Motorized Spoiler To Help To Stop Car Faster.
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
Motorized Spoiler to Help Car Stop Faster
Thesis submitted in accordance with the partial requirements of the Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for the Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering
(Design Manufacturing)
By
MUHAMMAD JURA’AID ABU BAKAR
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
October 2007
MOTORIZED SPOILER TO HELP STOP CAR FASTER
MUHAMMAD JURA’AID ABU BAKAR
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
UTeM Library (Pind.1/2005)
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA (UTeM)
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS*
JUDUL: CASE STUDY OF MOTORIZED SPOILER TO HELP STOP CAR FASTER
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2006/2007
Saya
MUHAMMAD JURA’AID ABU BAKAR
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah) ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan (√)
SULIT
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap:
06-11-24 PPR DESA TUN RAZAK,
DESA TUN RAZAK,
56000 CHERAS, WP KUALA LUMPUR
Cop Rasmi:
Tarikh:
Tarikh:
i
DECLARATION
I hereby, declare this thesis entitled “The Study of Foam Development in Rubber Industry” is
the results of my own research except as cited in the reference.
Signature
:
……………………………………………………………
Author’s Name
:
MUHAMMAD JURA’AID BIN ABU BAKAR
Date
:
31 MARCH 2008
ii
APPROVAL
This thesis submitted to the senate of UTeM and has been accepted as partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering
(Manufacturing Design). The members of the supervisory committee are as follow:
……………………………………………….
EN MUHAMMAD SYAFIK BIN JUMALI
(Official Stamp & Date)
iii
DEDICATION
For my beloved Father for all his encouragement and support both morally and
financially in finishing this thesis.
iv
ABSTRACT
This thesis has been made to investigate about car spoiler ability. The fundamental of the
car spoiler is now to be vice versa. The fundamental of the spoiler to give a car stability
during speeding give the driver more confidence to drive fast. Now the spoiler will be made
to help the car stop faster. All the related documents, information, technical information
and the existing design are based on the internet research. The original design already has
been use on the Bugatti Veyron and Mercedes Benz SLR 72. This project will be
redesigning the existing product to be used on a normal road car. Both car mentioned
before known as an hypercar and both have a top speed beyond 330 km/h. At such speed,
air brake is an alternative like has been use on a fighter jet during landing where it uses a
parachute to gain drag. All the related information and sources are mentioned. The main
objective doing this research because of the consciousness about the safety of a car where
there should be and extra features to increase the safety. Even though this project is more
related to automotive technical and safety, but the basic engineering can be applied such as
the calculation, the hardness of the material, processing the material and designing the
product.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank for the given opportunity to do research in this case study for my final
year project. I wish to acknowledge and express my gratitude and appreciation to these
following persons for their time, commitment in guiding and supported through out
completing this thesis:1. My supervisor, Mr Muhammad Syafik bin Jumali for his supervision,
encouragement, suggestion and assistance through out the research.
2. My father, Abu Bakar bin Bidin for his moral support, guidance and financial
support.
