TYPES OF METAPHOR IN ADELE SONG LYRICS IN 21 ALBUM.
TYPES OF METHAPOR IN ADELE SONG LYRICS IN
21 ALBUM
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
DAVID CHRISTIAN SINAGA
Registration Number: 2103220010
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Sinaga, David Christan. NIM. 2103220010. Types Of Metaphor In Adele
Song Lyrics in 21 Album. A Thesis. English Department, Faculty of
Languages and Arts, State University of Medan, 2016.
This research focused on metaphor used in 21 Album by Adele. The research was
conducted by using qualitative research method. The data were collected from the
song lyrics in 21 Album by Adele. The findings of the thesis showed that there
were 55 occurrences of metaphor which classified into three types by eight types
of metaphor. They were inactive metaphor (3), phenomenalistic metaphor (18),
symbolism metaphor (34). The most dominant type of metaphor that used in 21
album is symbolism metaphor with 61.82%. It means that the songwriter used
symbolism metaphor in 21 Album to create fictive though with wild imaginary of
world and use it to make the reader and listener to be more imaginative.
Keyword: Types of Metaphor, Lyric, Song, Adele.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks God, all the praise to Jesus Christ for the blessing, mercy, and
guidance in giving the writer full strength and patience to complete this thesis.
This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to obtain the S1 degree of
Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan.
In accomplishing this thesis, the writer has been helped by a lot of beloved
people especially for the loyal supporters. Therefore, the writer would like to
express her sincere and greatest gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, the
Head of English Literature Department.
Dra. Meisuri, MA., the Secretary of English Department and his
Examiner.
Drs, Lidiman Sahat Martua M.Hum and Juli Rachmadani, S.S.,
M.Hum., his Thesis Advisor for them guidance, advice, suggestion and
comment and the time to supervising this thesis until complete in making
this thesis better.
Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd., and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S,
as his Examiner.
All beloved Lecturers in English and Literature Department who advised
and guided the writer during academic years.
All Lectures and Staffs of English Department who helped and given
contribution of knowledge, advice and guidance during her academic years
in English Department
The best family of the author, his beloved mother, Mrs. Valentina
Sidabutar, his beloved father,Mr. Anggiat Sinaga, his sisters Yenti
Veronica Sinaga and Listy Reniova Sinaga, and his brother Vander
Hizkia Sinaga, for their endless love, support, encouragement, motivation,
prayers,and laughter shared during the writer’s life. He loves them so
much. Also his great family for the support during the completion of this
thesis.
ii
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study .............................................................................1
B. The Problems of the Study ...........................................................................5
C. The Scope of the Study ...............................................................................5
D. The Objective of the Study .........................................................................5
E. The Significance of the Study ..................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .....................................................7
A. Theoritical Framework................................................................................7
1. Pragmatics ............................................................................................7
2. Figurative Language ...................................................................…… 8
3. Metaphor ............................................................................................11
a. Parts of metaphor .........................................................................14
b. Metaphorical Process .................................................................. 15
c. The types of metaphor ...................................................................15
d. The Reason Using of Metaphor ...................................................19
4. Music...................................................................................................20
5. Song ....................................................................................................21
6. Lyric .. .................................................................................................23
7. Adele ........................………………………………………………...24
8. 21 Album ............................................................................................24
B. Conceptual framework ..............................................................................25
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH ....................................................26
A. Research Design ........................................................................................26
B. Source of Data ...........................................................................................26
C. Technique for Collecting Data ..................................................................27
D. Technique for Analyzing Data ..................................................................28
v
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANAL SIS, THE FINDING AND DISCUSSIONS ..29
A. Data analysis .............................................................................................29
1. Types of Metaphor Used in Adele’ 21 Album ......................................30
a. Active Metaphor .............................................................................30
b. Inactive Metaphor ...........................................................................31
c. Subjective Metaphor .......................................................................32
d. Mimetic Metaphor ..........................................................................32
e. Phenomenalistic Metaphor .............................................................32
f. Precision Metaphor .........................................................................34
g. Symbolism Metaphor .....................................................................34
h. Approximate Metaphor ..................................................................36
2. The Dominant Type of Metaphor on Adele Songs ...............................36
3. The Reason of The Dominant Metaphor Used in Adele Songs ............37
B. The Findings ...............................................................................................38
C. Discussions .................................................................................................39
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.................................. 0
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................40
B. Suggestions ................................................................................................41
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 2
APENDI ............................................................................................................
