40
Inthesentenceabove,thereisword‘one’ whichmeans“singularperson”.
Although after the subject, there is subject “my brothers”, but it should be followedby pasttobe‘is’was.Therefore,tobe“were”shouldbereplacedby
“was”inordertobeconcordwihprevioussubject“oneofmybrothers”.Thus, the
correctsentence is“Oneofmybrotherswasin Atlanta lastweekend.”
22.Theteacheraswellasherstudentsbelievethatpracticemakesperfect.
MySchool Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, thereis subject‘theteacher’which means “singular person”.Althoughafterthesubject,there
issecondsubject“herstudents”butthe sentencefocus to thefirstsubject. Therefore,verb“believe”shouldbereplacedby
“believes”inordertobeconcordwihprevioussubject“oneofmybrothers”.Thus,thecorre
ctsentenceis“Theteacheraswellasherstudents believesthat practicemakesperfect.”
23. Myfathermakea cup of coffee in themorning.Family
Analysis: Inthesentenceabove,thereissubject‘my father’whichmeans“singular
person”.Therefore,noun“make”shouldbereplacedby“makes”inordertobe concordwihprevioussubject“myfather”.Thus,thecorrectsentenceis“My
fathermakesa cup acoffee inthemorning.”
4
24. Neither my mother nor my sister return their phone calls. Our Vacation
Analysis: Inthesentence above,there isword‘neithernot either’ which means“no
oneofthemotherandsister” thatwordmakesitbecomesingularperson. Therefore, the verb “return” should be replaced by “returns” in order to be concordwihprevious
word “neither”.
Thus, thecorrectsentenceis“Neither
my mothernor
mysisterreturnstheirphone calls.”
25.Each of the twinshavesomeunusualhabits. MySchool
Analysis: In thesentenceabove, thereis word‘each’which means singular although
after theword‘each’
there isaword‘twins’.Therefore,theverb“have”shouldbe
replacedby “has”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousword“each”.Thus,the
correctsentence is“Each of thetwinshassomeunusualhabits.”
26. Thefirst typeof driver thatIfind annoyingarethespeeders. Accident in
Medan Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, therearewords ‘firsttype’which means singular although in thelas sentence there is word‘speeders’. Therefore, to be “are”should
bereplacedby “is”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousword“each”.Thus,the
correctsentence is“The firsttypeofdriverthatI find annoying is thespeeders.”
42
27.Saraistheonlyoneofthestudents whoalwaysanswercorrectly.My
School Analysis:
Inthesentence above,thereissubjectwithsingularthirdperson“she”.It
shouldbefollowedby theverbwhichaddedbysuffix–s.Thus,thecorrect
sentenceis“Saraistheonlyoneof thestudentswho alwaysanswerscorrectly.”
28. Thereisalotof treeson our block. Family
Analysis: Inthesentence
above,thereiswordsnoun‘trees’which meanssingular
whichmeansplural.Therefore,tobe“is”shouldbereplacedby “are”inorderto
beconcordwih noun“trees”.Thus, the correctsentence is“Therearealotof treeson
ourblock.”
29.Comfortableshoesandloose-fittingclothingwasreccommendedby the
instructor.Importance and BenefitsofSports Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,therearenoun‘shoes’and‘loose-fitting clothing’
thatmakesnounsbecomeplural.Weuse ‘iswas’forsingularnounsoneitem and‘arewere’formany
itemspluralnouns.Therefore,theword“was” becomes “were”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousnouns .Thus,thecorrect
sentencesis“Comfortableshoesandloose-fittingclothingwerereccommended by the
instructor.”
4
30. Shehavegotbrown skin Mymother
Analysis: Inthesentencesabove,the
English“have”withoutfollowing thesubject-
verbagreement. Thesubject‘she’is asingularthirdperson
anditshouldbe followedbythirdsingularverb“has”not“have”while“have”isusedtothe
second
person. Therefore, the correctsentence is“Shehasgotbrown skin”
4.2.2. SingularPlural
InEnglish,thereisatermthatindicateswhetherthenumberofnounor pronoun is oneor
morethanone.A formofwordsthatindicates oneor less
than onecalledsingular,whereas
morethanoneis plural.Bahasadoes notdistinguish singular and pluralformand to denoteplurality, areduplicated formof thenoun is
used.Nouncanbedividedintosingularorpluralandthereischanginginwordif it
ispluralor singular. Thispointanalyzesthe mistakemadeon thatform.
1.ShealwaysgivesmesomefinesolutionwhenIhavesomeproblems.
Mymother Analysis:
InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord
withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove, “some”means pluralandrefers to “bird”which is single.Grammatically, the
reference“solution”mustfollowitspronounandtakethepluralagreementas sameaswithitspronoun.So,theappropriatenounorreferencefor“solution”is
44
“solutions”.Hence,therightsentenceis“Shealwaysgivesmesomefinesolutions
when I havesomeproblems.”
2. Allteacherhaveahigh opinion of him. My Bestfriend
Analysis: InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits
reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove,
“all”meanspluralandrefersto“teacher” whichissingle.Theappropriatesubject
orreferencefor“teacher” is“teachers”. Hence,therightsentence is“Allteachers havea
high opinion ofhim. “
3.ThosebirdliveintheBanyuasinpeninsulainordertoavoidthewinter
attheirmain locationinSiberia,andtheKoreanPeninsula.Sembilang
NationalPark Analysis:
InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits reference.Thepronounmustberelated
withitsreference.Inthesentence above,
“those”meanspluralformfrom“there” andrefersto“bird”whichissingle.
