Suggestion for Teaching Speaking

reading text easily. Then, the reading text should be suitable with the students’ linguistics proficiency. The students’ literary background should also be considered because it will influence the students understanding toward literary text. Beside that, the text should be available for students and teaches, the length of the text should consider on time available and the text should give advantage to the students Lazar, 1993: 53-54.

5.2.3 Suggestion for Teaching Speaking

If a teacher wants to use literary work especially novel to teach speaking, it is suggested to teach speaking by using debate method. Debate simulation can be used to teach speaking for students of semester four. The material will be taken from the novel, especially the part that is interesting to be the topic. The material that is taken from the novel is distributed one week before the class so that the students have much time to read it. The meeting will be conducted in 90 minutes. The procedures are stated below: 1. Students make a group of three. 2. The teacher and the students discuss the reading text together. 3. Teacher distributes hand out about the rules of debate. 4. The teacher explains about the rules of debate and asks students to choose their role in the group. 5. After the students understand the rules, teacher asks the group to be the affirmative or the opposite. 6. Teacher gives the problem and provides time for each group to have a short discussion. 7. Debate simulation will be conducted in front of the clas 76 BIBLIOGRAPHY Becker, Lawrence C; Charlotte B. Becker ed. 1992. Encyclopedia of Ethics, vol.1. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. ______________. 1992. Encyclopedia of Ethics, vol.II. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc. Crane, Robert I., P.P. Karan, and Beatrice Pitney Lamb ed.. 1971. The World Book Encyclopedia volume 1. Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. ______________. 1971. The World Book Encyclopedia volume 10. Chicago: Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. Hiriyanna, M. 1956. The Essentials of Indian Philosphy. London: George Allen Unwin. Hornby, AS. 1995. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hutton, J.H. 1946. Caste in India: its nature, function, and origin. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. India a Reference Annual 1980. 1980. New Delhi: The Director Publications Division Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Government of India Patiala House. Lapierre, Dominique. 1986. The City of Joy. New York: Warner Bross, Inc. Lemaitre, Solange. 1959. Hinduism. London: Burns Oates and Washbourne Ltd. Lazar, Gillian. 1993. Literature and Language Teaching: a Guide for Teachers and Trainers . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Law, M.D., M.Vibart Dixon. 1973. Chambers’s Encyclopedia. London: International Learning System Corporation limited. Lorimer, Lawrence T. ed.. 1993. Encyclopedia of Knowledge volume 4. Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated Danbury. ____________. 1993. Encyclopedia of Knowledge volume 9. Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated Danbury. O’ Flaherty, Wendy Doniger ed. 1980. Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Tradition . Berkeley: University of California Press. Renou, Louis ed. 1961. Hinduism. New York: George Braziller, Inc. Rohrberger, Mary and Samuel H. Woods, Jr. 1971.Reading and Writing about Literature . New York: Random House. Roth, John K. ed. 1995. International Encyclopedia of Ethics. London: Braun- Brumfield, Inc. Segal, Ronald. 1965. The Crisis of India. Middlesex: Penguin Books, Ltd. Sen, K.M. 1967. Hinduism. Harmonsworth: Penguin Books. Stern, Robert W. 1993. Changing India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zaehner, C. 1983. Hinduism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Zimmer, Heinrich. 1958. Philosophies of India. New York: Meridian Books, Inc. Electronic source: Lapierre, Dominique. Bestselling Writer Turns Philanthropist. http:www.cityofjoy.orgbio_lapierre.html , accesed on January 16, 2007 Lapierre, Dominique. The Great French Author, Philanthropist, and Soul of SHIS. http:www.shisindia.orgreport_0405Lapierre.html , accesed on January 16, 2007 Appendix A. LESSON PLAN Lesson Plan for 4 th semester Meeting : 12 Topic : Karma Language Skill : Speaking Class : Speaking IV Time Allocation : 2 X 45’ I. General Instructional Objectives: At the end of the class the students are able to express themselves in speaking as fluently as possible, in both everyday and formal situations.

II. Specific Instructional Objectives:

At the end of the course the students are able to state their preference and opinion, to argue and differ, to question and represent and to have confidence to communicate in both everyday and formal situations.

