sabah
Sarawak
Total
Ol Palm
(mature ha)
2,489,814
1,361,598
839,748
4,691,160
Fronds dry weght
(ml tones)
25.91
14.17
8.74
49.36
Sources: Based on 10.4tones dry weght/ha from prunng and harvestng taken from Chan 1999.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
337
Table 3. Cost Comparson of OPF, PKC and SBM
Palm Kernel
Cake (PKC)
Materal cost
Range USD
150- 174
Based on the
CPO prce
zone USD
903- 1000
Delvery cost
USD 53-66
Total
Total Cost
Soya Bean
Meal (SBM)
Total Cost
Materal
Cost
USD 472520
USD 174
USD 66
USD 66
USD 240
USD 586
Fresh ol
Ol Palm
palm Fronds Frond Pellet
(OPF)
(OPFP)
Free
USD 180
USD 10
NIL
USD190
Sources: Mohammad Amz Ayob et al. (2011)
Nutritive Potential of Oil Palm Fronds as Ruminant feeds
OPF contan less crude proten compared to the SBM and PKC (Table 4). The
expeller PKC and SBM showed hgher crude proten (CP) and metabolzable energy
(ME). Although OPF only contan 4.7% CP and 5.7mj/kg ME, the cost of OPF s stll
much cheaper compared to the both PKC and SBM. Furthermore, OPF s abundant,
free and avalable at all tmes. The ADGW n cattle s not much dfferent when fed
wth OPF compared to PKC wth excepton of SBM and ths was shown n a study
of Brahman cattle when fed wth PKC and OPF showed the ADGW of 0.75kg and
0.65kg respectvely and when fed wth SBM showed the ADGW of between 1.2kg
to 1.3kg (Almon and Har Bejo 1995). Even though the ADGW was slow compared
to PKC and SBM, the bg dfference, OPF was much cheaper.
Table 4. Comparson of Nutrtve Value of By- Product (%)
By product
CP
CF
NDF
ADF
EE
ASH
TDN
DM
ME
(MJ/kg)
Soya Bean Meal
(SBM)
Ol Palm Fronds
(OPF)
Palm Kernel Cake
(PKC)
48
7.0
14.0
10.0
18.8
5.5
78
90
13.3
4.7
38.5
78.7
52.9
2.1
3.2
45
30.2
5.70
17.2
17.1
74.3
55.6
1.5
4.3
65
89
11.3
CP: Crude Proten, CF: Crude Fbre, NDF: Neutral Detergent Fbre, ADF: Acd Detergent Fber, EE:
Ether Extract, TDN: Total Dgestblty Nutrent, DM: Dry Matter, ME: Metabolzable Energy.
Sources: Almon and Har Bejo (1995), and Baze, John C (2000).
338
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
The other potental of OPF s that t can be mxed n mxed ratons thus
reducng cost n the usage of PKC and SBM (Wan Zahar et al 2003). Ths wll then
make anmal feeds affordable to tradtonal farmers whch mostly domnated the
rumnants ndustry n ths regon.
Concluson
OPF has a huge potental as substtute of rumnants feeds due to ther avalablty
and sustanable supply at all tmes compared to other by products. Contnuous
promoton of OPF as value added product for lvestock feeds wll gve a hgher
mpact potental durng shortage of the lvestock feed. The lower cost of lvestock
feed s necesstes due to the Rumnants ndustry n Malaysa and South East Asa
were domnantly accommodate by the tradtonal farmers and small holders. Ths
can sustan the rumnants ndustry and contrbute the food securty n red meat
producton. Further research of the mxed raton wth OPF needs to be carred out to
observe for other potentals of ths byproduct.
References
Abu Hassan, O and M. Ishda. 1991. Effect of water, molasses and urea addton on
ol palm frond slage qualty-Fermentaton characterstcs and palatablty to
Kedah Kelantan bulls in Proc. of 3rd Int. Sym. On the Nutrition of Herbivores.
25th-30th August 1991, Penang, Malaysa.
Almon, A.R and M.Har Bejo. 1995. Feedng systems based on ol palm byproducts
n Malaysa. 1st Internatonal Symposum on the ntegraton of lvestock to ol
palm producton. MSAP/FAO and UPM, 25-27th June 1995, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysa.
Baze, John C. 2000. Global Soybean Meal Samplng and Analyss Actvty (Fnal Report); Submtted to Amercan Soybean Assocaton and Unted Soybean
Board by John C. Baze and Assocates; 7124 Carol Lane, Fall Church, VA
22042-371.