Grammatically,thereference “bird”must followitspronounandtaketheplural
agreement assame aswithitspronoun.So,theappropriatenounorreferencefor “bird”
is“birds”.Hence, therightsentenceis“Thosebirdslivein the Banyuasin peninsulain
ordertoavoid thewinterat theirmain location inSiberia,and the Korean Peninsula.”
4
4.Therearemanyforeignerwhoaresurfersfromallovertheworldcome to
TanjungSetiabeach and takesomenightsthere.TanjungSetiaBeach Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“foreigner”must
takeplural agreement forword
“many” whichwords come after must be in plural. Therefore, theword “foreigner”becomes
“foreigners”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword
“many”.Thus,thecorrectsentencesis“therearemanyforeignerswhoare surfers from
allover theworld cometoTanjungSetiabeachand takesomenights there.”
5.Thereareseveralwaythatapersoncanbenefitfromadiet.Benefitsof
Dieting Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“way”musttakepluralagreementfor
word “several”whichwordscomeaftermust beinplural.Therefore, theword“way” becomes
“ways”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword
“severa”. Thus,
the
correctsentencesis“Thereareseveral waysthatapersoncanbenefitfroma diet.”
46
6.Therearesomanyreasonwhy computersisbeing usedway
toomuch, peopledrives
whileon their
computers cellphones .Arewetoo dependentoncomputers?
Analysis: Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in
harmony.In thesentence above, “reason” must takeplural agreementfor word “many”whichwordscomeaftermustbe inplural.Therefore,theword“reason” becomes
“reasons”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword“many”.Thus,the
correctsentencesis“Therearesomanyreasonswhycomputersisbeingused way too
much , peopledrivewhileon theircomputers cellphones.”
7. This plan allows many aeroplane to park next to the building.
However,itcreateslong walking distancefor passengers.Modern Airports Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“aircraft”musttakepluralagreementforword
“many”whichwordscomeaftermustbe inplural.Therefore,theword“aircraft”
becomes “aircrafts”inordertobeconcordwihpreviousword“many”.Thus,the
correctsentences is”Thisplanallowsmanyaircraftstoparknextto
thebuilding. However, it createslong walking distanceforpassengers.”
4
8.Thetransporterplanemployssomesystem oftransporttomove
passengersfrom the terminalbuildingto the aircraft. Modern Airport Analysis:
Such astheprevious sample, between pronoun and itsreference mustbe in harmony.Inthesentenceabove,“system”musttakepluralagreementforword
“some”whichwordscomeaftermustbeinplural.Therefore, theword“systems”
becomes “systems”inorder tobeconcordwihpreviousword “some”. Thus, the correctsentences
is“Thetransporterplanemployssomesystemsof transportto
movepassengersfromthe terminalbuilding to theaircraft.”
9.Eventhoughcomputersarevery usefulforallplacearoundtheworld,
westillshouldntbeso dependenton them.Arewetoo dependenton
computers? Anaysis:
InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove, “all”
meanspluraland refersto “place”which is single. The appropriatesubjector referencefor
“place”is “places”.Hence,
therightsentenceis “Even
though
computersarevery usefulforallplacesaroundtheworld,westillshouldntbeso
dependentonthem.”
10. When we lovesomeone, wedon’t look for them to fillour needs, love
usback, and all thosetypeof things.What istheMeaningofLove
48
Analysis: InEnglish,theremustbeinharmony betweenthepronounandits
reference.Thepronounmustbeconcord withitsreference.Inthesentenceabove, “those” meanspluralformfrom
“there” andrefers
to“types”whichissingle. Grammatically,thereference“type”mustfollow
itspronoun and
taketheplural agreement assame aswithitspronoun.So,theappropriatenounorreferencefor “type”is
“types”.Hence, therightsentenceis
“Whenwelovesomeone,wedon’t look
forthemtofillourneeds, loveusback, and all thosetypesofthings.”
4.2.3. ToInfinitive
Aninfinitivephrasewillbegin with an infinitiveto +simpleformof the verb. 1.Zedvadoesnotdothistoestablishhisterritory,asmanycatexperts
think,buttohumiliatingmebecauseheisjealousofmy friends.My Cat Zedva
Analysis: Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing
thewrong verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The
verb- ing“decomposing”shouldbereplacedby “tohumiliate”inordertobe concordtobean
infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Zedvadoesnot do this to establishhis
territory,as manycatexperts think,buttohumiliateme becausehe isjealousofmy
friends.”
4
2. Iamhappyto having such afriend. My Bestfriend
Analysis: Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing
thewrong verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The
verb-ing “having”shouldbereplacedby“tohave”inordertobe
concordtobe an
infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Iamhappytohavesucha friend.”
3.Youneedtoknowingthatthewaveonthisbeachisequalwiththe
wavesinHawaii. TanjungSetiaBeach Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The verb-ing
“knowing”shouldbereplaced by
“toknow”in order to beconcord
tobe aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis
“Youneedtoknowthatthe waveon
thisbeach isequalwith thewavesin Hawaii.”
4. Mydays werehappyonesbeforeI started goingto school, asIhadgood
neighbourstoplayingwithfrommorning tillevening.Memoriesof
my Childhood Days
Analysis: Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing
thewrong verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The
50
verb-ing“playing”shouldbereplacedby“toplay”inorderto be concord tobe an infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“Mydayswerehappyonesbefore
Istartedgoingto school,asIhadgoodneighbourstoplaywith
frommorningtill evening.”
5.Forexample,Idonothavetocatchadiseasetoknowingthatitcankill me.
