Evaluation of Regulations in Determining Suitable Areas for Chicken Farming Using Geographic Information System (Case Study in Singkawang West Kalimantan).

0

EVALUATION OF REGULATIONS IN DETERMINING
SUITABLE AREAS FOR CHICKEN FARMING
USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
(CASE STUDY IN SINGKAWANG WEST KALIMANTAN)

AGUS FITRIADI

GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2011

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STATEMENT

I, Agus Fitriadi, hereby stated that this thesis entitled:
EVALUATION OF REGULATIONS IN DETERMINING
SUITABLE AREAS FOR CHICKEN FARMING

USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
(CASE STUDY IN SINGKAWANG WEST KALIMANTAN)

is result of my own work under the supervision of advisory board during the period of
February until July 2011 and that it has not been published before. The content of the
thesis has been examined by the advisory board and external examination.

Bogor, August 2011

Agus Fitriadi
G051090071

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ABSTRACT
AGUS FITRIADI. Evaluation of Regulations in Determining Suitable Areas for
Chicken Farming Using Geographic Information System (Case Study in Singkawang
West Kalimantan). Under the Supervision of NAHROWI and ADE KOMARA
MULYANA
Singkawang, West Kalimantan, has the potential for developing chicken farming.

Criteria for establishing chicken farming in Indonesia are regulated by a national
regulation issued in 1982. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness
of this regulation in determining suitable location for the development of broiler and
layer farm in Singkawang. For comparison purposes, some process was carried out
using similar regulation issued by the Australia Authority. Geographic Information
System (GIS) equipped by spatial analysis with weighted overlay was used in the data
processing. Pairwise comparison method was applied to obtain weight of each criterion
base on expert judgment. The criteria used in this study were topography, environment,
infrastructure, and social and poultry development plan. New formulation by
combining criteria in the Indonesian and Australian regulation was introduced. The
weight of theses criteria were adjusted accordingly by emphasizing some factor relevant
namely water source, feed source and flood risk area The amount of land area suitable
for the layer and broiler farm development in Singkawang was wider when applying
criteria from Australia regulation than criteria from Indonesia regulation (96.10% or
56, 624 ha versus 70.66% or 43, 104 ha). Equal weighting of the criteria produced
wider suitable area. Suitable area for chicken farming was 43,359.96 ha or 71.5 % when
applying new formulation. It is concluded that the Indonesia regulation has not been
effective to apply in Singkawang. Combining and adjusting the citeria of both
regulations in the new formulation produced satisfy results in determining the suitable
area.

Keyword: chicken farming, gis processing, regulation, singkawang

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ABSTRAK
AGUS FITRIADI. Evaluasi Peraturan dalam Menentukan Kesesuaian Area untuk
Peternakan Ayam
Menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis (Studi kasus di
Singkawang Kalimantan Barat).
Di bawah bimbingan NAHROWI dan ADE
KOMARA MULYANA
Singkawang, Kalimantan Barat, memiliki potensi untuk mengembangkan peternakan
ayam. Kriteria untuk mendirikan peternakan ayam di Indonesia diatur dengan peraturan
nasional yang dikeluarkan pada tahun 1982. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk
mengevaluasi efektivitas peraturan ini dalam menentukan lokasi yang sesuai untuk
pengembangan peternakan ayam pedaging dan ayam petelur di Singkawang. Untuk
tujuan perbandingan, beberapa proses dilakukan dengan menggunakan peraturan serupa
yang diterbitkan oleh Otoritas Australia. Sistem Informasi Geografis (GIS) yang
dilengkapi dengan analisis spasial dengan weighted overlay

digunakan dalam
pengolahan data. Metode perbandingan berpasangan diterapkan untuk memperoleh
bobot masing-masing kriteria dasar berdasarkan penilaian ahli. Kriteria yang digunakan
dalam penelitian ini adalah topografi, lingkungan, infrastruktur, social dan rencana
pengembangan paternakan unggas. Formulasi baru dibuat dengan menggabungkan
kriteria dalam peraturan Indonesia dan Australia. Bobot kriteria telah disesuaikan
dengan menekankan beberapa faktor yang relevan yaitu sumber air, sumber pakan dan
daerah resiko banjir . Jumlah luas lahan yang sesuai untuk pengembangan
peternakan ayam petelur dan ayam pedaging di Singkawang lebih luas ketika
menerapkan kriteria pada peraturan Australia dari kriteria pada peraturan Indonesia
(96,10% atau 56, 624 ha dibandingkan 70,66% atau 43, 104 ha). Bobot yang sama dari
kriteria menghasilkan wilayah yang sesuai yang lebih luas. Wilayah yang sesuai untuk
peternakan ayam adalah 43,359.96 ha atau 71,5% ketika menerapkan formulasi baru.
Hal ini disimpulkan bahwa bahwa peraturan Indonesia belum efektif untuk diterapkan
di Singkawang. Menggabungkan dan menyesuaikan kriteria kedua peraturan dalam
formulasi baru yang mendapatkan hasil memuaskan dalam menentukan daerah yang
sesuai.

