High Voltage DC Generation And Testing On Insulator (Acrylic Plastic).
iv
Dedicated to my beloved parents …
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh,
First and foremost, I would like to thank to Allah the Almighty for giving me
the ability to complete my overall Project Sarjana Muda 1 and 2. I would like to
enlarge my appreciation to my supervisor, En. Hidayat Bin Zainuddin because of the
kindness heart to accept me as one of the student under his supervision. Special
thanks also dedicated to him for all comments, ideas, and guidelines from the first
day I start doing this project until the project is completed.
To my family especially my beloved parents; Hj. Saharuddin and Hjh.
Useemah, I would like to forward my obliged for their continuous support during my
study period, their patience and benevolence.
I would also like to thank all my friends that always give support, opinion,
and advices to complete this report.
Lastly, I would like to thank to everyone who has contributed during my
Project Sarjana Muda 1 and 2. Your kindness and cooperation in completion of my
thesis is much appreciated.
Thank you very much!!!!!
vi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project is to develop the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
testing procedure manual for Teaching and Learning (T&L) of High Voltage subject
for final year student at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). The testing
procedure focuses on all 3 stages of HVDC configuration in which the voltage can be
generated up to 420kV. Prior to that, the new equipment that available in the HV lab,
UTeM is used to study and analyze its performance to be compared with the data
manual provided by the manufacturer. As for Research and Development (R&D),
this analysis determines the suitability of the test room of HV lab at UTeM and
factors that may affect the testing results. The HVDC test is also conducted on test
object (acrylic plastic) to study and analyze its characteristic and performance as
insulator. In order to achieve the objectives of this project, proper HV testing with
and without test object based on IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for High
Voltage Testing are conducted. In addition, computer simulation using LT Spice
software is also conducted for comparison purposes between simulation and
experimental results. Hence, at the end of this project, the required testing procedure
manual for HVDC testing with and without test object including the safety
precaution has been developed.
vii
ABSTRAK
Tujuan projek ini dijalankan adalah untuk menyediakan satu manual prosedur
pengujian Voltan Tinggi Arus Terus (HVDC) untuk Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran
(P&P) bagi subjek Voltan Tinggi kepada pelajar tahun akhir di Univeristi Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). Prosedur pengujian ini melibatkan kesemua tiga
peringkat konfigurasi pengujian Voltan Tinggi Arus Terus di mana voltan
maksimum yang boleh dijana ialah 420kV. Untuk tujuan tersebut, perkakasan voltan
tinggi yang terdapat di makmal voltan tinggi, UTeM digunakan bagi mengkaji dan
menganalisis keupayaan alat tersebut untuk dibandingkan dengan data manual
daripada pihak pembuat. Untuk tujuan Penyelidikan and Pembangunan (R&D),
analisis ini menentukan kesesuaian bilik pengujian di makmal voltan tinggi dan
faktor-faktor yang dapat memberi kesan terhadap keputusan pengujian. Pengujian
Voltan Tinggi Arus Terus juga dijalankan ke atas bahan penebat (plastik acrylic)
untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis ciri-ciri dan keupayaan bahan tersebut sebagai
penebat. Bagi mencapai objektif projek ini, sesi ujian voltan tinggi menggunakan
bahan penebat dan tanpa bahan penebat dijalankan merujuk kepada piawaian yang
ditetapkan oleh IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing. Di
samping itu, simulasi komputer ke atas litar projek juga dilakukan dengan
menggunakan perisiaan LT Spice untuk membuat perbandingan di antara keputusan
simulasi dan ujian makmal. Pada akhir projek ini dijalankan, satu manual lengkap
berkenaan dengan cara-cara pengujian Voltan Tinggi Arus Terus dengan
menggunakan bahan penebat dan tanpa menggunakan bahan penebat beserta dengan
langkah-langkah keselamatan telah disediakan.
viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Project Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Project Objective
3
1.4
Project Scope
3
1.5
Project Methodology
3
1.6
Thesis Outline
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.1
Introduction
9
2.2
Generation of High Direct Current Voltages
9
2.2.1
Half wave rectifier circuit
10
2.2.2
Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
10
ix
2.2.3
Greinacher Doubler-Circuit
2.3
Haefely High Voltage Construction Kit
13
2.4
LT Spice Software
14
2.5
Insulator- Acrylic Plastic
15
2.6
IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for
High Voltage Testing
2.7
4
16
HVDC GENERATION AND CONFIGURATION
18
3.1
Introduction
18
3.2
Mains Components
18
3.3
HVDC Generator Circuit
20
3.3.1
HVDC 1 Stage Configuration
20
3.3.2
HVDC 2 Stages Configuration
22
3.3.3
HVDC 3 Stages Configuration
24
3.4
Safety Procedure
25
3.5
HVDC Test without Test Object
27
HVDC TEST ON INSULATOR (ARCYLIC PLASTIC)
29
4.1
Introduction
29
4.2
Disruptive Discharge Voltage
30
4.3
Test Object (Acrylic plastic)
30
4.4
Test Bed for Test Object
31
4.4.1
Arrangement of test object
32
Testing procedure manual with test object
33
4.5
5
16
Differences between IEEE std 4-1995
Standard Techniques IEC Standard
3
11
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
34
5.1
Introduction
34
5.2
Part 1: HVDC Testing Without Test Object
34
5.2.1
34
Simulation Results
x
5.2.2
Lab Testing Result
5.2.3
Comparison between Simulation and
Lab Testing Result
5.3
46
Part 2: HVDC Testing Test Object (Acrylic Plastic)
48
5.3.1
HVDC Lab Testing
48
5.3.2
Results and Analysis for 2 stages
HVDC Configuration
5.3.3
6
44
48
Results and Analysis for 1 stage
HVDC Configuration
49
5.3.4
Comparison Results and Analysis
51
5.3.5
Average Dielectric Strength of Acrylic Plastic
52
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
53
6.1
Conclusion
53
6.2
Recommendation
54
REFERENCES
55
APPENDICES A - G
57
xi
LIST OF TABLES
NO.
TITLE
3.1
Type and Description of the Main Components
19
5.1
Comparison between Simulation and Theoretical Result for 1 stage
47
5.2
Comparison between Simulation and Theoretical Result for 2 stages
47
5.3
Comparison between Simulation and Theoretical Result for 3 stages
47
5.4
Average Value (kV) and Dielectric Strength (kV/mm)
of Acrylic Plastic
PAGE
52
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Flow chart of the project methodology
5
2.1
Half wave rectifier
10
2.2
Full Wave Rectifier
11
2.3
Center- tap Full Wave Rectifier
11
2.4
Two Stages Voltage Multiplier
12
2.5
Acrylic plastic
15
3.1
Circuit for HVDC 1 stage
20
3.2
Waveform of rectifier circuit
21
3.3
Build- up DC Configuration 1 stage
21
3.4
Greinacher Doubler-Circuit
22
3.5
Voltage characteristics
22
3.6
Build- up DC Configuration 2 stages
23
3.7
Greinacher Cascade Circuit with three stages
24
3.8
Build- up DC Configuration 3 stages
25
3.9
Experimental Environment
26
4.1
Acrylic plastic used in the distribution boards and consumer units
31
4.2
Test bed for test object
32
5.1
Circuit simulation of 1 stage
35
5.2
Input, V1 waveform
35
5.3
Waveform after rectifier circuit
36
5.4
Waveform after smoothing capacitor
36
5.5
Overall waveform obtained from the simulation
37
5.6
Circuit simulation of 2 stages
38
5.7
Waveform at input voltage, V1
38
5.8
Waveform after C1
39
5.9
Waveform after D3 and R3
39
xiii
5.10
Overall waveform for HVDC configuration 2 stages
40
5.11
Circuit simulation of 3 stages
41
5.12
Waveform at input voltage, V1
41
5.13
Waveform after C2
42
5.14
Waveform after C3
42
5.15
Output at C5, C4
43
5.16
Overall waveform for HVDC configuration 3 stages
43
5.17
Measuring Equipments
44
5.18
Testing environment for 1 Stage for HVDC Configuration
45
5.19
Waveform when tripped at 60kV
45
5.20
Waveform when tripped at 100kV
46
5.21
Graph Breakdown Voltage (kV) versus Number of Testing (2 stages) 49
5.22
Graph Breakdown Voltage (kV) versus Number of Testing (1 stage)
5.23
Graph Comparison graph between 1 stage and 2 stages of HVDC
Configuration
50
51
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC
–
Alternating Current
DC
–
Direct Current
HV
–
High Voltage
HVAC
–
High Voltage Alternating Current
HVDC
–
High Voltage Direct Current
IEC
–
International Electrotechnical
IEEE
–
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
PC
–
Polycarbonate
PMMA
–
Polymethyl Methacrylate
R&D
–
Research and Development
T&L
–
Teaching and Learning
UTeM
–
University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
A
Gantt chart
57
B
Main Components
59
C
Testing Procedure Manual without Test Object
70
D
Testing Procedure Manual with Test Object (Acrylic Plastic)
83
E
Simulation Results
98
F
Lab Testing Graphs for 2 Stage HVDC Configuration
102
G
Lab Testing Graphs for 1 Stage HVDC Configuration
106
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Project Background
In modern times, high voltages are used for a wide variety of applications
covering the power systems, industry, and research laboratories [1]. Such
applications have become essential to sustain modern civilization.