MyHobby Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The verb-ing
“knowing”shouldbereplaced by “toknow”in order to beconcord tobe an infinitivesentence.Hence, therightsentenceis “For example,Idonothaveto catch a
diseaseto know thatit can killme.”
6.AlsoI do nothave togodeep into the jungle to learningabout the tiger.
Ican read all aboutit inabook. Myhobby Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The verb-
ing“learning”shouldbereplacedby “tolearn”inordertobeconcordtobe
aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis “AlsoIdonothavetogo deep into
thejungletolearnabout the tiger. I can read allaboutit in a book.”
5
7.Iamsothankfultohavebeenabletolivemy10 yearsoflifeto knowingexactlywhatlifewaslikewithoutacomputerorcellphone. Arewe too
dependenton computers? Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The verb-ing
“knowing”shouldbereplaced by
“toknow”in order to beconcord
tobe aninfinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentence is“Iamso thankfulto havebeen ableto
livemy10 years oflifetoknowexactlywhatlifewas
likewithouta computerorcellphone.”
8.So,beneficial,seeIdon’twhyyounotalsowanttoeatinghealthier. Benefitsof
Dieting Analysis:
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The verb-ing
“eating”shouldbereplaced by
“toeat”inordertobeconcordtobean infinitivesentence.Hence,therightsentenceis“So,beneficial,seeIdon’twhy you not
also want to eat healthier.”
9. Sundanese liketo drinking teawithoutsugar. IndonesianFood
Analysis:
52
Inthesentencesabove,itshowsthatthosesentencesareusing thewrong
verb.Aninfinitivephrasewillbeginwith“toandasimpleverbVerb1”.The verb-
ing“drinking”shouldbereplacedby “todrink”inordertobeconcordtobe
an infinitivesentence.Hence,
therightsentenceis “Sundaneseliketodrinktea
withoutsugar.”
4.2.4. PassiveVoice
Thepassivevoice ispreferred when the“doer”of an action or theagent is unimportantorunknownbecauseof
itis impersonaltone,
thepassivevoiceis commonlyfoundintextbooks,inscientific,technicalorbusinessreports,andin
newspaper.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject +finiteformoftobe+ Past
Participle3rd column of irregular verbs”.
1.BukitLawangisreferrstoasthegatewaytoSumatraForest.Bukit
Lawang Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘referrs’whichisnotappropiatefor passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteformoftobe+Past
Participle 3rd column of irregular verbs ungrammatical. Theverb “referrs”shouldbereplacedwith “referred”.Thus, the
correctsentences is“BukitLawang is referredtoas thegatewaytoSumatra Forest.”
”. The sentenceisincorrect and
5
2.ThisareaiscalltheSembilangbecausetherearesomanySembilang fish or
plotosuscaniuscalledinLatin. SembilangNationalPark Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘call’which isnotappropiatefor
passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+ Past
Participle3rd columnof
irregularverbs”.Thesentence isincorrect
and ungrammatical. The verb“call” should be replaced with “called”. Thus,
thecorrectsentencesis“Thisareaiscalled theSembilangbecausetherearesomany
Sembilang fish orplotosuscaniuscalledin Latin.”
3. Dietingis somethingthat isfearbyall.Benefitsof Dieting
Analysis: In
thesentenceabove, thereis
verb‘fear’which is
notappropiatefor passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteformoftobe+Past
Participle 3rd column of irregular verbs
Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘fear’whichisnotappropiatefor passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteformoftobe+Past
”. The sentenceis incorrect and ungrammatical. The verb“fear” should be replaced with “feared”. Thus,
thecorrectsentencesis“Dietingis somethingthat isfeared byall.”
4.Finally,IquieteneddownwhenIwasgiveice-creamandchocolates.
Luckily,Iwasnothurt. Memoriesof myChildhood Days Analysis:
54
Participle3rd columnof
irregularverbs
Inthesentence above,there
isverb‘separate’whichisnot appropiatefor
passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+ Past Participle 3rd column of
”.Thesentence isincorrect
and ungrammatical. The verb“give” should be replaced with “given”. Thus,
thecorrectsentencesis“Finally, Iquietened downwhenIwasgivenice-creamand
chocolates. Luckily, I wasnothurt. “
5. I was choose to play the role of Jack in the play, Jack and the
Beanstalk,andI becameacelebrity overnightreceiving lotsof complimentsfor myperformance. Memoriesof myChildhood Days
Analysis: Theverbwhich is used inpassivevoiceis pastparticipleVerb3.Based on
thesentenceabove, thereis
tobe“was”.So, itmeans
thattheformofpassive voiceispasttense.Thepattersofpast tensepassivevoiceiswas+Verb3past participle.
Thesentenceisincorrectand ungrammatical.Thesuitableverbforthe
sentenceis“chosen.Thus, the correctsentencesis“ I waschosento play theroleof Jack
intheplay, Jackand theBeanstalk,andIbecamea celebrityovernight receiving lotsofcomplimentsfor myperformance.”
6.Inthesatelliteplan,passengersboardaircraftsmallterminalsthatare
separatefrom the main terminals. Modern Airports
Analysis:
irregular verbs”. The sentenceis incorrect and
5
ungrammatical.Theverb“separate”shouldbereplacedwith“separated”.Thus, thecorrectsentencesis“Inthesatellite plan,passengersboardaircraftsmall
terminalsthatareseparatedfromthemain terminals.”