3. My panel and examiner for presentation for your comments and complaints on my
previous report for Semester 1
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
CONTENT
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
APPROVAL
iii
DEDICATION
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF FIGURES AND SOURCES
ix
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
xi
LIST OF CHARTS
xii
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Project Background
4
1.3
Problem Statement
10
1.4
Objective
10
1.5
Scope
10
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
11
2.1
Literature Review
11
2.2
Definition of Car Spoiler
11
2.3
Why A Car Need Downforce
14
2.4
Physical Characteristic
17
vii
2.5
CHAPTER
The Concept of Air Braking
CONTENT
19
PAGE
CHAPTER III
23
3.1
Methodology
23
3.2
Project flow Chart
24
3.3
Designing the Product
25
3.3.1
Gantt Chart
26
3.4
Product Development
27
3.4.1
Proton Wira Technical Aspects
29
3.5
Type of the Spoiler
30
3.6
Shape of the Spoiler
34
3.7
Stand Gap
35
3.7.1
Examples of a Stand Gap
36
3.8
Material Consideration
37
CHAPTER IV
39
4.1
Result
39
4.1.1
The Motor and Switch
41
4.2
Moving Part Mechanism
43
4.3
Spoiler Stand
46
4.4
Stand Position
50
4.5
The Adjusted Spoiler Position and Spoiler
Swing
CHAPTER V
56
5.1
Discussion PSM 1
56
5.2
Discussion PSM 2
57
viii
CHAPTER VI
58
6.1
Conclusion
58
6.2
References
59
ix
LIST OF FIGURES AND SOURCES
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1
Figure 1: The oversteer condition
2
http://people.bath.ac.uk/aj220/spin.JPG
2
Figure 2: A sedan car
www.hwupgrade.it
3
6
Figure 3: Hatchback car
www.carbodydesign.com
4
Figure 4: The aerodynamic testing in the wind tunnel
http://www.cecwheels.com/images/medialibrary
5
20
Figure 7: Example of GT wing
http://www.racing.ne.jp/~tsr/jpg/gt-wing01.jpg
8
27
Figure 9: Proton Wira
www.proton.com.sg
10
28
Figure 10:Proton Wira Technical Specification
www.proton.com.np/models_wiraone_specifiactions.htm
11
29
Figure 11: OEM spoiler
www.desktopmachine.com
12
22
Figure 8: Bugatti Veyron spoiler
www.bugatti.com
9
15
Figure 6: The spoiler gives an air resistance
www.bugatti.com
7
14
Figure 5: Lift of effect:
http://www.aprperformance.com
6
7
31
Figure 12: GT spoiler
www.ns.k-hos.gr.jp
31
x
13
Figure 13: GT standard/ normal bracket
www.vtechware.com/gtwing.htm
14
32
Figure 14: Bugatti Veyron wing stand
www.bugatti.com
15
33
Figure 15: Example of GT wing
www.ns.k-hos.gr.jp
16
34
Figure 16: Close gap
www.aprperformance.com
17
36
Figure 17: Gap too wide
www.aprperformance.com
18
37
Figure 18: Gap of one quarter (1/4) from the overall
wing length
www.aprperformance.com
19
37
Figure 19: Carbon fiber GT wing
httpwww.autotoys.compicspitcarbonfiberwing4.jpg
38
20
Figure 20: Power window motor
41
21
Figure 21: Power window switch
42
22
Figure 22: The join plate
44
23
Figure 23: Bearing inserted
44
24
Figure 24: Stopper screw
45
25
Figure 25: Rest position
46
26
Figure 26: Braking position
47
27
Figure 27: Actual design of stand
48
28
Figure 28: Join and stopper position
49
29
Figure 29: Actual stand position
50
30
Figure 30: Actual join plate at rest
51
31
Figure 31: Join plate at limited swing
52
32
Figure 32: At rest position, the stand edge does not
52
have any contact with the flap
33
Figure 33: The stand edge touch the flap
xi
53
34
Figure 34: The adjustment made for stand position
54
35
Figure 35: Full 90 º angle of swing
55
xii
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1
Diagram 1: Air flow diagram
www.aprperformance.com
2
Diagram 2: Turbulence behind car
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jalopnik/422044294
3
16
Diagram 5: Air drag created
www.aerospaceweb.org
6
11
Diagram 4: How downforce was gained
http://images.circletrack.com/techarticles
5
7
Diagram 3: Aerofoil
http://images.circletrack.com/techarticles
4
6
17
Diagram 6: The position of the spoiler during braking
http://images.circletrack.com/techarticles
19
7
Diagram 7: CAD drawing for spoiler flap
40
8
Diagram 8: CAD drawing for join plate
43
9
Diagram 9: CAD drawing for spoiler stand
48
xiii
LIST OF CHARTS
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1
Project flow chart
23
2
Gantt Chart
24
xiv
CHAPTER 1
1.1
INTRODUCTION
‘Projek Sarjana Muda’ (PSM) is compulsory to the final year students in UTeM in
order to complete their degree in the engineering course. PSM allow these
students to do research and project based on the subjects learned in the classes,
the experience they get during the industrial training and any cases related with
the project.
Car spoiler is the device used for giving and extra downforce at the rear of a car.
It applied the aerodynamic of a car where the wind will flow through the spoiler.