One of high voltage lab equipments is HAEFLEY High Voltage equipment.
This HV equipment can be used in multiple applications in high voltage technology
and used in generation of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), High Voltage
Alternating Current (HVAC) and Impulse voltage.
The High Voltage Laboratory at Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) is a new laboratory facilitated with this High
Voltage equipment. This equipment will be used in Teaching and Learning (T&L) of
high voltage subject in which this will involve all electrical engineering students.
Besides, this equipment is also essential in Research and Development (R&D). Since
this equipment generates high voltages, necessary handling steps and safety
precaution need to be taken when handling the equipment. Hence, proper testing
procedure manual describing all the steps and safety precautions as a guidelines is
very important when use the High Voltage equipment.
This project focuses on HVDC testing that may be reached up to 400kV.
Basically, the HVDC generator system available at the laboratory consists of 3 stages
of HVDC generation configurations. For 1 stage of the HVDC configuration, voltage
2
up to 140kV can be generated, while for the 2 stages of the HVDC configuration, the
expected voltage is up to 280kV and finally for the 3 stages of the HVDC
configuration, the voltage can be reached up to 400kV. The main objective of this
project is to develop the testing procedure manual that describes the detail steps on
handling the high voltage equipment and the safety precaution when performing high
voltage test with and without test object. acrylic plastic is used as the test object in
this project.
1.2
Problem Statement
It is well known that procedures are very important when dealing with
experimental works. The High Voltage lab at FKE, UTeM is equipped with 3 stages
of HVDC generation system that can generate up to 400kV. The HVDC generator is
new equipment for T&L of High Voltage subject as well as for R&D at the
university. The basic procedure manual (user manual) has been provided by the
manufacturer for user reference to operate the equipment. However, the steps on
handling the equipment are not elaborated in experimental format. Thus, it is vital to
produce a complete testing procedure for future reference in T&L and R&D process.
Consequently, detail investigation on the equipment, its characteristic,
purposes and testing procedures need to be done in order to produce the testing
procedures manual. Besides, a necessary software simulation needs to be done to
verify the lab results. Since this is high voltage equipments, necessary safety
precaution needs to be taken when implementing the equipments. A HVDC circuit
may be especially dangerous because it will cause muscles to lock around the wire
[4]. Accidental contact with high voltage will usually result in severe injury or death.
This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow causing tissue
damage and heart failure. Hence, the safety requirements when handling the high
voltage equipments need to be studied and highlighted in the procedure manual as
well.
3
1.3
Project Objectives
There are four objectives that need to be accomplished in order to make this
project successful which are:
(a) To conduct software simulation of HVDC generator circuits (without test
object)
(b) To conduct the lab experimental works of high voltage testing with and
without test object (insulator- acrylic plastic)
(c) To analyse the software simulation with the lab testing results for without
test object
(d) To develop the testing procedures manual for HVDC testing with and
without test object test object (acrylic)
1.4
Project Scope
This project involves computer simulation development of HVDC generation
circuits without test object using the LT Spice software. The laboratory sessions of
HVDC testing with and without test object (insulator- acrylic) are conducted before
the results data being analysed. The testing procedure manual that describes the
details steps on handling the high voltage equipment with and without test object as
well as the safety precaution is developed.
1.5
Project Methodology
In order to complete this project, a necessary project planning should be
arranged. For this project, there are several steps should be taken in order to achieve
the project objectives scope. Basically, Project Methodology defines the planning
process flow and principles that is essential guide to produce a well planning project.