7.Ifbusesareuse,thepassengersmustclimbaflightofstairsto boardthe aircraft.Ifmobileloungesareuse,theycanlinkupdirectlywiththe aircraft and
protectpassengersfrom theweather. Modern Airports Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘use’whichisnotappropiatefor passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formof tobe+
Past Participle3rd
columnof irregularverbs
Inthesentence above,thereisverb‘wash’whichisnotappropiatefor
passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+ Past Participle 3rd column of
”.Thesentence isincorrect
and ungrammatical. Theverb“use”should bereplacedwith “used”. Thus,the correct
sentences is“Ifbusesareused,thepassengersmustclimbaflightofstairsto
boardtheaircraft.Ifmobileloungesareused,theycan linkupdirectlywith
the aircraftand protectpassengersfromtheweather.”
8.Allmy problemsarewashaway withthetide.MyFavouritePlacein
theWorld Analysis:
irregular verbs”. The sentenceis incorrect and
56
ungrammatical.Theverb“wash”shouldbereplacedwith“washed”.Thus,the
correctsentencesis“Allmyproblemsarewashed awaywith thetide.”
9. Sportsarerequireto behealthypeople, areneedfor enjoyment, and are
great marketfor countries’ economies. Importance and Benefitsof Sports Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, thereareverb‘require’ and‘need’which is not appropiateforpassivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteform of to be +
Past Participle 3rd column of irregular verbs”. The sentence is incorrectandungrammatical. Theverb“require”shouldbereplacedwith “required”
and theverb ‘need’ should bereplaced with ‘needed’. Thus, the correct sentences
is“sports arerequiredtobehealthypeople,areneededfor enjoyment, and
aregreatmarket forcountries’ economies.”
10.Manypeopleareinjureinroadaccidentseveryday.Accidentinthe
Medan Analysis:
Inthesentenceabove,thereisverb‘injure’whichisnotappropiatefor passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finiteformoftobe+Past
Participle 3rd column of irregular verbs ungrammatical.Theverb“injure”shouldbereplacedwith“injured”.Thus,the
correctsentencesis“Manypeopleareinjured in road accidentseveryday.”
”. The sentenceis incorrect and
5
11. Iwasshockebythebad newsyesterday. Accident in
theMedanAnalysis: Theverbwhich is used inpassivevoiceis pastparticipleVerb3.Based on
thesentenceabove, thereis
tobe“was”.So, itmeans
thattheformofpassive voiceispasttense.Thepattersofpast tensepassivevoiceiswas+Verb3past participle.
Thesentence isincorrectand ungrammatical.Theverb“shocke”
is
changedwith“shocked”.Thus,thecorrectsentencesis“Iwasshockedbythe bad
newsyesterday.”
12.Badboysarebeingquestionbythepoliceofficer.Accidentinthe
Medan Analysis:
In thesentenceabove, thereis verb‘question’which is notappropiatefor passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+
Past Participle3rd
columnof irregularverbs
In thesentenceabove, thereisverb‘question’which is notappropiatefor passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+ Past Participle
3rd column of ”.Thesentence
isincorrect and
ungrammatical.Theverb“question”shouldbereplacedwith “questioned”.Thus, the
correctsentencesis”bad boysarebeing questioned by thepoliceofficer.”
13. Mybikewasstolein thataccident. Accident in theMedan
Analysis:
irregular verbs”. The sentenceis incorrect and
58
ungrammatical.Theverb“stole” shouldbe replaced with “stolen”.Thus,
thecorrectsentencesis“Mybikewasstolen in thataccident”
14. Aletter waswrotebymysister. Family
Analysis: Inthesentenceabove,thereis
verb‘question’whichis notappropiatefor passivevoice.Theformofpassivevoiceis“Subject+finite formoftobe+
Past Participle3rd
columnof irregularverbs
AccordingtoAndrewCarstairs-McCarthy,inmorphologicalstudy is
knownas“formsofadjective”.Theword“happy”onlyhastwosyllable.Itmust beaddedwithsuffix–er,becauseitisacomparativeadjectiveand itwillbe
”.Thesentence isincorrect
and ungrammatical.
Theverb“wrote”should bereplacedwith“written”.Thus, the
correctsentencesis“A letterwaswritten bymysister.”
4.2.5. Formsof Adjective
Many Englishadjectivesexhibitthreeforms,forexampletheword“long”.
Thegrammaticalwords thatlong,
longer, and
longestexpressarethepositive, comparative,andsuperlativeof“long”,contrasting onthedimensionof comparison. All
these exhibit, such as“happy”,“green”, “pure”, “tidy” are a regularpatternof suffixationwith–erand-est,exceptforbetter andbest, which is superlative.
1. You willfind, areyoumorehappyandmuch more,then who. Family
Analysis:
5
“happier” and do not need by adding “more”. The word“more” is used if adjectivehasmorethan twosyllables, forexample theadjective“beautiful” becomes
“morebeautiful”.So,the correctsentenceis “Youwillfind,areyou happierand much
more, then who.”
2. Iwould sayit ismorehotthan Mexican food. IndonesianFood
Analysis: AccordingtoAndrewCarstairs-McCarthy,inmorphologicalstudy
is knownas“formsofadjective”.Theword“hot”only hasonesyllable.Itmustbe
addedwithsuffix–er,becauseitis a comparativeadjectiveanditwillbe“hotter” anddonotneedbyadding “more”. Theword“more” isused ifadjectivehasmore
thantwosyllables,forexample the
adjective“beautiful”becomes“more
beautiful”.So,the correctsentenceis“IwouldsayitishotterthanMexican food.”
3.Todayfeelsmorecoolthanyesterday’sswelteringtemperature.My
favouritePlace Analysis:
AccordingtoAndrewCarstairs-McCarthy,inmorphologicalstudy is
knownas“formsofadjective”.Theword“cool”only hasonesyllable.Itmustbe addedwithsuffix–er,becauseitisacomparativeadjectiveanditwillbe
“cooler” anddonotneedbyadding “more”. Theword“more” isused ifadjectivehasmore than
two syllables, for example the adjective “beautiful” becomes “more
60
beautiful”. So, the correct sentence is“ Today feels cooler than yesterday’s
sweltering temperature.”