Kata kunci: peternakan ayam , proses gis , peraturan, singkawang

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SUMMARY
Singkawang is a municipality in West Kalimantan that has an area around 504
km2 and is known as a center for vegetables and livestock. The city is dominated by
poultry products to the needs of other districts. Poultry products can supply to various
districts in west Kalimantan, and able to meet the needs for the province. This makes
Singkawang as centers of farm products, especially chicken product. Another factor that
supports the development of chicken farms in West Kalimantan was due to free from
avian influenza (AI) disease. West Kalimantan got certificate from Indonesia Ministry
of Agricultural due to free of the disease. Moreover, the development of poultry
industry is also supported by organic fertilizer factory in Singkawang.
The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of the regulations
in establishing the farm and to determine a suitable location for the development of
broiler and layer farm in Singkawang, West Kalimantan using Geographic Information
System (GIS).
Every country has regulations in determining a suitable area for the development
of broiler and layer farms including the countries of Indonesia and Australia.
Government of Indonesia has an instrument to regulate the establishment of chicken
farming, i.e. SK Ditjen NAK No: 774/ KPTS/DJT/Deptan years 1982 which regulate

the establishment of layer and broiler chicken farms. One country that has a design of
the chicken farming area is Australia, especially in South Australia. That country also
has a regulation to establish a poultry farm in the Guidelines for the Establishment and
Operation of Poultry Farms in South Australia. This regulation has many criteria to
regulate the establishment and planning of chicken farms.
GIS Application is an automated process that generates a spatially oriented
product or result needed by a user. It may include: map update or map production, data
query and display, spatial analysis, or other processes that use GIS software and
geographic data. This application gives users in the office and in the field effective and
easy-to-use ways to access information, answer question, generate products, and support
decision-making.
The materials used in this study were digital and analog map, secondary data
from relevant agencies in Singkawang, Indonesia’s Regulation (IR) and Australia’s
Regulation (AR) of Poultry Farming Establishment and GIS Software. Data requirement
that used in this study were : climate factor ( temperature and humidity), feed sources,
settlement, water sources, elevation, road access, waste management, poultry farming
planning area (IR), and meteorology, future residential, availability of water,
topography, road access, poultry management plan, risk of flooding area, soil type,
proximity to processor, electricity supply, vegetation (AR).
Pairwise comparison method and weighted overlay analysis were used in this

study. Pairwise comparison was part of analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The
comparison between each indicator was obtained from expert teams, having the
objective to make comparative judgment on the relative importance of each pair of
indicators in term of the criterion they measure. Pairwise comparison result weight of
each criterion and processed in weighted overlay. Overlay was a spatial analysis that
combines at least two layers of data as input data. This process was performed on the
data in the form of vector or raster data. The principle of the overlay on the raster data

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was to perform an arithmetic process on the pixel input data to produce new pixels as
the output data. Weighted overlay was an overlay process that uses weights for each
criterion. In the weighted overlay process, the input data is in the form of raster data,
which located and stored data using a matrix structure or pixels that make up the grid.
The data used consist of several layers of different raster. Weighted Overlay was a
technique for applying a common measurement scale of values to diverse and
dissiminate inputs to create an integrated analysis
Results from weighted overlay based on expert judgment indicate that: suitable
area of topography was 48,257.57 ha or 79.11% (IR) and 55,383.57 ha or 90.7% (AR),
environment was 60,070 ha or 98.5% (AR), infra structure was 5,769.56 ha or 9.5 %

(AR), all factors was 21,276.04 ha or 51.27 % (IR) and 54,716.11 ha or 89.70% (AR).
Results from weighted overlay based on equal weight indicate that: suitable area
of topography was 48,257.57 ha or 79.11% (IR) and 55,383.57 ha or 90.7% (AR),
environment was 60,070 ha or 98.5% (AR), infra structure was 12,267.97 ha or 20.04 %
(AR), all factors was 43,104.02 ha or 70.66% (IR) and 56,624.44 ha or 96.10 % (AR).
Based on results of the weighted overlay process can showed that equal weight
produced a wider suitable area. All of the criteria used to determine suitable areas
affected each other. Adding criteria that had wide suitable area produced wider suitable
area in weighted result although other criteria were non suitable. This output was
related to the process of weighted overlay. .
The amount of land area suitable for the layer and broiler farm development in
Singkawang was wider when applying criteria from Australia regulation than criteria
from Indonesia regulation (96.10% or 56, 624 ha versus 70.66% or 43, 104 ha). New
formulation was the result of the evaluation of GIS processing on both the regulation for
determining the location of the poultry farm. Several criteria have higher weight,
namely: feed sources, water sources and flooding area. The suitable area were 43,359.96
ha or 71.52%. When applying the new formulation.
It is concluded regulation of establishing chicken farming in Indonesia has not
been effective to apply in Singkawang. Suitable location for development of poultry in
Singkawang was wider when applying the regulation of Australia than Indonesia.

Recommendation from this study is some criteria such as electricity distribution,
flooding area, soil type and diseases factors should be added to Indonesia regulation.
Chicken farming that are located in not suitable areas should be considered and
relocated by local government. Research on determination of suitable chicken faming
using GIS should be continued by adding economic and farm management criteria.

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Copyright @ 2011, Bogor Agricultural University
1. It is prohibited to cite all of part of this thesis without referring to end
mentioning the source:
a. Citation only permitted for the sake of education, research, scientific writing,
report writing, critical writing or reviewing scientific problem.
b. Citation does not inflict the name and honor of Bogor Agricultural
University.
2. It is prohibited to republish and reproduce all part of the thesis without written
permission from Bogor Agricultural University.