Besides, selected approach or methodology will describe the activities that might be
done in every stage.
4
The flow chart that describes the methodology for this project is shown in the
flow chart below.
Start
Literature review
Software Simulation using LTspice
Draft Testing Procedure Manual without test
object
Hardware Implementation and Hardware
Testing without test object
Comparing the simulations and
the lab results
YES
Analysis on the results obtained from the simulation and
lab session without test object
Draft Testing Procedures Manual for testing with test
object (acrylic plastic)
Hardware testing using the test object (acrylic plastic)
A
NO
5
A
Final analysis on the results obtained from the lab
testing
Develop the HVDC Testing Procedure
Manual
End
Figure 1.1: Flow chart of the project methodology
(a) Literature Review
The literature review is conducted by doing some research and finds
information that related to the project through out resources such as internet,
books, IEEE articles, journals and etc. this early stage of doing project is vital
so that the high understanding of the project can be achieved.
(b) Software Simulation (without test object)
The next step is constructing the software simulation to the project circuit.
Basically, there are three stages for the HVDC test which are 1 stage, 2 stages
and finally 3 stages. All these three circuits are created and simulated using
the LT Spice software. The software simulation result will be compared with
the lab testing results without testing object.
(c) Testing Procedure Manual (without test object)
The basic testing procedures manual will be drafted first. In this manual, the
basic steps that need to be taken when conducting the high voltage testing
without test object will be high lighted. All the safety precautions that need to
be taken also will be included in this procedure. This manual will be rewritten
upon necessary when there are any points or procedures that need to be
included.
6
(d) Hardware Implementation and Lab Testing (without test object)
After the software simulation for the circuits were succeeded, the hardware
for HVDC configurations for HVDC testing without test object will be
implemented in the High Voltage Lab. This lab testing will carry out the High
Voltage testing for this stage to get the desired testing procedures.
(e) Analysis and Comparison (without test object)
In this part, the analysis on the simulation result and lab testing results will be
done. Then, the comparison between the simulation results and the lab testing
results will be carried out to achieve the objectives and scopes of this project.
(f) Testing Procedure Manual (with test object)
This manual will describe the basic and important steps that need to be taken
when conducting the high voltage testing with the test object. All the safety
precautions that need to be taken also will be included in this procedure. This
manual will be rewritten upon necessary when there are any points or
procedures that need to be included.
(g) Lab Testing with Test Object
The HVDC testing session will be conducted with the test object that has
been chosen which is acrylic plastic. By doing this test, the breakdown
voltage for that test objects will be determined. All the testing results will be
recorded for further analysis.
(h) Analysis and Comparison
In this part, the analysis on the lab testing results with the test object will be
carried out. All the data and results obtained from the lab testing will be
recorded and will be plotted in the graph. Finally, necessary analysis will be
carried out on the results obtained such as compare the breakdown voltage
obtained from two different stage of HVDC configuration, compare the
results between different thickness of test object and etc.
7
(i) Testing Procedure Manual
Finally, the testing procedures manual for HVDC testing will be developed as
per planning.
1.6
Thesis Outline
Chapter 1 briefly summarizes the project background and problem statements
as well as elaborates the objectives and scope of the project. The project
methodology which is the most important part that describes the flow of the project
is also discussed in detail in this chapter.
In Chapter 2, the literature review includes few methods can be used to
generate the HVDC voltage. Some of the methods that used to generate the high
voltage are half wave rectifier circuit, full wave rectifier circuit, and voltage doubler
circuit. Besides, the basic introduction to the HAEFLEY High Voltage Kits and LT
Spice software are discussed in this chapter. The brief elaboration on the test object
(acrylic plastic) and IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing
are elaborated.
Chapter 3 introduces the HVDC generation for all 3 stages and its entire
hardware configuration. Besides, it also discusses the safety when performing the
HVDC testing. The development of the Testing Procedure Manual without test
object is included in this chapter.
The Chapter 4 elaborates the HVDC testing on the insulator by referring the
IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing. The Testing
Procedure Manual with test object is carry out in this chapter.
Chapter 5 details the results of the project. All the data and waveforms
obtained are presented in this chapter. Necessary comparison and analysis is carried
out in this chapter.