Here, when the wind flew through it will give the downforce, a force produced by
the wind when it flew through the spoiler. This is happened because the spoiler
has been set up with certain angle with the front side of the spoiler are lower than
the back and that is how downforce are produced.
Some of the spoiler may have a shape of counter aerofoil. The main purpose for
downforce is to push the car to stick on the ground and the reason it’s placed at
the back of the car, during speeding or accelerating, the back of the car normally
will be so light. This is because there are no weight could act as a stabilizer and
always the back of the car experienced the understeer condition during cornering
at high speed. But this report is made to investigate the another ability of the
spoiler where for this time along not much considered or neglected, can the
spoiler of a car will help it stop faster during braking by increasing the back angle
of the spoiler.
1
Figure 1: The oversteer condition
http://people.bath.ac.uk/aj220/spin.JPG
When performance cars reach high velocities, it can be very hard to get the car to
turn in a tight enough circles, due to the inertia of the vehicle. To increase the
downforce, cars started adding wings, which work on the same principle as
aircraft wings, the key difference being that car wings provide downfocre rather
than lift.
2
The main reason why cars need aerodynamic downforce, is because the car does
not have enough traction to turn at high speeds. This is due to inertia, or an
objects tendency to want to carry on going in the direction it is currently heading
in. By increasing the downforce, it is possible to increase the traction.
When the traction is increased, the wheels have more grips and as a result, the car
does not slide even during high speed corners.
Another reason why performance cars have wings and other features that improve
downforce, is so that the car, which is inherently aerofoil shaped, does not take
off.
3
1.2
BACKGROUND
Today, safety issues have been the main factors for any newly introduced product
in the market. Manufacturers claim their products are much better from the
existing one such as by using newly found or engineered materials which may not
give human side effect and also environment friendly. Instead, the existing
products were also having been improved rapidly to meat the safety requirement
from end user.
The automotive market in the world today, manufacturers around the globe like
having a race between them, where each company are introducing their latest
technology built by them and most of it about the safety issues. But, not only car
makers introducing their safety product and technology, the accessories makers
nowadays also introduced their product which they claim would increased the
safety of the car and user itself.
The reason for all the safety issues mentioned is about to reduce road accidents
and at the same time reducing death cause by the road accidents. Below is table
showing the number of accidents by vehicles in period from January until August
2005.
4
The road accidents statistics in Malaysia by period of January until August 2005
Table 1: Road accidents statistic by vehicles http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/?
action=kemalangan.html
5
For a normal car, it has fronted mounted engine, cockpit or cabin at the center of
the body, and luggage bay or bonnet at the rear and this type of car named as
sedan car. But there is also another design of car which buttless, or called a
hatchback car. Both cars, most of the weight was located at the front of the car
where the engine is mounted inside the engine bay. This indirectly gives the front
side more stabile where the engine itself acts as a stabilizer. There were also other
types of cars such as coupe, and aeroback.
Figure 2: A sedan car
www.hwupgrade.it
6
Figure 3: Hatchback car
www.carbodydesign.com
Stabilizer is so important when speeding to make sure the car is not oversteer
easily. But this is only applicable at the front side of the car where the engine act
as it indirect stabilizer. What about the rear of the car? With the empty bonnet, or
even with two adults sit at the back seat, can it be a good stabilizer as the front?
Engineers have invented a device that could give an effect as good as the weight
of the engine to act as the rear stabilizer, the spoiler.
Spoiler has been invented base on the airplane wing shape which called an
aerofoil. But, by applying the exact aerofoil shape onto road car, it may lift the car
when speeding and this will make the car lose grip on the ground. In this case, it
is not a safety device at all. So it has been invented with a counter effect, which
mean if the aerofoil built to lift the airplane, the spoiler was built to maintain the
car stick on the ground by turning upside down the shape of the aerofoil.
7
Diagram 1: Air flow diagram
www.aprperformance.com
The diagram of the air flow shows the air movement towards the cars when it
bombards the air molecules while cruising. When a spoiler is mounted, the air
will flow towards the spoiler and will give the downforce effect to the car. This
will give the car stability.