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EVALUATION OF REGULATIONS IN DETERMINING
SUITABLE AREAS FOR CHICKEN FARMING
USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
(CASE STUDY IN SINGKAWANG WEST KALIMANTAN)

AGUS FITRIADI

A thesis submitted for the Degree Master of Science in Information Technology for
Natural Resources Management Study Program

GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2011

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External Examiner: Dr. Ir. Luki Abdullah, M.Sc,Agr

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Research Title

:

Evaluation of Regulations in Determining
Suitable Areas for Chicken Farming Using
Geographic Information System (Case Study in
Singkawang West Kalimantan).

Student Name

:

Agus Fitriadi

Student ID

:

G051090071

Study Program

:

Master of Science in Information Technology for
Natural Resources Management

Approved by,
Advisory Board

Prof. Dr. Ir. Nahrowi , M.Sc.
Supervisor

Dr. Ade Komara Mulyana, M.Sc
Co-Supervisor

Endorsed by,

Program Coordinator

Dean of the Graduate School

Dr. Ir. Hartrisari Hardjomidjojo, DEA

Dr. Ir. Dahrul Syah, M.Sc.Agr

Date of examination:
August 12, 2011

Date of Graduation:

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ACKNOWLEDMENTS
Alhamdulillah, Thanks to Almighty of ALLAH SWT, which has given me the
opportunity and ability to complete this thesis. The success of this study would not have
been possible without various contributions and supports from many people and I will
not be able to mention them one by one. Of course, I would like to express my highly
appreciation to all of them.
Thanks the author goes to Ministry of Agriculture for giving me the opportunity
to continue my studies and providing the financial support for overall expenses during
the whole study at Master of Science in Information Technology for Natural Resources
Management, Bogor Agricultural University. Beside that, thanks to Prof. Dr. Ir.
Nahrowi, M.Sc as my supervisor and Dr. Ir. Ade Komara Mulyana, as co-supervisor for
their guidance, supporting and kindly provided me the valuable advice of my research.
Moreover, I would like to express my gratitude to the external examiner Dr. Ir. Luki
Abdullah, M.Sc,Agr for giving advice and valuable correction to make my thesis
acceptable.
Thanks the author goes to several institutions in Singkawang such as Regional
Planning Agency (BAPPEDA), Forestry and Agricultural services and Environment
Services that facilitated me to obtain field data during my research.
Finally, thank to all staff in MIT secretariat that support our administration,
technical and facility, also all MIT lectures who taught me very important knowledge
during my study. Also, thank to my colleagues in MIT for helping, supporting and
togetherness during my study in MIT program.
Hopefully, this thesis could give positive and good contribution for anyone.

Bogor, August 2011
Agus Fitriadi

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CURRICULUM VITAE

The Author, Agus Fitriadi was born in Ketapang, West Kalimantan,
Indonesia on October 15 th 1975. He finished his elementary and junior
school in Ketapang, and finished of Development Agricultural School
in Singkawang. He finished his bachelor degree from Islam Malang
University, faculty of Animal husbandry in 1998. He entered IPB
Graduate School in year 2009. The author was enrolled as Scholarship
student from the Ministry of Agricultural in Master of Science in
Information Technology for Natural Resources Management, Bogor Agricultural
University and complete his master study in 2011. Currently, he works as Teacher in
Development Agricultural School in Singkawang, West Kalimantan Province. The
author’s Final Thesis is “Evaluation of Regulations in Determining Suitable Areas for
Chicken Farming Using Geographic Information System (Case Study in Singkawang
West Kalimantan)”.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………

xi

LIST OF TABLE ……………………………………………………

xii

LIST OF FIGURE ……………………………………………………

xiv

LIST OF APPENDIX ………………………………………………..

xv

I. INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………

1

1.1 Background ………………………………………………

1

1.2 Problem statement …………………………………………

2

1.3 Research objective …………………………………………

3

1.4 Output ………………………………………………………

3

1.5 Outcome ……………………………………………………

3

II. LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………….

5

2.1 Chicken farming ……………………………………………

5

2.2 Regulation of chicken farming establishment ………………

7

2.3 Geographic information system in poultry …………………

8

2.4 Geographic information system (GIS) processing …………

9

III. MATERIALS AND METHOD …………………………………..

11

3.1 Time and location …………………………………………

11

3.2 Materials ……………………………………………………

11

3.3 Method ……………………………………………………

15

3.3.1

Pre field work …………………………………

15

3.3.2

Field data recording ………………………….

16

3.3.3

Data processing ……………………………..