Dedicated to my beloved parents …
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Assalamualaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh,
First and foremost, I would like to thank to Allah the Almighty for giving me
the ability to complete my overall Project Sarjana Muda 1 and 2. I would like to
enlarge my appreciation to my supervisor, En. Hidayat Bin Zainuddin because of the
kindness heart to accept me as one of the student under his supervision. Special
thanks also dedicated to him for all comments, ideas, and guidelines from the first
day I start doing this project until the project is completed.
To my family especially my beloved parents; Hj. Saharuddin and Hjh.
Useemah, I would like to forward my obliged for their continuous support during my
study period, their patience and benevolence.
I would also like to thank all my friends that always give support, opinion,
and advices to complete this report.
Lastly, I would like to thank to everyone who has contributed during my
Project Sarjana Muda 1 and 2. Your kindness and cooperation in completion of my
thesis is much appreciated.
Thank you very much!!!!!
vi
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this project is to develop the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
testing procedure manual for Teaching and Learning (T&L) of High Voltage subject
for final year student at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). The testing
procedure focuses on all 3 stages of HVDC configuration in which the voltage can be
generated up to 420kV. Prior to that, the new equipment that available in the HV lab,
UTeM is used to study and analyze its performance to be compared with the data
manual provided by the manufacturer. As for Research and Development (R&D),
this analysis determines the suitability of the test room of HV lab at UTeM and
factors that may affect the testing results. The HVDC test is also conducted on test
object (acrylic plastic) to study and analyze its characteristic and performance as
insulator. In order to achieve the objectives of this project, proper HV testing with
and without test object based on IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for High
Voltage Testing are conducted. In addition, computer simulation using LT Spice
software is also conducted for comparison purposes between simulation and
experimental results. Hence, at the end of this project, the required testing procedure
manual for HVDC testing with and without test object including the safety
precaution has been developed.
vii
ABSTRAK
Tujuan projek ini dijalankan adalah untuk menyediakan satu manual prosedur
pengujian Voltan Tinggi Arus Terus (HVDC) untuk Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran
(P&P) bagi subjek Voltan Tinggi kepada pelajar tahun akhir di Univeristi Teknikal
Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). Prosedur pengujian ini melibatkan kesemua tiga
peringkat konfigurasi pengujian Voltan Tinggi Arus Terus di mana voltan
maksimum yang boleh dijana ialah 420kV. Untuk tujuan tersebut, perkakasan voltan
tinggi yang terdapat di makmal voltan tinggi, UTeM digunakan bagi mengkaji dan
menganalisis keupayaan alat tersebut untuk dibandingkan dengan data manual
daripada pihak pembuat. Untuk tujuan Penyelidikan and Pembangunan (R&D),
analisis ini menentukan kesesuaian bilik pengujian di makmal voltan tinggi dan
faktor-faktor yang dapat memberi kesan terhadap keputusan pengujian. Pengujian
Voltan Tinggi Arus Terus juga dijalankan ke atas bahan penebat (plastik acrylic)
untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis ciri-ciri dan keupayaan bahan tersebut sebagai
penebat. Bagi mencapai objektif projek ini, sesi ujian voltan tinggi menggunakan
bahan penebat dan tanpa bahan penebat dijalankan merujuk kepada piawaian yang
ditetapkan oleh IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing. Di
samping itu, simulasi komputer ke atas litar projek juga dilakukan dengan
menggunakan perisiaan LT Spice untuk membuat perbandingan di antara keputusan
simulasi dan ujian makmal. Pada akhir projek ini dijalankan, satu manual lengkap
berkenaan dengan cara-cara pengujian Voltan Tinggi Arus Terus dengan
menggunakan bahan penebat dan tanpa menggunakan bahan penebat beserta dengan
langkah-langkah keselamatan telah disediakan.