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
The Percentages of the Types of Metaphor ...........................
Number of Types of Inactive or Dead Metaphor ...................
Number of Types of Phenomenalistic Metaphor ...................
Number of Types of Symbolism Metaphor ...........................
vii
30
31
32
34
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
The Analysis of the Types of Metaphor in Adele
21 Album ……………………………………………..43
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of Study
As social beings, people need to do interaction and communication with another
through a medium called language. Language is the principal means of communication for
the human beings in their daily life.
The language is used to express ideas, feelings and build relationships among
themselves. People cannot do their activities well without using language.
By using
language, they can describe their feelings, emotions and thoughts more effectively to achieve
the purpose of interaction. They cannot respond to an utterance or react to a stimulus if they
do not understand what they say and write.
Communication can be built if there is an understanding between a speaker and a
listener who deliver ideas or a message called meaning. Meaning is an important element of
communication. If the listener cannot understand the meaning of the speaker, of course, there
will be no mutual communication. When the listener receives a message, the mind must
interpret the data to convert it into meanings.
There are numbers of ways to deliver a meaning. Some of them are through the use of
idioms called figurative language. It is known that ‘figurative language’ often used in
speaking and writing to express ideas and emotions, and to affect the views and attitudes of
others.
From the previous research about types of metaphor found that Uswati(2012)
Metaphorical expression in Minangkabau language especially used in aphorism such as
pasambahan has many forms of metaphor. In English language, metaphor usually is signed
by using word “is” and sometimes the speaker direct to mention the comparison word such as
1
2
“she is the sun. The verb “is” in this sentence is linking word to compare between the girl and
the sun.
Furthermore, Minangkabau language is not different from English language which
sometimes does not use such as words above to describe the metaphor. They mention it
directly such as in sentence “angsayuamah”. It means that the person is scary toward
everything or frighten person. Meanwhile, that phenomenon also happened in pasambahan
forms which express the metaphorical expression by using linking word or not. In addition,
metaphorical expression uses some linking words and used to compare between two different
ideas.
According to Lakoff (1
), conceptually metaphor refers to the understanding of one
idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another, for example, understanding quantity in terms
of directionality. Conceptual metaphors are seen in language in our everyday lives.
Conceptual metaphors shape not just our communication, but also shape the way we think
and act.
Wahab (1
0) divides the types of metaphor into three types based on syntactical
view are nominative metaphor, predicative metaphor and sentences metaphor. First,
nominative metaphor defines that the subjects or noun in sentences as metaphor. The sign of
metaphor is a subject of sentence.
Nominative metaphor classified into two based on the position of subject are
subjective nominative and objective nominative. For example the wind says to me about
you”. In these sentences, the metaphor is wind which used to compare between the senders of
message.
So, word wind as substitute of the sender who bring news. The phrase says to me
about you is explained as literal meaning without metaphorical expression.Second,
predicative metaphor is metaphorical expression that defines predicative as a metaphor while
the other part is described literally.
The researcher get the result about the analyzing of type of metaphor with
and hat from
number
data of metaphorical expression used by speaker in pasambahan in wedding
party, predicative metaphor is mostly used it it about
,0 %. After that nominative metaphor
is the second types of metaphor mostly used it is about 2 ,
sentences metaphor as percentage about ,
%. Then, it is followed by
%.
Metaphor is one of figurative language which is the most common and widely used in
daily interaction such as in songs. It is an implicit comparison in which the intended idea is
compared with another idea through a similarity or likeness of characteristics, qualities or
attributes of the two ideas.
The metaphor itself has a unique meaning. It means that the use of language is to refer
to something other than what it was originally applied to, or what it ‘literally’ means, in order
to suggest some resemblance or to make a connection between two things (Moon and
nowles, 200
).
Music is the most common thing in people’s daily life because the music can produce
various effects over the listener. What makes music special is its relationship to language.
Both music and language, for instance, are unique to the human species, both unfold over
time, both have syntactic properties, and both make use of sound. Indeed, the notion that
music is a language is the basis for some of the most prevalent metaphors used to describe
music (Zbikowski M. Lawrence, 200 ).
In music there are song lyrics. A song lyric is an artistic form of auditory
communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous
manner.