17

3.3.3.1 Pairwise comparison method ……….

17

3.3.3.2 Weighted overlay ………………………

19

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3.4 Research flowchart …………………………………………

20

3.4.1

GIS processing in Indonesia regulation …………

22

3.4.2

GIS processing in Australia regulation …………

23

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION ……………………………………
4.1 Comparison of criteria ………………………………………
4.1.1

4.1.2

25
25

Topography factor ………………………………

25

4.1.1.1 Road access ………………………………

25

4.1.1.2 Water sources …………………………….

27

4.1.1.3 Elevation ………………………………

29

4.1.1.4 Temperature ……………………………

30

4.1.1.5 Humidity …………………………………

31

4.1.1.6 Vegetation ……………………………

32

4.1.1.7 Weighted overlay in topography factors..

33

Environment factor …………………………

35

4.1.2.1 Weighted overlay in environment factors

36

4.1.2.2 Environment factors compared chicken
farming ……………………………...
4.1.3

37

Infra structure factor ……………………………

38

4.1.3.1 Weighted overlay in infrastructure factors

40

4.1.3.2 Infrastructure factors compared chicken
farming………………………………..
4.1.4

Social factor …………………………………

41
42

4.2 Weighted overlay of all factors ……………………………

45

4.3 Comparison with existing chicken farming locations …..

48

4.4 New criteria formulation ………………………………..

54

V. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ………………….

57

5.1 Conclusion ………………………………………………

57

5.2 Recommendation ………………………………………

57

REFERENCES ……………………………………………………………

59

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LIST OF TABLE
Page
Table 1

Parameters to regulate chicken farming establishment in Indonesia
versus Australia ………………………………………………

Table 2 Data needed for applying Indonesia regulation….. ……………..

12
13

Table 3 Data needed for applying the regulation of poultry farms in South
Australia …………………………………………………………

13

Table 4 Pairwise comparison scale…………………………………………

18

Table 5 Example of a pairwise comparison matrix…………………………

18

Table 6 Weight each criteria according to expert and equal weight ……

20

Table 7 Quality of water in Singkawang river……………………………

52

Table 8 Data requirement for new formulation…………………………

54

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LIST OF FIGURE
Page
Figure 1 Map of Singkawang municipality in West Kalimantan Province …….

11

Figure 2 The sequence of work ……………………………………………

15

Figure 3 Existing chicken farming in Singkawang ……………………….

17

Figure 4 Research flowchart …………………………………………………

21

Figure 5 GIS processing in Indonesia Regulation …………………………

22

Figure 6 GIS processing in Australia regulation…………………………..

23

Figure 7 Suitable areas based on road acces criteria according to Indonesia
regulation (A) and Australia regulation (B) …………………….

25

Figure 8 Suitable areas based on water sources criteria according to Indonesia
regulation (A) and Australia regulation(B)………..

27

Figure 9 Suitable areas based on elevation criteria …………………….

29

Figure 10 Temperature data in Singkawang ( 2006 to 2010)…..………..

30

Figure 11 Humidity data in Singkawang (2006 to 2010)………………

31

Figure 12 Suitable areas based on vegetation criteria according to Australia
regulation. ………………………………………….

32

Figure 13 Suitable areas according to topography factors based on expert and
equal weight using Indonesia regulation (A) and Australia regulation
(B) ………………………………………………..

34

Figure 14 Suitable areas according to environmental factors based on flooding
area (A) and soil type (B) using Australia regulation…

35

Figure 15 Suitable areas according to environmental factors based on expert
and equal weight ……………………………………………
Figure 16 Environment factors compared chicken farming ……………

36
37

Figure 17 Suitable areas according to infrastructure factors based on
electricity supply(A) and processor (B) using Australia regulation

38

Figure 18 Suitable areas according to infrastructure factors based on expert
judgment (A) and equal weight (B) ……..…………………

40

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Figure 19 Suitable areas according to infrastructure factors based on expert (A)
and equal weight(B) ………………………………………….

41

Figure 20 Suitable area base on social factor according to Indonesia (A) and
Australia regulation (B) …………………………..………….
Figure 21 Density and distribution population in Singkawang ……………

43
44

Figure 22 Suitable areas according to weight overlay all factors based on
expert judgment using Indonesia regulation (A) and Australia
regulation (B) ………………………………………………….

45

Figure 23 Suitable areas according to weighted overlay all factors base on
equal weight using Indonesia (A) and Australia regulation (B)...
Figure 24 Illustration of calculate grid on weighted overlay ……………

47
48

Figure 25 Suitable areas all factors based on expert judgment compared
chicken farming using Indonesia (A) and Australia regulation(B)

49

Figure 26 Suitable areas all factors based on equal weight compared chicken
farming using Indonesia(A) and Australia Reguation(B)………..

50

Figure 27 The wide of suitable area based on expert ……………………….

53

Figure 28 The wide of suitable area based on equal weight………………..

53

Figure 29 New Formulation based combination of both regulation ………

56

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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1 List of expert ……………….……………………………………

63

Appendix 2 Input of Pairwise Comparison Method of All Criteria…………..

65

Appendix 3 Questionnaire ……………………………………………............

71

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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
Singkawang, one area in West Kalimantan has an area around 504 km2 and
is known as a center for vegetables and livestock. Poultry populations in 2008
were 1,720,800 head of layers, 2,075,000 heads of broiler chickens, 394,549
heads of domestic chicken and 10,794 head of ducks (BPS, 2008). The city has
already self-sufficient in supplying poultry products and even able to supply to
other districts. The poultry products have been distributed to various districts in
west Kalimantan, and able to meet the needs for the province.
Factor that support the development of chicken farms in West Kalimantan
is that this area is free from Avian influenza (AI) disease. The province has got a
certificate “Avian influenza free” from Indonesia ministry of agriculture. The
condition provides an opportunity to farmers or local government to develop a
poultry industry. The success was obtained mainly due to the biosecurity applied
both by local governments and

chicken farming industry. The good biosecurity

produced areas that are free from AI diseases. FAO (2008) stated that biosecurity
refers to those measures that should be taken to minimize the risk of incursion of
highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) into individual production units
(bioexclusion) and the risk of outward transmission (biocontainment) and onward
transmission through the production and marketing chain. Another factor that
constributes to development of poultry industry is the high demand of litter or
faecal from poultry industry for organic fertilizer production. The fertilizer is
very useful for vegetable and/or other agriculutural production.
Government of Indonesia has an instrument to regulate the establishment
of chicken farming namely SK Ditjen NAK No 774/ KPTS/DJT/Deptan 1982.
The regulation contained two items, and each items consisted of sub items as
following: (a) Farm locations: distance to the residential, housing design,
availability of water resources and employment