viii
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE
i
DECLARATION
ii
DEDICATION
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
v
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Project Background
1
1.2
Problem Statement
2
1.3
Project Objective
3
1.4
Project Scope
3
1.5
Project Methodology
3
1.6
Thesis Outline
7
LITERATURE REVIEW
9
2.1
Introduction
9
2.2
Generation of High Direct Current Voltages
9
2.2.1
Half wave rectifier circuit
10
2.2.2
Full Wave Rectifier Circuit
10
ix
2.2.3
Greinacher Doubler-Circuit
2.3
Haefely High Voltage Construction Kit
13
2.4
LT Spice Software
14
2.5
Insulator- Acrylic Plastic
15
2.6
IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for
High Voltage Testing
2.7
4
16
HVDC GENERATION AND CONFIGURATION
18
3.1
Introduction
18
3.2
Mains Components
18
3.3
HVDC Generator Circuit
20
3.3.1
HVDC 1 Stage Configuration
20
3.3.2
HVDC 2 Stages Configuration
22
3.3.3
HVDC 3 Stages Configuration
24
3.4
Safety Procedure
25
3.5
HVDC Test without Test Object
27
HVDC TEST ON INSULATOR (ARCYLIC PLASTIC)
29
4.1
Introduction
29
4.2
Disruptive Discharge Voltage
30
4.3
Test Object (Acrylic plastic)
30
4.4
Test Bed for Test Object
31
4.4.1
Arrangement of test object
32
Testing procedure manual with test object
33
4.5
5
16
Differences between IEEE std 4-1995
Standard Techniques IEC Standard
3
11
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
34
5.1
Introduction
34
5.2
Part 1: HVDC Testing Without Test Object
34
5.2.1
34
Simulation Results
x
5.2.2
Lab Testing Result
5.2.3
Comparison between Simulation and
Lab Testing Result
5.3
46
Part 2: HVDC Testing Test Object (Acrylic Plastic)
48
5.3.1
HVDC Lab Testing
48
5.3.2
Results and Analysis for 2 stages
HVDC Configuration
5.3.3
6
44
48
Results and Analysis for 1 stage
HVDC Configuration
49
5.3.4
Comparison Results and Analysis
51
5.3.5
Average Dielectric Strength of Acrylic Plastic
52
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
53
6.1
Conclusion
53
6.2
Recommendation
54
REFERENCES
55
APPENDICES A - G
57
xi
LIST OF TABLES
NO.
TITLE
3.1
Type and Description of the Main Components
19
5.1
Comparison between Simulation and Theoretical Result for 1 stage
47
5.2
Comparison between Simulation and Theoretical Result for 2 stages
47
5.3
Comparison between Simulation and Theoretical Result for 3 stages
47
5.4
Average Value (kV) and Dielectric Strength (kV/mm)
of Acrylic Plastic
PAGE
52
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
Flow chart of the project methodology
5
2.1
Half wave rectifier
10
2.2
Full Wave Rectifier
11
2.3
Center- tap Full Wave Rectifier
11
2.4
Two Stages Voltage Multiplier
12
2.5
Acrylic plastic
15
3.1
Circuit for HVDC 1 stage
20
3.2
Waveform of rectifier circuit
21
3.3
Build- up DC Configuration 1 stage
21
3.4
Greinacher Doubler-Circuit
22
3.5
Voltage characteristics
22
3.6
Build- up DC Configuration 2 stages
23
3.7
Greinacher Cascade Circuit with three stages
24
3.8
Build- up DC Configuration 3 stages
25
3.9
Experimental Environment
26
4.1
Acrylic plastic used in the distribution boards and consumer units
31
4.2
Test bed for test object
32
5.1
Circuit simulation of 1 stage
35
5.2
Input, V1 waveform
35
5.3
Waveform after rectifier circuit
36
5.4
Waveform after smoothing capacitor
36
5.5
Overall waveform obtained from the simulation
37
5.6
Circuit simulation of 2 stages
38
5.7
Waveform at input voltage, V1
38
5.8
Waveform after C1
39
5.9
Waveform after D3 and R3
39
xiii
5.10
Overall waveform for HVDC configuration 2 stages
40
5.11
Circuit simulation of 3 stages
41
5.12
Waveform at input voltage, V1
41
5.13
Waveform after C2
42
5.14
Waveform after C3
42
5.15
Output at C5, C4
43
5.16
Overall waveform for HVDC configuration 3 stages
43
5.17
Measuring Equipments
44
5.18
Testing environment for 1 Stage for HVDC Configuration
45
5.19
Waveform when tripped at 60kV
45
5.20
Waveform when tripped at 100kV
46
5.21
Graph Breakdown Voltage (kV) versus Number of Testing (2 stages) 49
5.22
Graph Breakdown Voltage (kV) versus Number of Testing (1 stage)
5.23
Graph Comparison graph between 1 stage and 2 stages of HVDC
Configuration
50
51
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AC
–
Alternating Current
DC
–
Direct Current
HV
–
High Voltage
HVAC
–
High Voltage Alternating Current
HVDC
–
High Voltage Direct Current
IEC
–
International Electrotechnical
IEEE
–
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
PC
–
Polycarbonate
PMMA
–
Polymethyl Methacrylate
R&D
–
Research and Development
T&L
–
Teaching and Learning
UTeM
–
University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
xv
LIST OF APPENDICES
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
A
Gantt chart
57
B
Main Components
59
C
Testing Procedure Manual without Test Object
70
D
Testing Procedure Manual with Test Object (Acrylic Plastic)
83
E
Simulation Results
98
F
Lab Testing Graphs for 2 Stage HVDC Configuration
102
G
Lab Testing Graphs for 1 Stage HVDC Configuration
106
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Project Background
In modern times, high voltages are used for a wide variety of applications
covering the power systems, industry, and research laboratories [1]. Such
applications have become essential to sustain modern civilization.