III. Material:

Hand out, The City of Joy chapter 64

IV. Teaching Learning Activities

Kind of Activity Students’ Activity Time Allocation Pre-Teaching  Greet the teachers  Listen to the teacher’s introduction 5’ While- Teaching  The students make a group of three.  The students discuss the material that has been given a week before.  Students listen to the teacher’s explanation and ask questions when they do not understand.  The students choose their role in the group.  The students in each group choose to be the affirmative or the opposite.  The students comprehend the problem and discuss it in the group. 3’ 10’ 10’ 2’ 2’ 8’  The first group starts the debate simulation in front of the class. 40’ Post-Teaching  The teacher gives opportunities to the students to ask questions.  The teacher gives comments on the teaching and learning activities.  The students ask questions if there is something unclear. 10’

V. Evaluation:

The students’ activities in the classroom Appendix B. Debating The Text Material:  The City of Joy , chapter 64, pages 424-436 The Case:  The affirmative: Karma influences the struggle for survival of poor people.  The negative : Karma does not influence the struggle for survival of poor people. The Definitions:  Affirmative : A person on the affirmative side agrees with the topic statement.  Negative : A person on the negative side does not support the main claim of the topic statement.  Rebut : Prove that a claim is untrue.  Refute : Show evidence to disprove something. The Debate Structure:  Speaker 1 Affirmative : Opens the debate and gives an overview of their team’s case. The first speaker also discusses one main point.  Speaker 1 Negative : Show evidence to disprove the affirmative case and outlines their team’s case. Discusses one main point.  Speaker 2 Affirmative : Presents the major part of the affirmative team’s argument.  Speaker 2 Negative : Starts with rebuttal of a speaker 2 affirmative’s argument and presents the major part of their team’s argument.  Speaker 3 Affirmative : Briefly rebuts speaker 2 negative’s argument and continues their argument with a final point. Concludes the argument of their team, aiming to persuade the judge that their team has the strongest case.  Speaker 3 Negative : Briefly rebuts speaker 3 affirmative’s argument and continues the negative case with a final point. Concludes the arguments of their team, aiming to persuade the judge that their team has the strongest case. Appendix C. SUMMARY OF THE CITY OF JOY The City of Joy , a novel which tells many stories about heroism, love, sadness and happiness, was first published in 1985 after Lapierre stayed in Calcutta to do his research. The title The City of Joy itself is taken from the name of the main setting in the novel, Anand Nagar or the city of joy if it is translated in English. The City of Joy is based on two years of his extensive research in Calcutta and various areas of Bengal. He writes about men, women, and children who have been uprooted from their homes because of hard situations and conditions that insist them to move to another place for getting a better living Lapierre,1985:2. He writes this novel to show to the world that there are many people in Anand Nagar who need attention from others. The City of Joy tells about poverty in a slum called Anand Nagar , Calcutta. It is a story about how people learn to survive, to share and to love although there are many difficulties in their life. Dominique Lapierre shows their bravery, spirit and hope of people in Calcutta for facing the misfortune. In that gray, filthy, poor, sad, stinking and muddy place, there live seventy thousand people together in bad and deplorable conditions of hygiene. The structuring of the huts in Anand Nagar is chaotic. Each hut does not have its own latrines so people must stand in line to go to the public latrines every day. If there is a courtesy of the cesspool emptiness, which had been strike for several months, there is a variable lake of excrement in some place. There are two main characters in this novel, the first is Hasari Pal and the second is Stephan Kovalsky. Hasari Pal represents the native who is trapped in the cycle of poverty. He is a peasant from Bengali who has to migrate to Calcutta to find a better life. He does not only have to afford his own family, but he also has to afford his parents and his brothers’ family. Several years he has lived in a pavement because he cannot rent a house. Fortunately in that wild city, he can get a job as a rickshaw driver and get a small house in a slum called Anand Nagar. Although he has already got a job, his suffering does not end. He still has to face other problems. Stephan Kovalsky is a Polish Catholic priest who comes to Anand Nagar to help poor people who live in that slum. He insists to live among the poor in Anand Nagar so that he can really feel their suffering. Besides those two characters, Dominique Lapierre also introduces many characters on the novel. Those characters are Ram Chandler, Bipin Narendra, Kalima, Kirtik Baba and Mehboub. Ram Chandler, Hasari’s friend, is also a rickshaw driver. He is the one who helps Hasari in finding a job. Like Hasari, he also comes from a village in Bengal. He migrates to Calcutta to earn some money for his family in the village. The author also tells the story of Max Loeb, a young American doctor who comes to treat people in Anand Nagar; Bandona, a beautiful girl who helps Stephan Kovalski and Max Loeb for helping Anand Nagar people and many other characters. Those characters represent thousands people who live in the slums. Adapted from: Lapierre, Dominique.1986. The City of Joy. New York: Warner Bross, Inc. Appendix D. Dominique Lapierre’s Biography Dominique Lapierre, son of a diplomat, was born in La Rochelle, France in 1931. At the age of seventeen, he left Paris with US 30 to The United State. Lapierre’s first best-selling work, A Dollar for Thousands Miles was written based on his adventure during his journey from Paris to the United State. Since then, he has continuously searched for new messages and stories. He achieved a full bright scholarship in the University of Lafayette, Pennsylvania. He