(b) Animal health: equipment

and farms environmental. This regulation may be too general to regulate the
establishment of poultry farm in a field. So, study to evaluate application of the

2

regulations in accordance with the conditions at the location of poultry farms
needs to be done.
Australia as developed country, especially South Australia, had a
regulation to establish and operate a poultry farm. The regulation had many
criteria to regulate the establishment and planning of chicken farms. Compared
with the Australian regulation, the Indonesia regulation does not have
management like dead bird disposal, soil type, waste management, electricity
supply, and economic considerations. Therefore, study to compare and combine
these regulations to determine suitable location for chicken farming in
Singkawang was necessary.
Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based information
system that enables capture, modeling, storage, retrieval, sharing, manipulation,
analysis and presentation of geographically referenced data. Geospatial or
geographically referenced is a special data that relates to the surface of the earth
(Worboys and Duckham, 2004). Geographic Information System technology is
very helpful to display and present data in map form. Many researches have been
done concerning the use of GIS in determining suitable location for animal waste
location in agricultural fields. However, no data has been reported regarding the
determination of chicken farming sites in Singkawang using Geographic
Information System.

1.2 Problem Statement
Singkawang has the potential to develop and increase the poultry
production in West Kalimantan. Most of the poultry products (meat and eggs)
have been produced from Singkawang and the number of production meets the
demand of animal protein in West Kalimantan. Regional spatial planning has
been used to describe the planning of agricultural development, including poultry
farming in West Kalimantan. But the planning has not explained about the
optimum location for the development of poultry faming. This study expected to
find areas suitable for establishing and developing chicken farms in Singkawang
and give useful information to local farmers and government.

3

1.3 Research Objective
The objectives of this research were to compare effectiveness of the
regulation belong to Indonesia and Australia in establishing chicken farms and to
determine suitable areas for chicken farming in the Singkawang.
1.4 Output
The output of this research was suitable areas for chicken farming
development in Singkawang.
1.4 Outcome
Results of the study were expected to be a source of information for
decision making to design the chicken farming in Singkawang. This information
could be used by local government to provide input on the spatial plan regarding
the establishment of chicken farming.

4

5

II. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Chicken Farming
The condition of poultry farms in Singkawang has prospects for
developed. The number of poultry can be increased considering the availability of
land, the potential of human resources, and high market demand. Currently, the
needs of poultry products (chicken meat and eggs) in West Kalimantan mostly
come from Singkawang. The numbers of poultry in Singkawang were: 1,720,800
head of layers, 2,075,000 heads of broiler chickens, 394,549 heads of domestic
chicken and 10,794 head of ducks (BPS, 2008). Chicken farm development in
Singkawang should be done in a suitable land and spatial planning from local
government.
There were three distinct components of the modern poultry industry,
namely layers (birds producing eggs), broilers (birds producing meat) and breeder
farms. In general, thousands of purpose-bred chickens were delivered to the farm
within hours of hatching. These birds are housed and raised within large, naturally
or mechanically ventilated sheds, having some degree of climate control. Feed is
dispensed to the growing birds from bulk bins via an automatic feeder.
A continuous supply of water is also made available (EPA, 1998). Frederick and
Huda (2011) states the condition of the environment such as bird droppings, soil,
dust, and waste had an important role in spreading salmonella in poultry.
Profitability is directly dependent upon the performance of the hens. Some
technical aspects to be considered such as feeding availability and quality,
management and rearing techniques, and chicken performance. When putting
these techniques into practice, "environmental control" which implies creating an
optimum environment for living and production, is a prerequisite. Therefore, it is
necessary to (1) understand the physiological characteristics of hens, and (2)
create the optimum environment tailored to these characteristics. The ventilation
is not only for supplying the necessary amount of oxygen, but also to provide
optimum environmental conditions with seasonal changes in temperature and
humidity (Tsuzi, 1980). Good environment for the location of poultry cages