One of high voltage lab equipments is HAEFLEY High Voltage equipment.
This HV equipment can be used in multiple applications in high voltage technology
and used in generation of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC), High Voltage
Alternating Current (HVAC) and Impulse voltage.
The High Voltage Laboratory at Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti
Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) is a new laboratory facilitated with this High
Voltage equipment. This equipment will be used in Teaching and Learning (T&L) of
high voltage subject in which this will involve all electrical engineering students.
Besides, this equipment is also essential in Research and Development (R&D). Since
this equipment generates high voltages, necessary handling steps and safety
precaution need to be taken when handling the equipment. Hence, proper testing
procedure manual describing all the steps and safety precautions as a guidelines is
very important when use the High Voltage equipment.
This project focuses on HVDC testing that may be reached up to 400kV.
Basically, the HVDC generator system available at the laboratory consists of 3 stages
of HVDC generation configurations. For 1 stage of the HVDC configuration, voltage
2
up to 140kV can be generated, while for the 2 stages of the HVDC configuration, the
expected voltage is up to 280kV and finally for the 3 stages of the HVDC
configuration, the voltage can be reached up to 400kV. The main objective of this
project is to develop the testing procedure manual that describes the detail steps on
handling the high voltage equipment and the safety precaution when performing high
voltage test with and without test object. acrylic plastic is used as the test object in
this project.
1.2
Problem Statement
It is well known that procedures are very important when dealing with
experimental works. The High Voltage lab at FKE, UTeM is equipped with 3 stages
of HVDC generation system that can generate up to 400kV. The HVDC generator is
new equipment for T&L of High Voltage subject as well as for R&D at the
university. The basic procedure manual (user manual) has been provided by the
manufacturer for user reference to operate the equipment. However, the steps on
handling the equipment are not elaborated in experimental format. Thus, it is vital to
produce a complete testing procedure for future reference in T&L and R&D process.
Consequently, detail investigation on the equipment, its characteristic,
purposes and testing procedures need to be done in order to produce the testing
procedures manual. Besides, a necessary software simulation needs to be done to
verify the lab results. Since this is high voltage equipments, necessary safety
precaution needs to be taken when implementing the equipments. A HVDC circuit
may be especially dangerous because it will cause muscles to lock around the wire
[4]. Accidental contact with high voltage will usually result in severe injury or death.
This can occur as a person's body provides a path for current flow causing tissue
damage and heart failure. Hence, the safety requirements when handling the high
voltage equipments need to be studied and highlighted in the procedure manual as
well.
3
1.3
Project Objectives
There are four objectives that need to be accomplished in order to make this
project successful which are:
(a) To conduct software simulation of HVDC generator circuits (without test
object)
(b) To conduct the lab experimental works of high voltage testing with and
without test object (insulator- acrylic plastic)
(c) To analyse the software simulation with the lab testing results for without
test object
(d) To develop the testing procedures manual for HVDC testing with and
without test object test object (acrylic)
1.4
Project Scope
This project involves computer simulation development of HVDC generation
circuits without test object using the LT Spice software. The laboratory sessions of
HVDC testing with and without test object (insulator- acrylic) are conducted before
the results data being analysed. The testing procedure manual that describes the
details steps on handling the high voltage equipment with and without test object as
well as the safety precaution is developed.
1.5
Project Methodology
In order to complete this project, a necessary project planning should be
arranged. For this project, there are several steps should be taken in order to achieve
the project objectives scope. Basically, Project Methodology defines the planning
process flow and principles that is essential guide to produce a well planning project.