Chan. K.W. 1999. Bomass producton n the ol palm ndustry n Ol Palm and the
Envronment - A Malaysan Perspectve (Gurmt.S,.Lm,K,H., Teo, L and Lee,
K. Davd eds) Malaysan Ol Palm Growers’ Councl. November 1999, p 4153.
Joseph, K.T 1991. Sustanng Agrcultural Land n Malaysa: Polces, Prospects
and Problems n Proc. Seminar on Sixth Malaysian Plan, Agricultural Policies
and Strategies, Abdul Azz, S.A.K et al.(eds). Pp3-17
MARDI. 2008. Anmal Feed From Ol Palm Fronds www. mard.gov.my [ 21st
March 2012 ]
Mohammad Amz Bn Ayob, Mohammed Almul Islam, Conne Fay Komlus, As-
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
339
ss Kamu and Adran Syrl Motung. 2011. Palm Kernel Cake as an economcally sustanable hgh energy feeds for farm anmals n Proc International
Conference and Exhibition of Palm Oil 2011; Palm Oil Industry for Planet
Prosperity. Jakarta Conventon Centre, Jakarta Indonesa 11th -13th May 2011.
Proc No 6.
Sabah Veternary Servces. 2009. Paper presented on MBID workshop on 5th November 2009, Promenade Hotel, Kota Knabalu , Sabah
Wan Zahar, M Abu Hassan, A. Wong, H. K and Lang J. B. 2003. Asian- Australian
J Animal Sci 2003 Vol 16 No 4 , 625-634.
Wan Zahar and A R Almon. 2004. Use of Palm Kernel Cake and Ol Palm By Product n Compound Feed, Palm Ol Developments.
340
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Ruminants Small Holder Farms
¹Mohammad Amizi, A., 2Yazid, M.E., 2Abdul Razak, M.N, 3Mohd Mansor Ismail, &
4
Mohammed Alimul Islam
1
Integrated Agrotechnology and Resourse Management (IATReM) Research Center
UITM (Perlis)
2
Faculty of Plantation and Agrotechnology, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perlis)
3
Institute of Agricultural and Food Policies Studies, (IKDPM) UPM
4
School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA.
1
Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract
Presently, the most important constraints faced by the ruminants industry are
not only the high cost of feeds but also their shortage. The shortage is especially so
in the supply of palm kernel cakes (PKC) since 95% of PKC produced in Malaysia
were exported to European Union (EU) countries for their dairy industries (Sabah
Veterinary Services, 2009). Most of the cattle industries (about 47%) in Malaysia
are run by small holders and traditional farmers. With the sufficiency level of 24.4%,
it can be considered low as far as food security level is concerned. The current
challenges faced by both small holders and traditional farmers are the high cost of
feedstuff for the ruminants industry such as cattle and goats. The main reason for the
slow growth of the ruminant industry is due to the high demand and shortage of PKC
and at the same time the high cost of soya bean meal (SBM), the best alternative. Oil
Palm Fronds (OPF) on the other hand are possible substitutes as affordable feeds for
ruminants in cases where forages and fodder are limited. Furthermore, with the huge
planted hectare of oil palm in Malaysia and Indonesia, the potential for constant
supply of oil palm fronds is huge. Studies have shown the recommended levels of
OPF in the total mixed rations (on dry matter basis) are 50% for beef cattle and 30%
for dairy cattle and goats. Although the energy level is only 5.6M.E/MJ/kg and the
crude protein (CP) is 4.7%, the OPF can be considered reliable due to their constant
supply and with the dry matter production of 9.7mt/hectare/year can be considered
sustainable feed for the ruminant industry. This paper reviews the potential of OPF
as an alternative and affordable source of feeds for ruminants for smallholders and
traditional farmers to sustain the growth of industry in Malaysia and Indonesia.
Keywords: cattle, feeds, Oil Palm Fronds (OPF), small holders, traditional farmers
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
335
Introducton
The issues at hand with the ruminant industry in Malaysia
In Malaysa, natural forages are freely grown and the extensve system s
wdely practced by the smallholders. The lvestock graze on poor qualty natve
pastures such as carpet grass (Axonopus compresses) and Paspalum spp whch are
the common vegetaton grown under the waste land and under the tree crop. The slow
growth of the lvestock ndustry n Malaysa s manly due lmted forage speces
and the lack of techncal knowhow among the small holders. In addton, the hgh
cost of feed and shortage of palm kernel cake (PKC) supply also contrbuted to the
constrants (Sabah Veternary Servces, 2009). The prospects of ncreasng farmland
for grass and fodder are smply not favorable (Joseph, 1991) because the natonal
thrd agrcultural polcy (NAP3) stated that any converson of tropcal ranforest to
pasture for grazng had not enough justfcaton n terms of envronment or economc
vablty. The rumnants ndustry then was left to be carred out by the tradtonal
farmers except for feedlot projects whch were mplemented n bg scales by the
prvate sector or ndvduals. The potental of bomass products especally from ol
palm trees need to be gven specal attenton snce ths s the most logcal source of
affordable feed.