6

should have been planned before building the farming, as this will affect
production.
Climate is very influential factor on poultry production. Appropriate
location for the poultry farms provides a suitable climate for chicken. Creswell
and Hardjosworo (1979) reported that poultry is "homoeothermic" which must
maintain body temperature within narrow limits if the expected efficiency of the
function call. The problem for poultry in a tropical environment is to prevent the
temperature inside the body rise when the ambient temperature rises. Poultry will
overcome this by slowing the metabolism and appetite. Reduced feed intake can
be partly overcome by manipulation of rations. Temperature level up to 30
degrees Celsius, egg production of laying hens could be maintained normal by
raising levels of nutrition (especially protein). Temperatures above 30 degree
Celsius, egg production usually falls. Donkoh and Atuhene (1988) reported that
environmental temperature affects productivity of poultry and this affects can be
alleviated so that the bird will make optimal productivity. Excessive
environmental temperatures and high relative humidity are main factors that
influences to which birds may be exposed in hot tropical areas.
The establishments of poultry farms need environmental factors
consideration. Site selection and development of poultry farms, has a goal to
reduce adverse impacts on land use. The site chosen should consider the following
factors such as: Availability of water quality, road access for feed and livestock
vehicles, availability of labor, and proximity of feed mill (EPA, 1998).
Settlement conditions affect the development of chicken farms, because a
certain distance should preferably be addressed. Location of poultry farm should
be far from settlements, because it would disrupt the lives of chickens and
societies. Waste from the cage as the odor pollution will disrupt society’s lives.
Life chickens in the farm are also disturbed by human activity.
Location of laying and broiler chicken farms must meet the requirements.
The chicken farm must be located in outside residential areas with a minimum
distance of 250 meters. Altitude must be considered so the waste does not
contaminate the area outside the chicken farms (DITJENNAK, 1982)

7

Land evaluation is a process of assessment of land resources for the
particular purpose, using the approach or methods have been tested. Land
evaluation results will provide information about purpose of land use
Al-Mashreki(2011). The vital task of land evaluation is to identify the levels and

geographical patterns of biophysical constraints and hence, land suitability for a
given purpose. The essence of land suitability evaluation was to compare the
requirements requested by the user types the land to be applied, with the nature or
quality possessed by land. In this way, it will know the potential of land use type
(Widiatmika, 2001). The GIS-based multivariate application for land suitability
assessment base on a public participation has been reported (Tapie et al, 2001).
Determination of land suitability for the chicken farming location is an important
factor in farm management. Allahyari (2011) sated that management of poultry
production, taking into account many factors, such as labor, use of a closed cage,
the technical standard of livestock, including poultry production systems and the
location of the chicken farming.

2.2 Regulation of Chicken Farming Establishment
The government of Indonesia has already a regulation regarding the
establishment of chicken farming business. This study used a reference from
Letter of Ditjennak, number: 774/ KPTS/DJT/Deptan, 1982 about regulation of
establishment of layer and Broiler chicken farms. The regulation contained some
items that must be fulfilled by the farm enterprise, technical, environmental,
human and animal health. In general, it contains about: determining the location
of the sheds, sheds building and equipment, labor, availability of seeds, water and
fodder, animal health and environmental impact. This regulation was made in
attempt to make the chicken farm produces efficiently, does not interfere with
human activities, achieves the chicken and human health and does not damage the
environment.
Every country has its own regulations regarding the establishment of a
chicken farm. The farmers in South Australia follow guidelines in form the
Guidelines for the Establishment and Operation of Poultry Farms in South
Australia. This rule contains the requirements that must be met to establish a

8

poultry farm. EPA (1998) stated that the development of poultry should be
minimized environmental (visual, odor, noise, wastes) impact and impact on
adjoining uses, with allowing future expansion of operations. Poultry
development must be consistent with relevant planning principles and objectives
articulated in local council development plans, maximize bird welfare and
minimize disease risk.

2.3 Geographic Information System in Poultry
GIS technology has been valued for improving communication and
collaboration in decision making, for effectively managing resources and assets,
for enhancing the efficiency of workflows, for improving the accessibility of
information, and generally offering tangible cost savings to organizations both
large and small (Nour, 2011). GIS Application is an automated process that
generates a spatially oriented product or result needed by a user. GIS application
may include: map update or map production, data query and display, spatial
analysis, or other processes that use GIS software and geographic data. This
application gave users in the office and in the field effectively and easy to access
information, answer question, generate products, and support decision-making.
For public sector organization, GIS application was integrated with other system
(e-government, document management, asset management, etc) to support
operations and serve the public (Ogaja, 2010). The application of GIS has
provided useful information for human activity and has been widely used in
various sciences, including in the poultry science.
Geographic Information System in Poultry has been reported. Basnet et
al. (2000) developed for the site-specific application of animal waste to
agricultural fields in the Westbrook sub-catchment of the Murray-Darling Basin,
south-east Queensland, and Australia. Sites suitable for animal waste application
were identified using a GIS based weighted linear combination (WLC) model.
This research was important to do for areas that have potential for poultry
industry. The poultry farm waste increased every day and it needs good
management. If it is not addressed properly, it will cause problems in the
environment.

9

GIS has been applied in almost of all study fields, including poultry
science. Johnson et al. (2004) examined to identify cases of infectious
laryngastracheitis in a region of chicken farms in Delmarva Peninsula.
Application of combination GIS and Remote Sensing to determine the location of
a livestock business has also been done by Maris et al (2009). The result helped in
the application of migratory beekeeping in Malaysia. The application of
geographical information systems to display chicken Ranch area in Ciamis
Indonesia has also been done by Priatna et al (2003).

2.4 Geographic Information System (GIS) Processing
Geographical information systems (GIS), are an information system for
capturing, storing, analyzing, managing and presenting data which are spatially
referenced (Thanh, 2009). Processing in Geographic Information System was used
for

data

processing

and

display

processing

results

(Prahasta,

2009).