Besides, selected approach or methodology will describe the activities that might be
done in every stage.
4
The flow chart that describes the methodology for this project is shown in the
flow chart below.
Start
Literature review
Software Simulation using LTspice
Draft Testing Procedure Manual without test
object
Hardware Implementation and Hardware
Testing without test object
Comparing the simulations and
the lab results
YES
Analysis on the results obtained from the simulation and
lab session without test object
Draft Testing Procedures Manual for testing with test
object (acrylic plastic)
Hardware testing using the test object (acrylic plastic)
A
NO
5
A
Final analysis on the results obtained from the lab
testing
Develop the HVDC Testing Procedure
Manual
End
Figure 1.1: Flow chart of the project methodology
(a) Literature Review
The literature review is conducted by doing some research and finds
information that related to the project through out resources such as internet,
books, IEEE articles, journals and etc. this early stage of doing project is vital
so that the high understanding of the project can be achieved.
(b) Software Simulation (without test object)
The next step is constructing the software simulation to the project circuit.
Basically, there are three stages for the HVDC test which are 1 stage, 2 stages
and finally 3 stages. All these three circuits are created and simulated using
the LT Spice software. The software simulation result will be compared with
the lab testing results without testing object.
(c) Testing Procedure Manual (without test object)
The basic testing procedures manual will be drafted first. In this manual, the
basic steps that need to be taken when conducting the high voltage testing
without test object will be high lighted. All the safety precautions that need to
be taken also will be included in this procedure. This manual will be rewritten
upon necessary when there are any points or procedures that need to be
included.
6
(d) Hardware Implementation and Lab Testing (without test object)
After the software simulation for the circuits were succeeded, the hardware
for HVDC configurations for HVDC testing without test object will be
implemented in the High Voltage Lab. This lab testing will carry out the High
Voltage testing for this stage to get the desired testing procedures.
(e) Analysis and Comparison (without test object)
In this part, the analysis on the simulation result and lab testing results will be
done. Then, the comparison between the simulation results and the lab testing
results will be carried out to achieve the objectives and scopes of this project.
(f) Testing Procedure Manual (with test object)
This manual will describe the basic and important steps that need to be taken
when conducting the high voltage testing with the test object. All the safety
precautions that need to be taken also will be included in this procedure. This
manual will be rewritten upon necessary when there are any points or
procedures that need to be included.
(g) Lab Testing with Test Object
The HVDC testing session will be conducted with the test object that has
been chosen which is acrylic plastic. By doing this test, the breakdown
voltage for that test objects will be determined. All the testing results will be
recorded for further analysis.
(h) Analysis and Comparison
In this part, the analysis on the lab testing results with the test object will be
carried out. All the data and results obtained from the lab testing will be
recorded and will be plotted in the graph. Finally, necessary analysis will be
carried out on the results obtained such as compare the breakdown voltage
obtained from two different stage of HVDC configuration, compare the
results between different thickness of test object and etc.
7
(i) Testing Procedure Manual
Finally, the testing procedures manual for HVDC testing will be developed as
per planning.
1.6
Thesis Outline
Chapter 1 briefly summarizes the project background and problem statements
as well as elaborates the objectives and scope of the project. The project
methodology which is the most important part that describes the flow of the project
is also discussed in detail in this chapter.
In Chapter 2, the literature review includes few methods can be used to
generate the HVDC voltage. Some of the methods that used to generate the high
voltage are half wave rectifier circuit, full wave rectifier circuit, and voltage doubler
circuit. Besides, the basic introduction to the HAEFLEY High Voltage Kits and LT
Spice software are discussed in this chapter. The brief elaboration on the test object
(acrylic plastic) and IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing
are elaborated.
Chapter 3 introduces the HVDC generation for all 3 stages and its entire
hardware configuration. Besides, it also discusses the safety when performing the
HVDC testing. The development of the Testing Procedure Manual without test
object is included in this chapter.
The Chapter 4 elaborates the HVDC testing on the insulator by referring the
IEEE std 4-1995 Standard Techniques for High Voltage Testing. The Testing
Procedure Manual with test object is carry out in this chapter.
Chapter 5 details the results of the project. All the data and waveforms
obtained are presented in this chapter. Necessary comparison and analysis is carried
out in this chapter.