Diagram 2: Turbulence behind car
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jalopnik/422044294/
8
Motorized Spoiler to Help Car Stop Faster
Thesis submitted in accordance with the partial requirements of the Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka for the Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering
(Design Manufacturing)
By
MUHAMMAD JURA’AID ABU BAKAR
Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering
October 2007
MOTORIZED SPOILER TO HELP STOP CAR FASTER
MUHAMMAD JURA’AID ABU BAKAR
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
UTeM Library (Pind.1/2005)
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA (UTeM)
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS*
JUDUL: CASE STUDY OF MOTORIZED SPOILER TO HELP STOP CAR FASTER
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2006/2007
Saya
MUHAMMAD JURA’AID ABU BAKAR
mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah) ini disimpan di
Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) dengan syarat-syarat
kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
4. **Sila tandakan (√)
SULIT
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan
oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh:
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat Tetap:
06-11-24 PPR DESA TUN RAZAK,
DESA TUN RAZAK,
56000 CHERAS, WP KUALA LUMPUR
Cop Rasmi:
Tarikh:
Tarikh:
i
DECLARATION
I hereby, declare this thesis entitled “The Study of Foam Development in Rubber Industry” is
the results of my own research except as cited in the reference.
Signature
:
……………………………………………………………
Author’s Name
:
MUHAMMAD JURA’AID BIN ABU BAKAR
Date
:
31 MARCH 2008
ii
APPROVAL
This thesis submitted to the senate of UTeM and has been accepted as partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Manufacturing Engineering
(Manufacturing Design). The members of the supervisory committee are as follow:
……………………………………………….
EN MUHAMMAD SYAFIK BIN JUMALI
(Official Stamp & Date)
iii
DEDICATION
For my beloved Father for all his encouragement and support both morally and
financially in finishing this thesis.
iv
ABSTRACT
This thesis has been made to investigate about car spoiler ability. The fundamental of the
car spoiler is now to be vice versa. The fundamental of the spoiler to give a car stability
during speeding give the driver more confidence to drive fast. Now the spoiler will be made
to help the car stop faster. All the related documents, information, technical information
and the existing design are based on the internet research. The original design already has
been use on the Bugatti Veyron and Mercedes Benz SLR 72. This project will be
redesigning the existing product to be used on a normal road car. Both car mentioned
before known as an hypercar and both have a top speed beyond 330 km/h. At such speed,
air brake is an alternative like has been use on a fighter jet during landing where it uses a
parachute to gain drag. All the related information and sources are mentioned. The main
objective doing this research because of the consciousness about the safety of a car where
there should be and extra features to increase the safety. Even though this project is more
related to automotive technical and safety, but the basic engineering can be applied such as
the calculation, the hardness of the material, processing the material and designing the
product.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank for the given opportunity to do research in this case study for my final
year project. I wish to acknowledge and express my gratitude and appreciation to these
following persons for their time, commitment in guiding and supported through out
completing this thesis:1. My supervisor, Mr Muhammad Syafik bin Jumali for his supervision,
encouragement, suggestion and assistance through out the research.
2. My father, Abu Bakar bin Bidin for his moral support, guidance and financial
support.