It can be concluded that a lyric is one of literary works, which completes and beautifies
the song and makes the listener feel more interested in listening to it (Awe, 200 ).
Metaphor particularly increases learning of the idea units strongly related to the
metaphors. Thus, metaphors can be used to increase learning of particular material in text
( oan . Gallini and Michael A. Seaman, 1
).
Learning metaphor is very important to avoid an error in interpreting it then prevent
misunderstanding between subject who use metaphor and the object who receive it.
For example in Adele song lyric “turn my sorrow into treasured gold”, means to turn
all the sadness of relationship brought her into happiness when she found someone better.
Adele used subjective metaphor to beauty her song lyric.
In this study the researcher analyzed the metaphor in song lyrics because the songwriter
express some ideas or feelings and communicate it for human beings in her lyrics used
metaphor.
In some cases the idea and feeling are difficult to deliver to the society because the
singer has adopted metaphor to beautify their songs. Therefore, this study discusses the types
of the metaphor that are found in Adele’s song lyrics.
B.
The Prob e s of the Study
The problems of this study were formulated as the following
1.
What types of metaphor are used in Adele’ 21 Album ?
2.
Which type of metaphor is the most dominant in Adele’ 21 Album ?
.
What is reason of the song writer in using dominant types of metaphor in 21
album?
C.
The Scope of the Study
The study focus on the types of metaphor thatused in Adele’s album. Adele has
albums but for more specific and precise, the scope and the limitation of the study is 21
album by Adele which is consist of 12 songs.
D.
The Ob ect ves of the Study
1.
To find out types of metaphor used in Adele 21 Album
2.
To find out the dominant metaphor that used in Adele 21 Album
.
To find out the reason of the song writer in using dominant types of metaphor in
Adele 21 album
E.
The S gn f cances of the Study
The findings of the study were expected to be useful theoretically and practically
1. Theoretically
The finding of this study is expected to be one of the sources improving
metaphor studies
2. Practically
a)
Researches who were going to conduct a further study on literature that is
related with human language especially the language of metaphor
b)
Students of English department who study metaphor to help themunderstand
and comprehend it.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
After analyzing and determining the types of metaphor in the transcript of the
21 Album by Adele, the conclusions are presented as follows:
1. The three types of metaphor found in 21 Album by Adele with the total
number of metaphor 55 words. They were active inactive metaphor (3),
phenomenalistic metaphor (18), and symbolism metaphor (34).
2. The most dominant type of metaphor is symbolism metaphor written by the
songwriter with 34 occurrences symbolism (61,82%) in 21 Album by Adele.
3. Adele 21 Album was used a particular kind of substitution of the
interpretation call symbolism. In this case is quite difficult to understand the
lyrics from the songwriter because symbolism is a particular kind of
substitution of the interpretation,
40
41
It means that the songwriter use symbolism metaphor in 21 Album is
to create fictive though with wild imaginary of world and use it to make the
reader and hearer use their imagination.
So there are the reasons, this album became full of mystery,
imagination and never stopped being discussed.
B.
Suggestions
By considering the research finding and the conclusions, there are some
suggestions which is presented as follows:
1. In analyzing metaphor, based on eight types active metaphor, inactive
metaphor,
subjective
metaphor,
mimetic
metaphor,
phenomenalistic
metaphor, precision metaphor, symbolism metaphor and approximate
metaphor found that the dominant type is symbolism metaphor, it is suggested
that the listeners listen more songs that used more metaphor in its lyrics.
2. Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of metaphor in
other objects.
3. For the other song composer to make their song by using more metaphor, so
that it can make their song is more beautiful and put some misterious mean by
the lyrics, to create the best song.
42
REFERENCES
Abracian, R. 1982. Instructor`s Manual to Accompany Literature, The Human
New York: Monarch Press.
Experience.
Attila,K. 2010.Metaphor in Cognitive Linguistics, Journal of English Studies. Vol. 71. 20
September 2015.
A.Goatly. 1997.The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge.
Black, Max. 1979. “More about Metaphor”, in Ortony (ed) 1979. Metaphor and
Thought.Cambrige: Cambridge University Press.
K,Gallini Joan. andA, Seaman Michael. 1995. Metaphors and Learning New Text. Journal of
Reading Behavior, Vol. 27. No. 2. California :University of South Carolina
M. Knowles and Moon, R. 2006.Introducing Metaphor.New York: Routledge.
Johnson and Lakoff. 1980. Metaphor We Live By, Journal, Vol. 77, Issue 8. Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press
Lawrence, M. Zbikowski. 2008. Metaphor in Music, Journal of Metaphor
Leezenberg, M. 2001. Contexts of Metaphor.Amsterdam: Elsevier.