4. Myroom ismorebright than sister room. Family
Analysis: AccordingtoAndrewCarstairs-McCarthy,inmorphologicalstudy
is knownas“formsofadjective”.Theword“bright”onlyhasonesyllable.Itmust
beaddedwithsuffix–er,becauseitis acomparativeadjectiveanditwillbe “brighter”
anddo not need by adding “more”. The word“more” is used if adjectivehasmorethan twosyllables, forexample theadjective“beautiful” becomes
“morebeautiful”.So, thecorrectsentenceis “Myroom isbrighterthan sister room.”
5. She isthebeautifulestgirl in myclassMySchool
Analysis: AccordingtoAndrewCarstairs-McCarthy,inmorphologicalstudy
is knownas“formsofadjective”.
Theword “beautiful”hasthreesyllable.Itmustbe
followed by word‘most’.Itwillbe“mostbeautiful”.So,thecorrectsentenceis “She
isthemostbeautifulgirl in myclass”
6
4.2.6. Redundancy
Whengrammaticalitemorsyntacticelementis superfluous orunnecessary for thesentencetobecorrect,such
an itemis redundant.Sentences
withredundant itemscould beeither structurallywrongoritseems strange in English grammar.
1. It can also help your overallmentalhealthtoo. Benefitsof Dieting
Analysis: Likethecase
above,theIndonesian oftenaddtheword,phraseor sentence
elementsappeartomakefullsentences,butoftentheaddedelementthatmakes thesentencebecomesredundant.Word“too”hassimilarmeaningto“also.”So,
theword“too”canbedroppedfromthesentence.Therefore,thecorrectsentence is“It can
also help youroverallmentalhealth.”
2. Obesityputs you more at risk for diabetes, heart attack, also high
cholesterol, and high blood pressuretoo. Benefitsof Dieting
Analysis: Likethecase
above,theIndonesian oftenaddtheword,phraseor sentence
elementsappeartomakefullsentences,butoftentheaddedelementthatmakes thesentencebecomesredundant.Word“too”hassimilarmeaningto“also.”So,
theword“too”canbedroppedfromthesentence.Therefore,thecorrectsentence is
“ Obesityputs youmoreatriskfordiabetes,heartattack,high cholesterol,and high blood
pressure.”
62
3.Soshecontinuetoread.Besidesbeingmoreinformedabouttheworld,
shealsospendsher timeprofitablytoo.Family
Analysis: Likethecase
above,theIndonesian oftenaddtheword,phraseor sentence
elementsappeartomakefullsentences,butoftentheaddedelementthatmakes thesentencebecomesredundant.Word“too”hassimilarmeaningto“also.”So,
theword“too”canbedroppedfromthesentence.Therefore,thecorrectsentence is“Soshecontinuetoread.Besidesbeingmoreinformedabouttheworld,she also spend
hertimeprofitably.”
4.It’s justmeandtheocean.Just me andthebeach.Justmeandmy favoriteplace intheworld. My FavouritePlace intheWorld
Analysis: Likethecase
above,theIndonesian oftenaddtheword,phraseor sentence
elementsappeartomakefullsentences,butoftentheaddedelementthatmakes thesentencebecomesredundant.The
writerusedword“and”morethanonethat makessentencebecomeredudant. So,theword“and”can beusedonlyonce. Therefore,
thecorrectsentenceis “It’s justme, theocean, thebeachandmy favouriteplace.”
5.They releasepressureandteachusskillsofsurvivinginthistoughlife.
Also,they provideentertainment andpleasureandhelpsocializeourlives too.
Family
6
Analysis: Likethecase
above,theIndonesian oftenaddtheword,phraseor sentence
elementsappeartomakefullsentences,butoftentheaddedelementthatmakes thesentencebecomesredundant.Word“too”hassimilarmeaningto“also.”So,
theword“too”canbedroppedfromthesentence.Therefore,thecorrectsentence is“Theyreleasepressureandteachusskillsofsurviving
inthis toughlife.
Also, theyprovide entertainmentand pleasureand help socializeourlives.”
4.2.7. Preposition
Prepositionisawordwhichlinksafollowing nounphrasetotherestofa clause,tellingwhattherelationshipofthatnounphraseostotheclause.Itis
alwaysfollowedby nounsorpronounsandisconnectivewordthatshows relationship between
the nouns following it
and one of the basicsentence elements:subject,objectorcomplement.
Itusually indicatesrelationships,suchas
position,place,direction,time, manner,
agent,possession,andconditionbetween itsobject and other partsof thesentence.
1.BoththewaterfallsandriversLibong Sitodoiswonderfulandthisisthe
naturalbeautythatyoucanfindonlyatkunyiVillage,DistrictAreapi. Our
Vacation Analysis:
Based on Englishgrammar, weusepreposition ‘in’ for room, building, street,town,country.Forexampleinthekitchen,inLondon.Grammatically,the
appropriatepreposition for thesentenceabove is‘on’ and the correctsentenceis
64
“BoththewaterfallsandriversLibongSitodoiswonderfulandthisisthenatural beauty
that you canfind onlyinkunyiVillage, District Areapi.”
2. Wereachedat the airporton9 pm. Our Vacation
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition‘at’fornight,for
weekend andacertainpointoftimewhen?.forexamplesatnight,attheweekendand,at
halfpastnine.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthesentenceabove is‘on’
andthe correctsentence is“Wereached theairportat9 pm.”