Representation spatial data could be grouped into two parts, namely raster data
and vector data. Raster data model display, placing and storing spatial data with
using a matrix structure or the pixels in the form of grid. Collection of pixels that
draw a spatial object can be called a dataset object. The information contained in
one pixel can be grouped into two sections, the attribute data (information about
the object, e.g. rice fields, gardens, settlements, etc.) and coordinate data
indicating the position of the geometric data. Examples of raster data model is
spatial analysis and modeling especially in environmental nature resources
applications. Vector data model showing, placing and storing spatial data with
using points, lines or polygons and their attributes. These forms are defined by
two-dimensional in Cartesian coordinate system (x, y). A vector representation of
spatial object is an object present as form information geographic that perfect.
Examples of vector data is socio-economic and resources analysis and modeling.
Data are processed by spatial analysis. Some spatial analysis function used
in geographic Information System is:

measurement, spatial query and

classification, overlay, buffering, network, and geoprocessing (Longley et al,
2005).

10

The various functions in the process of GIS will be used in this study to
process spatial data. Data of road or river, using a buffer with a distance function
in accordance with the provisions. Overlay function produces new spatial data
from a minimum of two spatial data into two spatial data to be input. Processing
to produce areas suitable for poultry farming, necessary data height of the earth's
surface, soil moisture, and temperature, the spatial analysis function overlay will
be done to the three spatial data (and attribute). This overlay function can also be
applied to raster data model. Similarly to other functions in the GIS processing, in
accordance with the needs in data processing.

11

III.

MATERIAL AND METHOD

3.1 Time and Location
This research was conducted from March to August 2011. Research
location was in Singkawang municipality West Kalimantan Province, which is
geographically

located at

0°44'55,85”- 01°01'21,51” (North latitude)

and

108°51'47,6”- 109°10'19” (East longitude). The overview of research location can
be seen in Figure 1:

Figure 1 Map of Singkawang municipality in West Kalimantan Province

3.2 Materials
The material used in this study was digital and analog map, secondary data
from relevant agencies in Singkawang (Table 1 and 2), Indonesia’s Regulation
(IR) and Australia’s Regulation (AR) of Poultry Farming Establishment and GIS
Software.
Regulation of Australia was selected in this study because it contains more
numerous and complex criteria in determining the location of poultry farms.
Complexity of the criteria is expected to be applicable to the study area region.

12

Australia also has a large poultry farm potential appeal in Indonesia. In Australia
the average production of Broiler is 7,500,000 birds per week or 390 million per
annum (Pitt, 2000). It has a good management and integration of many factors in
determining the location of poultry farms.

Table 1 Parameters to regulate chicken farming establishment in Indonesia
versus Australia.
Indonesia Regulation
1. Climate factor ; temperature
and humidity
( Ideal temperature 26.5°C and
humidity 80 to 90%)
2. Feed sources
3. Settlement
(buffer distance 250 m)
4. Water sources
5. Elevation
6. Road access
7. Availability of labor*
8. Waste management
9. Poultry farming planning area

Australia Regulation
1.Meteorology
( maximum temperature 30°C and
humidity 80 % )
2. Proximity of feed mill*
3. Future residential
(buffer distance 1000 m)
4. Availability of water
(buffer distance 50 m)
5. Topography
6. Road access
(buffer distance 250 m)
7. Availability of labor*
8. Waste management*
9. Poultry management plan
10. Risk ground water pollution*
11. Risk of flooding area
12. Wind breaks*
13. Soil type
14. Quarantine issues*
15. Proximity to processor
16. Disposal of storm water*
17. Electricity supply
18. Exotic disease*
19. vegetation

*data not available

Criteria used in this study can be seen in Table 2 and 3, where not all the
parameters used. The use of criteria depends on the availability of data and
priority data relating to geographic information. Several criteria were presented on
both the regulation has less complete of buffer distance. In this data processing,
the buffer distance is done with the assumption of the application of criteria in
chicken farm reality and through discussions with the expert.

13

Table 2 Data needed for applying the Indonesia regulation
No
1

2
3
4
5
6
7

8

Data
Climate :
(Daily temperature and
Daily humidity
(2005-2010)
Settlement
( Map Scale 1:50.000)
Proximity of feed- sources :
Water sources
( Map 1 : 50.000)
Elevation
(Map Scale 1:50.000)
Chicken farming
Network of road
(Map Scale 1 :50.000)
Regional Spatial Plan

Source

Format

Institution

Weather data

Tabular

Meteorology Station
Semelagi Besar Hulu.

RTRW Map
RTRW Map
RTRW Map

Digital Map
Digital Map
Digital Map

Bappeda Singkawang
Bappeda Singkawang
Bappeda Singkawang

RTRW Map

Digital Map

Bappeda Singkawang

Database

Tabular

RTRW Map

Digital Map

Forestry and Agricultural
Agency
Bappeda Singkawang

RTRW Map

Digital Map

Bappeda Singkawang

Table 3 Data needed for applying the regulation of poultry farm in South
Australia.
No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.
9
10.
11.