K. Nielsen 1978. Metaphilosophy. Calgary: The University of Calgary.
Oxford Advanced Learner`s Dictionary. 1995. New York: Oxford University.
Yule, G. 1996. Pragmatics.Oxford: Oxford University.
21 ALBUM
A THESIS
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
DAVID CHRISTIAN SINAGA
Registration Number: 2103220010
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
ABSTRACT
Sinaga, David Christan. NIM. 2103220010. Types Of Metaphor In Adele
Song Lyrics in 21 Album. A Thesis. English Department, Faculty of
Languages and Arts, State University of Medan, 2016.
This research focused on metaphor used in 21 Album by Adele. The research was
conducted by using qualitative research method. The data were collected from the
song lyrics in 21 Album by Adele. The findings of the thesis showed that there
were 55 occurrences of metaphor which classified into three types by eight types
of metaphor. They were inactive metaphor (3), phenomenalistic metaphor (18),
symbolism metaphor (34). The most dominant type of metaphor that used in 21
album is symbolism metaphor with 61.82%. It means that the songwriter used
symbolism metaphor in 21 Album to create fictive though with wild imaginary of
world and use it to make the reader and listener to be more imaginative.
Keyword: Types of Metaphor, Lyric, Song, Adele.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks God, all the praise to Jesus Christ for the blessing, mercy, and
guidance in giving the writer full strength and patience to complete this thesis.
This thesis is aimed to fulfill one of the requirements to obtain the S1 degree of
Sarjana Sastra at English Department in Faculty of Languages and Arts, State
University of Medan.
In accomplishing this thesis, the writer has been helped by a lot of beloved
people especially for the loyal supporters. Therefore, the writer would like to
express her sincere and greatest gratitude to:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, the
Head of English Literature Department.
Dra. Meisuri, MA., the Secretary of English Department and his
Examiner.
Drs, Lidiman Sahat Martua M.Hum and Juli Rachmadani, S.S.,
M.Hum., his Thesis Advisor for them guidance, advice, suggestion and
comment and the time to supervising this thesis until complete in making
this thesis better.
Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd., and Prof. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S,
as his Examiner.
All beloved Lecturers in English and Literature Department who advised
and guided the writer during academic years.
All Lectures and Staffs of English Department who helped and given
contribution of knowledge, advice and guidance during her academic years
in English Department
The best family of the author, his beloved mother, Mrs. Valentina
Sidabutar, his beloved father,Mr. Anggiat Sinaga, his sisters Yenti
Veronica Sinaga and Listy Reniova Sinaga, and his brother Vander
Hizkia Sinaga, for their endless love, support, encouragement, motivation,
prayers,and laughter shared during the writer’s life. He loves them so
much. Also his great family for the support during the completion of this
thesis.
ii
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1
A. Background of the Study .............................................................................1
B. The Problems of the Study ...........................................................................5
C. The Scope of the Study ...............................................................................5
D. The Objective of the Study .........................................................................5
E. The Significance of the Study ..................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .....................................................7
A. Theoritical Framework................................................................................7
1. Pragmatics ............................................................................................7
2. Figurative Language ...................................................................…… 8
3. Metaphor ............................................................................................11
a. Parts of metaphor .........................................................................14
b. Metaphorical Process .................................................................. 15
c. The types of metaphor ...................................................................15
d. The Reason Using of Metaphor ...................................................19
4. Music...................................................................................................20
5. Song ....................................................................................................21
6. Lyric .. .................................................................................................23
7. Adele ........................………………………………………………...24
8. 21 Album ............................................................................................24
B. Conceptual framework ..............................................................................25
CHAPTER III. METHOD OF RESEARCH ....................................................26
A. Research Design ........................................................................................26
B. Source of Data ...........................................................................................26
C. Technique for Collecting Data ..................................................................27
D. Technique for Analyzing Data ..................................................................28
v
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANAL SIS, THE FINDING AND DISCUSSIONS ..29
A. Data analysis .............................................................................................29
1. Types of Metaphor Used in Adele’ 21 Album ......................................30
a. Active Metaphor .............................................................................30
b. Inactive Metaphor ...........................................................................31
c. Subjective Metaphor .......................................................................32
d. Mimetic Metaphor ..........................................................................32
e. Phenomenalistic Metaphor .............................................................32
f. Precision Metaphor .........................................................................34
g. Symbolism Metaphor .....................................................................34
h. Approximate Metaphor ..................................................................36
2. The Dominant Type of Metaphor on Adele Songs ...............................36
3. The Reason of The Dominant Metaphor Used in Adele Songs ............37
B. The Findings ...............................................................................................38
C. Discussions .................................................................................................39
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.................................. 0
A. Conclusions ................................................................................................40
B. Suggestions ................................................................................................41
REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 2
APENDI ............................................................................................................