graduated from the university in 1952. In 1954 he completed his military service. While he completed his military service, he met an American soldier named Larry Collins. After that meeting, they became best friend. Several years later they would collaborate on the country’s most memorable books including Is Paris Burning, O Jerusalem, Freedom at Midnight, and the Fifth Horseman . Those books were read by millions of readers in more than 30 languages. O Jerusalem was published in 1971, while Freedom at Midnight, his book which was written on the process of Independence of India, was published in 1975. In 1980, Lapierre-Collins published their work after four years of Investigation. His solo work, Freely on the Soviet Roads also became best-seller. After that he wrote Chessman Told Me, a book about the famous convict Charryl Chessman. In 1981, Lapierre founded a humanitarian association for rescuing children who affected leprosy from the slums of Calcutta. This association was supported by half of his royalties. After he published another best-seller, The City of Joy, he went to Calcutta to visit the children in his association. He stayed in Calcutta for two years researching. While researching in Calcutta, Lapierre became a close associate of Mother Theresa who gave him the exclusive authorization to write movie scrip of Mother Theresa’s biography. Lapierre scrip had been nominated by the prestigious Humanities Prize for communicating the best values. Since 1982, Lapierre had shared his royalties with non-profit City of Joy Foundation, which aid to slum children and West Bengal. The royalties of Five Past Midnight in Bhopal was donated to Sambhavana clinic and the victims for the Bhopal disaster. In 1991, Lapieree published another best-seller, Beyond Love, the epic story of the discovery of the AIDS virus. His latest book, A Thousands Sons, chronicles the heroes and events that have shaped the life of the author-philanthropist. The book which is published in France, Italy, Spain, India, The United State and The United Kingdom, had already read by over three million readers. Adapted from: http:www.cityofjoy.orgbio_lapierre.html http:www.shisindia.orgreport_0405Lapierre.html Appendix E. PHOTOS Taken from http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiCalcutta CALCUTTA’S LIFE These pictures are taken by Lukas Juniarsa PBI 2003 Taken from http:en.wikipedia.orgwikiCalcutta ABSTRACT Perwitasari, Wahyu 2007. The Influence of Karma on the Struggle for Survival of Poor People as seen in Dominique Lapierre’s The City of Joy. Yogyakarta: English Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University. This study analyzed Dominique Lapierre’s novel, The City of Joy. The City of Joy is a novel that portrays the life of the poor in Anand Nagar, Calcutta. The aim of the study was to figure out how karma influenced the poor people especially Hindus in India. Besides, the aims of the study were to show the real condition of these poor people and to show the way poor people struggle for survival. Studying the influence of karma was interesting since these poor Hindu people had to struggle for survival while continuously thinking of a way to get a better karma. There were two problems that were formulated in order to achieve the aim of the study. The first problem was what the socio-cultural background of India during 1960s-1970s as seen in the City of Joy is and the second problem was how karma influences the struggle for survival of poor people as seen in the City of Joy. The method employed in this study was library research. The sources used in this study were primary and secondary sources. The primary source was taken from the novel, while the secondary sources were taken from some references which were relevant and supportive. The approach conducted in this study was socio-cultural approach by Rohrberger and Woods. This study also applied a review of Indian culture. They were karma, dharma, reincarnation, mokhsa, caste system and some facts of socio-cultural background of India. In addition, some criticisms to Dominique Lapierre’s work and some sources from internet sites were also used. The first analysis revealed the socio-cultural background of India during 1960s-1970s as seen in the City of Joy. Agriculture was India’s main source of income. However, disasters caused the low production of harvest. Sometimes, the production of harvest in India was not enough to feed the whole citizens. Disasters were India’s main cause of poverty, especially to farmers, who make up roughly three quarters of Indian population. Though most of Indians lived in the middle of poverty, they never forget to honor gods because in India, religion, especially Hinduism played a vital role. Religious doctrines influenced Indian way of life. Both poor and wealthy Indian did every religious custom and doctrine and religious ceremony to honor gods. The second analysis showed that karma, one of Hinduism fundamental doctrines, had strong influence to Hindu people. Karma influenced Hindus because they believe that every human action had consequences. Therefore in their struggle for survival, poor Hindu people still did their duties as human to gain good karma. Poor people’s belief toward karma motivated them not to give up in their struggle to survive. Karma made poor people to be loyal to their parents and their family. Besides, karma also caused poor people to be willing to suffer and sacrifice, to do many good deeds to others and to avoid doing sinful behaviors. It was concluded that Hindu people really kept their belief. They had to work many times harder in order to survive; these poor people never stop to do things they xii believe as good, including gaining a good karma. Karma influenced poor people because they believe in it. Poor people’s belief in karma motivated them not to give up to fighting for survival, made them loyal to their parents and their family, be willing to suffer and sacrifice themselves, do many kindness and avoid bad things. In addition, this study will also suggest some use of the novel as the material for teaching English especially teaching speaking. xiii ABSTRAK Perwitasari, Wahyu