3. What isthe timeinyour watch?Our Vacation
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition‘by’whenwewantto
write‘bytraincarbyyourwatchby bus,etc’.Butnotethatbyisnotusedifthere
isanarticle.Forexample,wewriteinthecar,onabus,andnotby thecarorbya
bus.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthesentenceaboveis“What isthe
timebyyourwatch?”
4. We traveled intrain. Our Vacation
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition‘by’whenwewantto
write‘by
traincarbikeboatplanelandseaairetc’.Butnotethatbyisnotusedif
thereisanarticle.Forexample,wewrite inthecar,onabus,andnotby thecaror
6
byabus.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthesentenceaboveis
“by” and the correctsentence is“We traveled bytrain.”
5. He isangryuponme. My Bestfriend
Analysis:
BasedonEnglishgrammar,weuseprepositionwithin anumberof
expressionswhichsayhowpeopleexpresstheirfeelingsandsensations.Common examplesare:
whitewithfearrage,redwithangerembarrassment,greenwith envy,bluewith
coldetc.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionfor the
sentenceabove is“with”and thecorrectsentence is“He isangrywithme.”
6. Iampleased at you. My BestFriend
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition
within anumberof
expressionswhichsayhowpeopleexpresstheirfeelingsandsensations.Common examplesare:
whitewithfearrage,redwithangerembarrassment,greenwith envy,bluewith
coldetc.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionfor the
sentenceabove is“with”and thecorrectsentence is“I ampleased with you.”
7. Hewastremblinginrage. Accident inMedan
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition
within anumberof
expressionswhichsayhowpeopleexpresstheirfeelingsandsensations.Common
66
examplesare: whitewithfearrage,redwithangerembarrassment,greenwith
envy,bluewith coldetc.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionfor the sentence
aboveis“with”and thecorrectsentenceis“Hewastremblingwith rage.”
8. Who isinthephone?It isJohn. Family
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition‘on’foraplacewitha river,being
onasurface,for a certain sideleft,right,forafloorin ahouse,for publictransport,for television,radio.Forexamplethepictureon thewall,London lieson theThames,on the
table,on the left,on thefirstfloor,on thebus,on a plane, on TV, on theradio. Grammatically,theappropriatepreposition for the
sentence aboveis
‘on’andthecorrectsentenceis “Whois onthephone?Itis John.”
9. Therewasan interestingshowat TV. Family
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition‘on’foraplacewitha river,being
onasurface,for a certain sideleft,right,forafloorin ahouse,for publictransport,for television,radio.Forexamplethepictureon thewall,London lieson the Thames,on the
table,on the
left,on thefirstfloor,on
thebus,on a plane,onTV,ontheradio.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthe
6
sentenceaboveis‘on’andthecorrectsentenceis“Therewasaninterestingshow
onTV.”
10. Hehasbeen working sincetwo hours. My BestFriend
Analysis: AccordingtoMarcellaFrankinModernEnglishpartI.Whenreckoning
fromaparticulardateweuse‘since’. Examples
aresincelastFriday,sinceMay, sincemorning,since
July8th.Butnote thatwealwaysuse‘for’foraperiod.
Examplesare: foraweek,foralongtime,fortwohoursetc.Grammatically,the
appropriateprepositionbeforewords“twohours” inthesentenceaboveis“for”and the
correctsentence is“Hehasbeenworking fortwo hours.”
11. Ihavenotplayed cricketsincea longtime. Family
Analysis: AccordingtoMarcellaFrankinModernEnglishpartI.Whenreckoning
fromaparticulardateweuse‘since’. Examples
aresincelastFriday,sinceMay, sincemorning,since
July8th.Butnote thatwealwaysuse‘for’foraperiod.
Examplesare: foraweek,foralongtime,fortwohoursetc.Grammatically,the
appropriatepreposition beforewords“along time” inthesentenceaboveis“for” and the
correctsentence is“I havenotplayed cricketfora long time.”
12. Iwill meethimon12 p.m. Accidentin Medan
Analysis:
68
According toMarcellaFrankinModernEnglishpartI.Whenpointout
specifictime, nameof street,indicatean emailaddress weuse‘at’.Examplesare,
at1o’clock,at JlSimalingkarRaya no08,andatria_syagmail.com.
Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionbefore “12p.m” inthesentence above
is“at”and thecorrectsentence is“I willmeet you at12 p.m.”
13. There isapartyinthe club house. Our Vacation
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition
‘at’formeaningnextto, byanobject,fortable,forevents,placewhereyouaretodosomethingtypical
watchafilm,study,work.Commonexamples are: atthedoor,atthestation,at the table, at a concert, at the party, at the cinema, at school, at
work.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthesentenceaboveis“at” and the
correctsentence is“There isa partyatthe club house.”
14. Therewerehundredsof peopleonthepark. Our Vacation
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition
‘at’formeaningnextto, byanobject,fortable,forevents,placewhereyouaretodosomethingtypical
watchafilm,study,work.Commonexamples are: atthedoor,atthestation,at thetable, ataconcert,
at theparty,at
thecinema, atschool,
atwork. Grammatically,
theappropriateprepositionfor thesentenceaboveis “at”and the correctsentence
is“Therewerehundredsofpeopleatthepark.”
6
15. Wesawabaseballgameinthestadium. Our Vacation
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,weusepreposition
‘at’formeaningnextto, byanobject,fortable,forevents,placewhereyouaretodosomethingtypical
watchafilm,study,work.Commonexamples are: atthedoor,atthestation,at thetable, ataconcert,
at theparty,at
thecinema, atschool,
atwork. Grammatically,
theappropriateprepositionfor thesentenceaboveis “at”and the correctsentence
is“Wesaw a baseballgameatthestadium.”