Oil Palm Fronds (OPF) Availability as Source of Feeds for Ruminants
Prevously the ol palm fronds are abundant as waste materals left rottng
wthn the stackng rows and manly used to recycle as compostng fertlzers and
for sol conservaton. After the ntroducton of cattle and goat ntegraton programs
n ol palm plantatons, the potental of OPF has been observed when the cattle and
goats were seen grazng on the ol palm fronds. Usually the cattle and goats would
turn to ol palm fronds f the forages n the grazng area were not avalable. Ths
happened when the ol palm reached the stage where the canopy became extensve
thus preventng forages to grow due of poor lghtng. Takng advantage of ths, wth
the assumpton of the average of economc lfe span of ol palm of 25 years, ths
would gve a huge and promsng supply of OPF for the rumnants ndustry. Wth
the present ncrease n ol palm exports and rsng revenue, t s very lkely and most
surely that there wll be a tremendous ncrease of ol palm areas n both Malaysa
and Indonesa. Ths n turn wll provde a good opportunty to harness the bomass
byproduct whch ncludes ol palm fronds. The best thng about ol palm fronds s
that they are avalable at all tmes when the prunng, harvestng and replantng are
beng carred out. The ol palm fronds can be taken by cattle and goats as feeds
ether green or conserved as slages n combnaton wth other ngredents as total
mxed raton (Abu Hassan and Ishda 1991). The ol palm fronds are smlar to rce
straws n that they have fbrous characterstc.
336
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
Availability of Oil Palm Fronds
Ol palm fronds are avalable at all tmes when the prunng, harvestng and
replantng have been carred out (Table 1).
Oil Palm Fronds from pruning and routine harvesting
The total dry weght of fronds can also be obtaned from routne prunng and
harvestng (Table 2). OPF are avalable regularly n terms of dry weght and seem to
be more sustanable resources of bomass compared to other ol palm bomass such
as palm press fber (PPF), palm kernel cake (PKC), ol palm trunks (OPT) and other
bomass products such as soya bean meal (SBM), rapeseed and maze.
Comparison Cost of Other Biomass Products with Oil Palm Fronds
The cost of ol palm fronds pellets (OPFP) s lower compared to PKC and
SBM (Table 3). The feed converson rate (FCR) for 7 kg OPFP produced an average
daly gan weght (ADGW) of 0.8 kg to 1.1 kg for Kedah Kelantan Cattle whch cost
n the range of USD 1.33 to produce 1kg ADGW (Mard 2008). Compared to PKC
ratons of 80% PKC, 17.5% grass/hay, 1.5% lmestone and 1% mneral premx (M
Wan Zahar and A .R Almon 2004) the cost was USD 1.70.
Table 1. Avalablty of fronds durng fellng at replantng n mllon tons n 2009
Locaton
Pennsular Malaysa
Sabah
Sarawak
Total
Ol palm
(mature ha)
Fronds dry weght
(ml tons)
2,489,814
1,361,598
839,748
4,691,160
1.80
0.99
0.61
3.40
Sources: Based on 5% replantng of mature areas at 14.47t/ha of dry weght of fronds at fellng taken
from Chan 1999.
Table 2. Total Avalablty of fronds from annual prunng and harvestng n mllon tons n
2009
Locaton
Pennsular Malaysa
Sabah
Sarawak
Total
Ol Palm
(mature ha)
2,489,814
1,361,598
839,748
4,691,160
Fronds dry weght
(ml tones)
25.91
14.17
8.74
49.36
Sources: Based on 10.4tones dry weght/ha from prunng and harvestng taken from Chan 1999.
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
337
Table 3. Cost Comparson of OPF, PKC and SBM
Palm Kernel
Cake (PKC)
Materal cost
Range USD
150- 174
Based on the
CPO prce
zone USD
903- 1000
Delvery cost
USD 53-66
Total
Total Cost
Soya Bean
Meal (SBM)
Total Cost
Materal
Cost
USD 472520
USD 174
USD 66
USD 66
USD 240
USD 586
Fresh ol
Ol Palm
palm Fronds Frond Pellet
(OPF)
(OPFP)
Free
USD 180
USD 10
NIL
USD190
Sources: Mohammad Amz Ayob et al. (2011)
Nutritive Potential of Oil Palm Fronds as Ruminant feeds
OPF contan less crude proten compared to the SBM and PKC (Table 4). The
expeller PKC and SBM showed hgher crude proten (CP) and metabolzable energy
(ME). Although OPF only contan 4.7% CP and 5.7mj/kg ME, the cost of OPF s stll
much cheaper compared to the both PKC and SBM. Furthermore, OPF s abundant,
free and avalable at all tmes. The ADGW n cattle s not much dfferent when fed
wth OPF compared to PKC wth excepton of SBM and ths was shown n a study
of Brahman cattle when fed wth PKC and OPF showed the ADGW of 0.75kg and
0.65kg respectvely and when fed wth SBM showed the ADGW of between 1.2kg
to 1.3kg (Almon and Har Bejo 1995). Even though the ADGW was slow compared
to PKC and SBM, the bg dfference, OPF was much cheaper.