2007. Pengaruh Karma dalam Perjuangan Orang-Orang

Miskin untuk Bertahan Hidup seperti terlihat dalam novel The City of Joy, Dominique Lapierre. Yogyakarta: Program Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan dan Seni, Fakultas keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Studi ini menganalisis novel, Dominique Lapierre, the City of Joy. The City of Joy adalah sebuah novel yang memperlihatkan kehidupan orang-orang miskin yang tinggal di sebuah perkampungan kumuh bernama Anand Nagar di Kalkuta. Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mencari tahu bagaimana karma bisa mempengaruhi orang-orang miskin tersebut terutama orang-orang Hindu di India. Selain itu studi ini juga bertujuan untuk memperlihatkan kondisi yang sebenarnya dari orang-orang miskin tersebut dan memperlihatkan bagaimana orang-orang miskin ini berjuang untuk bertahan hidup. Mempelajari pengaruh karma ini sangat menarik karena bisa melihat bagaimana umat Hindu miskin di India harus berjuang untuk bertahan hidup tanpa berhenti berfikir bagaimana cara mendapat karma baik. Ada dua permasalahan yang diformulasikan untuk mencapai tujuan dari studi ini. Masalah yang pertama adalah apa saja latar belakang sosial dan budaya yang ada di India pada kurun waktu 1960an sampai 1970an yang terlihat dalam novel the City of Joy dan masalah yang kedua adalah bagaimana karma mempengaruhi perjuangan orang-orang miskin untuk bertahan hidup seperti yang terlihat dalam the City of Joy . Metode yang digunakan pada studi ini adalah studi pustaka. Sumber-sumber data yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer diambil dari novel. Sedangkan sumber sekunder diambil dari sumber yang relevan dan mendukung. Studi ini juga mengunakan review budaya India seperti teori karma, dharma, reinkarnasi, mokhsa, sistem kasta dan fakta-fakta sosial dan budaya India. Analisis pertama mengungkapkan latar belakang sosial dan budaya India pada kurun waktu 1960an sampai 1970an seperti yang terlihat dalam novel. Sumber utama pendapatan di India berasal dari pertanian. Namun banyaknya bencana menyebabkan rendahnya produksi pertanian. Terkadang produksi pertanian di India tidak cukup untuk seluruh penduduk India. Bencana-bencana yang melanda India merupakan penyebab utama kemiskinan di India terutama bagi petani karena tiga perempat penduduk India merupakan petani. Walaupun banyak penduduk India tinggal ditengah kemiskinan, mereka tidak pernah lupa untuk memuja para dewa karena disana agama terutama agama Hindu memiliki peran yang penting. Ajaran- ajaran agama terutama ajaran agama Hindu di India mempengaruhi cara hidup orang- orangnya. Baik orang miskin ataupun kaya melaksanakan setiap ajaran dan kebiasaan-kebiasaanya serta mengadakan setiap perayaan demi menghormati para dewa. Analisis yang kedua menunjukkan bahwa karma, salah satu ajaran dasar agama Hindu, mempunyai pengaruh kuat terhadap orang-orang Hindu di India. Karma mempengaruhi umat Hindu karena mereka parcaya bahwa setiap tindakan xiv