3. My panel and examiner for presentation for your comments and complaints on my
previous report for Semester 1
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
CONTENT
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
APPROVAL
iii
DEDICATION
iv
ABSTRACT
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
vii
LIST OF FIGURES AND SOURCES
ix
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
xi
LIST OF CHARTS
xii
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Project Background
4
1.3
Problem Statement
10
1.4
Objective
10
1.5
Scope
10
CHAPTER I
CHAPTER II
11
2.1
Literature Review
11
2.2
Definition of Car Spoiler
11
2.3
Why A Car Need Downforce
14
2.4
Physical Characteristic
17
vii
2.5
CHAPTER
The Concept of Air Braking
CONTENT
19
PAGE
CHAPTER III
23
3.1
Methodology
23
3.2
Project flow Chart
24
3.3
Designing the Product
25
3.3.1
Gantt Chart
26
3.4
Product Development
27
3.4.1
Proton Wira Technical Aspects
29
3.5
Type of the Spoiler
30
3.6
Shape of the Spoiler
34
3.7
Stand Gap
35
3.7.1
Examples of a Stand Gap
36
3.8
Material Consideration
37
CHAPTER IV
39
4.1
Result
39
4.1.1
The Motor and Switch
41
4.2
Moving Part Mechanism
43
4.3
Spoiler Stand
46
4.4
Stand Position
50
4.5
The Adjusted Spoiler Position and Spoiler
Swing
CHAPTER V
56
5.1
Discussion PSM 1
56
5.2
Discussion PSM 2
57
viii
CHAPTER VI
58
6.1
Conclusion
58
6.2
References
59
ix
LIST OF FIGURES AND SOURCES
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1
Figure 1: The oversteer condition
2
http://people.bath.ac.uk/aj220/spin.JPG
2
Figure 2: A sedan car
www.hwupgrade.it
3
6
Figure 3: Hatchback car
www.carbodydesign.com
4
Figure 4: The aerodynamic testing in the wind tunnel
http://www.cecwheels.com/images/medialibrary
5
20
Figure 7: Example of GT wing
http://www.racing.ne.jp/~tsr/jpg/gt-wing01.jpg
8
27
Figure 9: Proton Wira
www.proton.com.sg
10
28
Figure 10:Proton Wira Technical Specification
www.proton.com.np/models_wiraone_specifiactions.htm
11
29
Figure 11: OEM spoiler
www.desktopmachine.com
12
22
Figure 8: Bugatti Veyron spoiler
www.bugatti.com
9
15
Figure 6: The spoiler gives an air resistance
www.bugatti.com
7
14
Figure 5: Lift of effect:
http://www.aprperformance.com
6
7
31
Figure 12: GT spoiler
www.ns.k-hos.gr.jp
31
x
13
Figure 13: GT standard/ normal bracket
www.vtechware.com/gtwing.htm
14
32
Figure 14: Bugatti Veyron wing stand
www.bugatti.com
15
33
Figure 15: Example of GT wing
www.ns.k-hos.gr.jp
16
34
Figure 16: Close gap
www.aprperformance.com
17
36
Figure 17: Gap too wide
www.aprperformance.com
18
37
Figure 18: Gap of one quarter (1/4) from the overall
wing length
www.aprperformance.com
19
37
Figure 19: Carbon fiber GT wing
httpwww.autotoys.compicspitcarbonfiberwing4.jpg
38
20
Figure 20: Power window motor
41
21
Figure 21: Power window switch
42
22
Figure 22: The join plate
44
23
Figure 23: Bearing inserted
44
24
Figure 24: Stopper screw
45
25
Figure 25: Rest position
46
26
Figure 26: Braking position
47
27
Figure 27: Actual design of stand
48
28
Figure 28: Join and stopper position
49
29
Figure 29: Actual stand position
50
30
Figure 30: Actual join plate at rest
51
31
Figure 31: Join plate at limited swing
52
32
Figure 32: At rest position, the stand edge does not
52
have any contact with the flap
33
Figure 33: The stand edge touch the flap
xi
53
34
Figure 34: The adjustment made for stand position
54
35
Figure 35: Full 90 º angle of swing
55
xii
LIST OF DIAGRAMS
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1
Diagram 1: Air flow diagram
www.aprperformance.com
2
Diagram 2: Turbulence behind car
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jalopnik/422044294
3
16
Diagram 5: Air drag created
www.aerospaceweb.org
6
11
Diagram 4: How downforce was gained
http://images.circletrack.com/techarticles
5
7
Diagram 3: Aerofoil
http://images.circletrack.com/techarticles
4
6
17
Diagram 6: The position of the spoiler during braking
http://images.circletrack.com/techarticles
19
7
Diagram 7: CAD drawing for spoiler flap
40
8
Diagram 8: CAD drawing for join plate
43
9
Diagram 9: CAD drawing for spoiler stand
48
xiii
LIST OF CHARTS
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1
Project flow chart
23
2
Gantt Chart
24
xiv
CHAPTER 1
1.1
INTRODUCTION
‘Projek Sarjana Muda’ (PSM) is compulsory to the final year students in UTeM in
order to complete their degree in the engineering course. PSM allow these
students to do research and project based on the subjects learned in the classes,
the experience they get during the industrial training and any cases related with
the project.
Car spoiler is the device used for giving and extra downforce at the rear of a car.
It applied the aerodynamic of a car where the wind will flow through the spoiler.