16. Pleaseemailmeonabcdefg.com. MyHobby
Analysis: According
toMarcellaFrankinModernEnglishpartI.Whenpointout
specifictime, nameof street,indicatean emailaddress weuse‘at’.Examplesare,
at1o’clock,at JlSimalingkarRaya no08,andatria_syagmail.com.
Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthesentenceaboveis“at”andthe
correctsentence is“Please emailmeat abcdefg.com
According to MarcellaFrank in ModernEnglish partI.When wewant to indicateanactivity
weuse‘in’.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionfor thesentenceaboveis “in”andthecorrectsentence is “ Iamgoodatdrawinga portrait.”
.”
17. Iamgood indrawingaportrait. Family
Analysis:
70
18. She alwaysreadsnewspapersat themorning. Family
Analysis:
AccordingtoMarcellaFrankinModernEnglishpartI.Weuse‘in’ for
unspecifictimesduring aday,years,aocationor place. Examplesare, in1975,in theevening, andatin thehospital. Grammatically,theappropriatepreposition for
thesentenceaboveis “in”andthecorrectsentenceis“Shealwaysreads
newspapersinthemorning.”
19. We are currentlystaying onahotel. Our Vacation
Analysis:
AccordingtoMarcellaFrankinModernEnglishpartI.Weuse‘in’ for
unspecifictimesduringaday,years,alocationorplace.Examplesare,in1975,inthe evening,andatin
thehospital.Grammatically,theappropriatepreposition
forthesentenceaboveis“in”andthecorrectsentenceis“Wearecurrently staying ina
hotel.”
20.Atpreparingforthefinalreport,werevisedthetaskthreetimes.My
School Analysis:
According to MarcellaFrank inModernEnglish partI.Weuse “in”when wewanttoexpresswhiledoing
something andindicateabelief,opinion,interest,
orfeeling.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthesentenceaboveis
7
“in”andthecorrectsentenceis“Inpreparingforthefinalreport,werevisedthe task
threetimes.”
21.Acatchphraseneedstobeimpressiveatmarketingaproduct.My
Hobby Analysis:
According to MarcellaFrank inModernEnglish partI.Weuse “in”when wewanttoexpresswhiledoing
something andindicateabelief,opinion,interest,
orfeeling.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthesentence aboveis “in”and thecorrectsentenceis “Inpreparing for thefinalreport,werevised the tone threetimes.
“A catch phraseneedstobe impressivein marketing a product.”
22. Iamnot interested at gambling. Family
Analysis: According to MarcellaFrank inModernEnglish partI.Weuse “in”when
wewanttoexpresswhiledoing something
andindicateabelief,opinion,interest, orfeeling.Grammatically,theappropriateprepositionforthesentence
aboveis “in”
andthecorrectsentence is“I amnotinterestedin gambling.”
23. Iwasborn atMedan. Family
Analysis: Based on Englishgrammar, weusepreposition ‘in’ for room, building,
street,town,country.Forexampleinthekitchen,inLondon.Grammatically,the
72
appropriateprepositionforthesentenceaboveis‘on’andthecorrectsentenceis
“I wasborn inMedan”
4.2.8. ParallelismStructure
Eachlanguagehas its
ownrules ofgrammaticalstructurewhich differentiatesbetweenonelanguageandanotherone.Oneuseofaconjunctionis
to connect words or phrases that have the samegrammatical function in a
sentence.Thisuseofconjunctioniscalledparallelstructure.By thisconjunction
wecanonlycombinecertainwordsthathavesimilarfunctionasnoun,adjective, andadverb,etc.Thepartsthatarecombinedshouldbesimilar.Whenalltheparts ofseries
inasentencehavethesamegrammaticalstructure,thesentencehas goodparallelstructure.Aseriesmayhavetwo,three,fourormoreparts,butall
partsmustbeparallel.
1.Theyalso,teachyouhowtoacceptloosingandhow tryagainand again
tillachieving yourgoals.Importance and Benefitsof Sports Analysis:
Manysentencespresentaseriesofideas aboutonepersonorobject.All
partofaseries musthavethesamegrammaticalstructure.Whenalltheparts ofa
seriesinasentencehavethesamegrammaticalstructure, thesentencehasgood
parallelstructure.Aseriesmay havetwo,three,fourormoreparts,butallparts mustbeparallel.Such
asthesentenceabove,theverb“try”isunparallelbecause theydonotuse“toinfinitive”.Whilethepreviousverbuses“toinfinitive”like
“toaccpet”.So,theverb“try” mustbein“toinfinitive”andbecome“totry”.
7
Hence,thecorrectsentenceis“Theyalso,teachyouhowtoacceptloosingand how to tryagain and againtillachievingyourgoals.”
2. He likeshiking, swimming, and to rideabicycle. Mybestfriend Analysis:
Manysentencespresentaseriesofideas aboutonepersonorobject.All
partofaseries musthavethesamegrammaticalstructure.Whenalltheparts ofa
seriesinasentencehavethesamegrammaticalstructure, thesentencehasgood
parallelstructure.Aseriesmay havetwo,three,fourormoreparts,butallparts mustbeparallel.Suchasthesentence above,theverb“toride”isunparallel becausethey
donotuse“V-ing”.Whilethepreviousverbuses“V-ing”like “hiking”and
“swimming”.So,theverb“toride” mustbein
“V-ing”andbecome
“riding”.Hence,thecorrectsentenceis“Marylikeshiking,swimming,andriding a
bicycle.”