vi
LIST OF TABLE
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
The Percentages of the Types of Metaphor ...........................
Number of Types of Inactive or Dead Metaphor ...................
Number of Types of Phenomenalistic Metaphor ...................
Number of Types of Symbolism Metaphor ...........................
vii
30
31
32
34
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
The Analysis of the Types of Metaphor in Adele
21 Album ……………………………………………..43
viii
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of Study
As social beings, people need to do interaction and communication with another
through a medium called language. Language is the principal means of communication for
the human beings in their daily life.
The language is used to express ideas, feelings and build relationships among
themselves. People cannot do their activities well without using language.
By using
language, they can describe their feelings, emotions and thoughts more effectively to achieve
the purpose of interaction. They cannot respond to an utterance or react to a stimulus if they
do not understand what they say and write.
Communication can be built if there is an understanding between a speaker and a
listener who deliver ideas or a message called meaning. Meaning is an important element of
communication. If the listener cannot understand the meaning of the speaker, of course, there
will be no mutual communication. When the listener receives a message, the mind must
interpret the data to convert it into meanings.
There are numbers of ways to deliver a meaning. Some of them are through the use of
idioms called figurative language. It is known that ‘figurative language’ often used in
speaking and writing to express ideas and emotions, and to affect the views and attitudes of
others.
From the previous research about types of metaphor found that Uswati(2012)
Metaphorical expression in Minangkabau language especially used in aphorism such as
pasambahan has many forms of metaphor. In English language, metaphor usually is signed
by using word “is” and sometimes the speaker direct to mention the comparison word such as
1
2
“she is the sun. The verb “is” in this sentence is linking word to compare between the girl and
the sun.
Furthermore, Minangkabau language is not different from English language which
sometimes does not use such as words above to describe the metaphor. They mention it
directly such as in sentence “angsayuamah”. It means that the person is scary toward
everything or frighten person. Meanwhile, that phenomenon also happened in pasambahan
forms which express the metaphorical expression by using linking word or not. In addition,
metaphorical expression uses some linking words and used to compare between two different
ideas.
According to Lakoff (1
), conceptually metaphor refers to the understanding of one
idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another, for example, understanding quantity in terms
of directionality. Conceptual metaphors are seen in language in our everyday lives.
Conceptual metaphors shape not just our communication, but also shape the way we think
and act.
Wahab (1
0) divides the types of metaphor into three types based on syntactical
view are nominative metaphor, predicative metaphor and sentences metaphor. First,
nominative metaphor defines that the subjects or noun in sentences as metaphor. The sign of
metaphor is a subject of sentence.
Nominative metaphor classified into two based on the position of subject are
subjective nominative and objective nominative. For example the wind says to me about
you”. In these sentences, the metaphor is wind which used to compare between the senders of
message.
So, word wind as substitute of the sender who bring news. The phrase says to me
about you is explained as literal meaning without metaphorical expression.Second,
predicative metaphor is metaphorical expression that defines predicative as a metaphor while
the other part is described literally.
The researcher get the result about the analyzing of type of metaphor with
and hat from
number
data of metaphorical expression used by speaker in pasambahan in wedding
party, predicative metaphor is mostly used it it about
,0 %. After that nominative metaphor
is the second types of metaphor mostly used it is about 2 ,
sentences metaphor as percentage about ,
%. Then, it is followed by
%.
Metaphor is one of figurative language which is the most common and widely used in
daily interaction such as in songs. It is an implicit comparison in which the intended idea is
compared with another idea through a similarity or likeness of characteristics, qualities or
attributes of the two ideas.