Table 4. Comparson of Nutrtve Value of By- Product (%)
By product
CP
CF
NDF
ADF
EE
ASH
TDN
DM
ME
(MJ/kg)
Soya Bean Meal
(SBM)
Ol Palm Fronds
(OPF)
Palm Kernel Cake
(PKC)
48
7.0
14.0
10.0
18.8
5.5
78
90
13.3
4.7
38.5
78.7
52.9
2.1
3.2
45
30.2
5.70
17.2
17.1
74.3
55.6
1.5
4.3
65
89
11.3
CP: Crude Proten, CF: Crude Fbre, NDF: Neutral Detergent Fbre, ADF: Acd Detergent Fber, EE:
Ether Extract, TDN: Total Dgestblty Nutrent, DM: Dry Matter, ME: Metabolzable Energy.
Sources: Almon and Har Bejo (1995), and Baze, John C (2000).
338
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
The other potental of OPF s that t can be mxed n mxed ratons thus
reducng cost n the usage of PKC and SBM (Wan Zahar et al 2003). Ths wll then
make anmal feeds affordable to tradtonal farmers whch mostly domnated the
rumnants ndustry n ths regon.
Concluson
OPF has a huge potental as substtute of rumnants feeds due to ther avalablty
and sustanable supply at all tmes compared to other by products. Contnuous
promoton of OPF as value added product for lvestock feeds wll gve a hgher
mpact potental durng shortage of the lvestock feed. The lower cost of lvestock
feed s necesstes due to the Rumnants ndustry n Malaysa and South East Asa
were domnantly accommodate by the tradtonal farmers and small holders. Ths
can sustan the rumnants ndustry and contrbute the food securty n red meat
producton. Further research of the mxed raton wth OPF needs to be carred out to
observe for other potentals of ths byproduct.
References
Abu Hassan, O and M. Ishda. 1991. Effect of water, molasses and urea addton on
ol palm frond slage qualty-Fermentaton characterstcs and palatablty to
Kedah Kelantan bulls in Proc. of 3rd Int. Sym. On the Nutrition of Herbivores.
25th-30th August 1991, Penang, Malaysa.
Almon, A.R and M.Har Bejo. 1995. Feedng systems based on ol palm byproducts
n Malaysa. 1st Internatonal Symposum on the ntegraton of lvestock to ol
palm producton. MSAP/FAO and UPM, 25-27th June 1995, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysa.
Baze, John C. 2000. Global Soybean Meal Samplng and Analyss Actvty (Fnal Report); Submtted to Amercan Soybean Assocaton and Unted Soybean
Board by John C. Baze and Assocates; 7124 Carol Lane, Fall Church, VA
22042-371.
Chan. K.W. 1999. Bomass producton n the ol palm ndustry n Ol Palm and the
Envronment - A Malaysan Perspectve (Gurmt.S,.Lm,K,H., Teo, L and Lee,
K. Davd eds) Malaysan Ol Palm Growers’ Councl. November 1999, p 4153.
Joseph, K.T 1991. Sustanng Agrcultural Land n Malaysa: Polces, Prospects
and Problems n Proc. Seminar on Sixth Malaysian Plan, Agricultural Policies
and Strategies, Abdul Azz, S.A.K et al.(eds). Pp3-17
MARDI. 2008. Anmal Feed From Ol Palm Fronds www. mard.gov.my [ 21st
March 2012 ]
Mohammad Amz Bn Ayob, Mohammed Almul Islam, Conne Fay Komlus, As-
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012
339
ss Kamu and Adran Syrl Motung. 2011. Palm Kernel Cake as an economcally sustanable hgh energy feeds for farm anmals n Proc International
Conference and Exhibition of Palm Oil 2011; Palm Oil Industry for Planet
Prosperity. Jakarta Conventon Centre, Jakarta Indonesa 11th -13th May 2011.
Proc No 6.
Sabah Veternary Servces. 2009. Paper presented on MBID workshop on 5th November 2009, Promenade Hotel, Kota Knabalu , Sabah
Wan Zahar, M Abu Hassan, A. Wong, H. K and Lang J. B. 2003. Asian- Australian
J Animal Sci 2003 Vol 16 No 4 , 625-634.
Wan Zahar and A R Almon. 2004. Use of Palm Kernel Cake and Ol Palm By Product n Compound Feed, Palm Ol Developments.
340
Proceeding of the 2nd International Seminar on Animal Industry | Jakarta, 5-6 July 2012