Here, when the wind flew through it will give the downforce, a force produced by
the wind when it flew through the spoiler. This is happened because the spoiler
has been set up with certain angle with the front side of the spoiler are lower than
the back and that is how downforce are produced.
Some of the spoiler may have a shape of counter aerofoil. The main purpose for
downforce is to push the car to stick on the ground and the reason it’s placed at
the back of the car, during speeding or accelerating, the back of the car normally
will be so light. This is because there are no weight could act as a stabilizer and
always the back of the car experienced the understeer condition during cornering
at high speed. But this report is made to investigate the another ability of the
spoiler where for this time along not much considered or neglected, can the
spoiler of a car will help it stop faster during braking by increasing the back angle
of the spoiler.
1
Figure 1: The oversteer condition
http://people.bath.ac.uk/aj220/spin.JPG
When performance cars reach high velocities, it can be very hard to get the car to
turn in a tight enough circles, due to the inertia of the vehicle. To increase the
downforce, cars started adding wings, which work on the same principle as
aircraft wings, the key difference being that car wings provide downfocre rather
than lift.
2
The main reason why cars need aerodynamic downforce, is because the car does
not have enough traction to turn at high speeds. This is due to inertia, or an
objects tendency to want to carry on going in the direction it is currently heading
in. By increasing the downforce, it is possible to increase the traction.
When the traction is increased, the wheels have more grips and as a result, the car
does not slide even during high speed corners.
Another reason why performance cars have wings and other features that improve
downforce, is so that the car, which is inherently aerofoil shaped, does not take
off.
3
1.2
BACKGROUND
Today, safety issues have been the main factors for any newly introduced product
in the market. Manufacturers claim their products are much better from the
existing one such as by using newly found or engineered materials which may not
give human side effect and also environment friendly. Instead, the existing
products were also having been improved rapidly to meat the safety requirement
from end user.
The automotive market in the world today, manufacturers around the globe like
having a race between them, where each company are introducing their latest
technology built by them and most of it about the safety issues. But, not only car
makers introducing their safety product and technology, the accessories makers
nowadays also introduced their product which they claim would increased the
safety of the car and user itself.
The reason for all the safety issues mentioned is about to reduce road accidents
and at the same time reducing death cause by the road accidents. Below is table
showing the number of accidents by vehicles in period from January until August
2005.
4
The road accidents statistics in Malaysia by period of January until August 2005
Table 1: Road accidents statistic by vehicles http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/?
action=kemalangan.html
5
For a normal car, it has fronted mounted engine, cockpit or cabin at the center of
the body, and luggage bay or bonnet at the rear and this type of car named as
sedan car. But there is also another design of car which buttless, or called a
hatchback car. Both cars, most of the weight was located at the front of the car
where the engine is mounted inside the engine bay. This indirectly gives the front
side more stabile where the engine itself acts as a stabilizer. There were also other
types of cars such as coupe, and aeroback.
Figure 2: A sedan car
www.hwupgrade.it
6
Figure 3: Hatchback car
www.carbodydesign.com
Stabilizer is so important when speeding to make sure the car is not oversteer
easily. But this is only applicable at the front side of the car where the engine act
as it indirect stabilizer. What about the rear of the car? With the empty bonnet, or
even with two adults sit at the back seat, can it be a good stabilizer as the front?
Engineers have invented a device that could give an effect as good as the weight
of the engine to act as the rear stabilizer, the spoiler.
Spoiler has been invented base on the airplane wing shape which called an
aerofoil. But, by applying the exact aerofoil shape onto road car, it may lift the car
when speeding and this will make the car lose grip on the ground. In this case, it
is not a safety device at all. So it has been invented with a counter effect, which
mean if the aerofoil built to lift the airplane, the spoiler was built to maintain the
car stick on the ground by turning upside down the shape of the aerofoil.
7
Diagram 1: Air flow diagram
www.aprperformance.com
The diagram of the air flow shows the air movement towards the cars when it
bombards the air molecules while cruising. When a spoiler is mounted, the air
will flow towards the spoiler and will give the downforce effect to the car. This
will give the car stability.
Diagram 2: Turbulence behind car
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jalopnik/422044294/
8