The metaphor itself has a unique meaning. It means that the use of language is to refer
to something other than what it was originally applied to, or what it ‘literally’ means, in order
to suggest some resemblance or to make a connection between two things (Moon and
nowles, 200
).
Music is the most common thing in people’s daily life because the music can produce
various effects over the listener. What makes music special is its relationship to language.
Both music and language, for instance, are unique to the human species, both unfold over
time, both have syntactic properties, and both make use of sound. Indeed, the notion that
music is a language is the basis for some of the most prevalent metaphors used to describe
music (Zbikowski M. Lawrence, 200 ).
In music there are song lyrics. A song lyric is an artistic form of auditory
communication incorporating instrumental or vocal tones in a structured and continuous
manner.
It can be concluded that a lyric is one of literary works, which completes and beautifies
the song and makes the listener feel more interested in listening to it (Awe, 200 ).
Metaphor particularly increases learning of the idea units strongly related to the
metaphors. Thus, metaphors can be used to increase learning of particular material in text
( oan . Gallini and Michael A. Seaman, 1
).
Learning metaphor is very important to avoid an error in interpreting it then prevent
misunderstanding between subject who use metaphor and the object who receive it.
For example in Adele song lyric “turn my sorrow into treasured gold”, means to turn
all the sadness of relationship brought her into happiness when she found someone better.
Adele used subjective metaphor to beauty her song lyric.
In this study the researcher analyzed the metaphor in song lyrics because the songwriter
express some ideas or feelings and communicate it for human beings in her lyrics used
metaphor.
In some cases the idea and feeling are difficult to deliver to the society because the
singer has adopted metaphor to beautify their songs. Therefore, this study discusses the types
of the metaphor that are found in Adele’s song lyrics.
B.
The Prob e s of the Study
The problems of this study were formulated as the following
1.
What types of metaphor are used in Adele’ 21 Album ?
2.
Which type of metaphor is the most dominant in Adele’ 21 Album ?
.
What is reason of the song writer in using dominant types of metaphor in 21
album?
C.
The Scope of the Study
The study focus on the types of metaphor thatused in Adele’s album. Adele has
albums but for more specific and precise, the scope and the limitation of the study is 21
album by Adele which is consist of 12 songs.
D.
The Ob ect ves of the Study
1.
To find out types of metaphor used in Adele 21 Album
2.
To find out the dominant metaphor that used in Adele 21 Album
.
To find out the reason of the song writer in using dominant types of metaphor in
Adele 21 album
E.
The S gn f cances of the Study
The findings of the study were expected to be useful theoretically and practically
1. Theoretically
The finding of this study is expected to be one of the sources improving
metaphor studies
2. Practically
a)
Researches who were going to conduct a further study on literature that is
related with human language especially the language of metaphor
b)
Students of English department who study metaphor to help themunderstand
and comprehend it.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A.
Conclusions
After analyzing and determining the types of metaphor in the transcript of the
21 Album by Adele, the conclusions are presented as follows:
1. The three types of metaphor found in 21 Album by Adele with the total
number of metaphor 55 words. They were active inactive metaphor (3),
phenomenalistic metaphor (18), and symbolism metaphor (34).
2. The most dominant type of metaphor is symbolism metaphor written by the
songwriter with 34 occurrences symbolism (61,82%) in 21 Album by Adele.
3. Adele 21 Album was used a particular kind of substitution of the
interpretation call symbolism. In this case is quite difficult to understand the
lyrics from the songwriter because symbolism is a particular kind of
substitution of the interpretation,
40
41
It means that the songwriter use symbolism metaphor in 21 Album is
to create fictive though with wild imaginary of world and use it to make the
reader and hearer use their imagination.
So there are the reasons, this album became full of mystery,
imagination and never stopped being discussed.
B.
Suggestions
By considering the research finding and the conclusions, there are some
suggestions which is presented as follows:
1. In analyzing metaphor, based on eight types active metaphor, inactive
metaphor,
subjective
metaphor,
mimetic
metaphor,
phenomenalistic
metaphor, precision metaphor, symbolism metaphor and approximate
metaphor found that the dominant type is symbolism metaphor, it is suggested
that the listeners listen more songs that used more metaphor in its lyrics.
2. Other researchers are suggested to make a more depth analysis of metaphor in
other objects.
3. For the other song composer to make their song by using more metaphor, so
that it can make their song is more beautiful and put some misterious mean by
the lyrics, to create the best song.
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