Data

Format

Institution

Database

Tabular

Environment Agency

RTRW Map

Digital Map

Bappeda Singkawang

RTRW Map

Digital Map

Bappeda Singkawang

RTRW Map
RTRW Map
RTRW Map

Digital Map
Digital Map
Digital Map

Bappeda Singkawang
Bappeda Singkawang
Forestry and Agricultural
Agency
Bappeda Singkawang

Climate (2005-2010)
Daily temperature
Daily Humidity
Proximity to processor

Weather data

Tabular

Meteorology Station
Semelagi Besar Hulu

Database

Tabular

Electricity supply
Vegetation
( Map Scale 1 : 50.000)
Poultry development
plan

Electricity Map

Digital Map

Forestry and Agricultural
Agency
Power company (PLN)

RTRW Map

Digital Map

Bappeda Singkawang

RTRW Map

Digital Map

Bappeda Singkawang

Quality of water
Flooding area.
( Map Scale 1 : 50.000)
Availability of water
(Map, Scale 1 : 50.000)
Future residential.
(Map Scale 1 : 50.000)
Soil type
Elevation

Source

14

Topography factor consisted of elevation, road access and water sources.
Elevation was the altitude in Singkawang and suitable area

at a maximum

elevation of 300 m. Road access given the buffer along a maximum of 500 m (IR)
and 250 (AR). Water sources were the data network of rivers that were given a
maximum of 300 m buffer (IR) and 50 m (AR). Suitable area was located in this
buffer area.
Environment

factor consisted of flooding area and soil type. Flooding area

was an area that has a vulnerability to flooding in Singkawang. Soil type was
distribution of soil type that associated with the level of soil fertility. Type of soil
that used in this area was the alluvial, podzolic red-yellow, latosol. This soil type
had good organic content and resistant to erosion.
Infrastructures factor consisted of electricity supply and processor. Electricity
factors, was the existing electricity network in Singkawang. Buffer 100 M was
used in this data. Processor was distributed among poultry slaughtering units and
supply of chicken meat. Buffer 2 km used in this study. Suitable area was located
in this buffer area.
The other factor was social factors and feed sources. Social factors were
derived from the data distribution of settlements in Singkawang. Buffer that used
in residential distance was 250 M for IR and 1000 M for AR. Suitable areas
outside the buffer area.
Feed sources were derived from the data distribution of potency of area to
produce the raw materials of chicken feed, such as maize, cassava, paddy, and
coconut.

Suitable areas for the establishment of chicken farm locations was

located are in feed sources areas.
Temperature in the area Singkawang was range from 25 °C to 28 °C, and
humidity was range from 86%. Temperature for chicken farming in the location
were 26.5°C (IR) and maximum 30°C (AR), while level of humidity were 80 to
90% (IR) and maximum 80% (AR). Those data were not processed by GIS since
they have similar values for the whole area of Singkawang.

15

3.3

Method
The sequence of work in this research can be seen in figure 2:
PRE FIELD WORK
•

Study of concept and
literature
Preparation of proposal

•

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

FIELD DATA RECORDING
•
•

•
•

Data Collection
Collection of expert
opinion

DATA PROCESSING
Pairwise comparison
Weighted overlay by GIS
processing

REPORTFOF RESULT

Figure 2 The sequence of work
3.3.1 Pre field work
The main activity in pre-field work was to formulate ideas and concepts
of research, obtained through various studies, as well as literature review and
discussions with faculty mentors. All inputs and improvements to this concept
were implemented in the research.

16

3.3.2 Field data recording

Data were obtained from recording data in the field. This process was a
very important part of this study, which includes the process of collecting data and
information relating to the research (Figure 2).

Data of topography,

infrastructure, environmental factors, social (population), and the master plan for
the Singkawang were collected from local government especially Provincial
Planning Agency (Bappeda) Singkawang (These data can be seen table 2 and 3 ).
Besides that, data from expert in the field of poultry science were taken using
questionnaire to determine the weight of each parameter. The expert were from
academics ( 1 person), livestock government office (2 persons) and professional
farmer (2 persos). In this process involved experts to identify problem causes of
problems, determine the ways solving the problems, and propose alternative
solutions. Expert judgment done through expert surveys, and gained a prominent
place in the comparative study, although validation their assessment results must
be evaluated (Steenbergen, 2007). Method of expert judgment and questionnsire
were used, and the results were calculated based on pairwise comparison method
(Saaty, 2008). Pairwise camparison was used in determining the weights for the
criteria. This method involved the comparison of the criteria and allows the
comparison of two criteria at a time (Yahaya et al, 2010). The data of pairwise
comparison

for each respondent that obtained from quisioner can be seen in

appendix 2. The results of calculations by pairwises comparison, used in the
weighted overlay process (table 6)
Primary data regarding the existence of chicken farming in Singkawang
was obtained through a survey by Global Positioning System (GPS). Survey data
could be combined between Geographic Information System (GIS) with GPS
(Lagunzad, 2003). Result from survey about existing chicken farming in
Singkawang , can be seen figure 3.

17

Figure 3 Existing chicken farming in Singkawang

Each parameter was displayed on each map and then combined in a GIS
processing, to describe the optimum potential for chicken farms. These results
were compared with an existing poultry farm condition and reviewed regarding
eligibility specific location of the farm. Both regulations were used to compare
and obtain an ideal chicken farming in Singkawang. Data were analyzed using
GIS Software.

3.3.3 Data processing
3.3.3.1 Pairwise Comparison Method (PCM)
Pairwise comparison is a method that used to calculate the expert
assessment of each cri