3. The production manager was asked to write his report quickly,
accurately, and in adetailed manner.MyHobby
Analysis: Manysentencespresentaseriesofideas
aboutonepersonorobject.All partofaseries
musthavethesamegrammaticalstructure.Whenalltheparts ofa seriesinasentencehavethesamegrammaticalstructure,
thesentencehasgood parallelstructure.Aseriesmay havetwo,three,fourormoreparts,butallparts
mustbeparallel.Suchasthesentenceabove,theword“detailedmanner”is
74
unparallelbecauseits notuesd “adverbof manner”.Whiletheprevious words use like “quickly”and“accurately”.So,thewords“detailed
manner” mustbe
in “adverbofmanner”and become“throughly”.Hence,the
correctsentence is“The
productionmanager was asked towritehis
reportquickly,accurately,and thoroughly.”
4.2.9. MissplacedWord
Every languagehasitsownuniquegrammar.JustlikeEnglish,Bahasa
Indonesiaalsohasitsowngrammar.Beforeuttering asentenceinaforeign language,oneusually
arrangesthesentencesinhisorhermindinhisorhernative languageandlaterchanges
intotheunintendedlanguage.Sometimes,theoutcome hasthesamewordby
wordpositionwiththeoriginallanguage.Asstatedby ChaedarAlwasilahaboutonetypeofbilingualcompetencenamely
subcoordinate bilingualismwhereabilingualinthis
typecannotdistinguishthetermas separatething.Whenheorshespeakstendtotranslatewordby
wordalanguagethatheor she meant.
1. Thebeach isprobablyyou don’tknowTanjungSetiaBeach
Analysis: BasedonEnglishgrammar,theword‘probably’comesbeforethe
subject. Inthesentenceabove“probably”isinthe inappropriateplace,itcomesbetween subject
andverb.conjunctionfor thatsentence aboveshouldbewrittenbefore subject and after it mustbegiven comma. Thus, the correctsentence is“Probably, you don’t know
thebeach is”
7
2.WhenyouarriveatTanjungSetia,youthenwillseeaverylongbeach with
blueseaand bigwaves. TanjungSetiaBeach Analysis:
Basedon Englishgrammar,
conjunction like“then”comes beforethe
subject.Inthesentenceabove,conjunction“then”is inthe
inappropriateplace,it comesbetweensubjectandverb.conjunctionforthatsentenceaboveshouldbe
writtenbeforsubject andafteritmustbe
givencomma.Thus,thecorrectsentence is“WhenyouarriveatTanjungSetia,thenyouwillseeavery longbeachwith bluesea and
big waves.”
3.AsI justsitdownonthesandmymindstartstounwind.My Favourite
Place intheWorld Anaysis:
BasedonEnglishgrammar,theword‘just’comesbeforethesubject.In thesentenceabove“just”isinthe
inappropriateplace,itcomesbetweensubject andverb.conjunctionfor thatsentence aboveshouldbewritten beforsubject and
afteritmustbegivencomma.Thus,thecorrectsentence is“JustasIsitdownon thesand mymind startsto unwind.”
4. Iamnowatpeace. MyfavouritePlacein theWorld
Analysis: Basedon
Englishgrammar,verboftime like“now”comes beforethe
subject.Inthesentenceabove,conjunction“now”isintheinappropriateplace,it
76
comesbetweensubjectandverb.conjunctionforthatsentenceaboveshouldbe writtenbeforsubject
andafteritmustbe givencomma.Thus,thecorrectsentence
is“Now, I amatpeace.”
5. I believe that now many people love themselves no matter how
beautifulor uglytheyare. Importance and Benefitsof Sports Analysis:
Basedon Englishgrammar,verboftime
like“now”comes beforethe subject.Inthesentenceabove,conjunction“now”isinthe
inappropriateplace,it comesbetweensubjectandverb.conjunctionforthatsentenceaboveshouldbe
writtenbeforsubject andafteritmustbe
givencomma.Thus,thecorrectsentence is“Now,Ibelievethat manypeople love themselvesnomatterhowbeautiful or ugly
theyare.”
4.3. Findings
Aftercolectingand analyzingthe data essay text made by English Literature’sstudents,thenumber of datafound:
GrammaticalErrors TypesofGrammaticalError
Amount
1 Subject-Verb Agreement
30 2
Singular Plural 10
3 To Infinitive
9
7
4 PassiveVoice
14 5
FormsofAdjective 5
6 Redudancy
5 7
Preposition 23
8 ParallelStructure
3 9
Misplaced Words 5
Total
104
EssaysoftheStudentsofLiteratureDepartment has the analysisobject.In
thisthesis, thewriter hasfound the answersof research, namely: Therearenine9grammaticalerrorsfoundintheessays,they
are: Subject-
VerbAgreement,PassiveVoice, ToInfinitive,Forms ofAdjective,
Preposition,Redudancy,MisplacedWords andParallelismStructure.Afterdoing the anaysis,thewriter hastabulated thegrammatical errorsand the totalnumber is
106datas.ForSubject-VerbAgreementis30datasorabout28.84,Singular Pluralis10datasorabout9.61,ToInfinitiveis9datasorabout8.65,
PassiveVoiceis14datasorabout13.46,FormsofAdjectiveis5datasor about4.80,Redundancyis5datasorabout4.80,Preposition
is23datasor about22.11,ParallelismStructureis3datasorabout2.88,andthelast,
MissplacedWord is 5datas or about4.80.So, themostdominantgrammatical found in the essaysisSubject-VerbAgreement.