The effect of various energy and protein levels on the performance of lying hens under cage and floor system
In Indonesia it i s a common p r a c t i c e u n t i l now,
t o formulate a p o u l t r y d i e t based on n u t r i e n t requirements
t h a t a r e mostly recommended f o r p o u l t r y i n t h e temperate
a d s u b t r o p i c a l region,
This i s due t o tlze f a c t t h a t most
of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of n u t r i e n t requirements of p o u l t r y
have been conducted i n t h e a3ove mentioned r e g i o n s ,
Yayne argued t h a t keeping ?lens i n a h i g h temperat u r e environment decreased t h e i r S a s a l n e t q b o l i c r a t e , and
i n consequence reduqe?. t h e i ~energy requirement ( ~ h e l p s ,
Since 1ndonesi.a i s l o c a t e 6 i n t h e t r o p i c a l r e g i o n ,
t h e r e should %bea ' d 5 f f e r e n t p a t t e r n of energy requirements
of p o u l t r y ,
I
.Althoeqh hzns 3rc;)t
in
,;
high t c a p e r a t u r e environ-
ment have a l o v e r h i e t a r y energy requirement, t h e y s t i l l
need t h e s m e dai*
i n t a k e of p r o t e i n , v i t a m i n s and mine-
. r a l s t o maintain a l e v e l of egg production as h i g h as
hens k e p t a t 60°~/15.5'~ (Phelps, 1971).
The percentage
a-
of p r o t e i n needeL i n a r a t i o n f o r p o u l t r y i s r e l a t e d t o
-
t h e energy level (Winter and Funk, 1956).
So i n f o r m u l a t i n g
a poultry d i e t , it i s not only Xoportmt t o consider the
energy content of t h e r a t i o n , but a l s o the calorie-protein
ratio.
The energy content of t h e d i e t , the environmentdl
temperature, the l e v e l of production and t h e body s i z e of
the hens were among s e v e r a l f a c t o r s which inifluenced the
feed consumption (~aldwin,1972).
Prince
&
(1965)
reported t h a t feed consumption w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher a t
12.6'~ than a t 23.8'~.
The problem of feed intake of $ne l a y i n g hens in
the t r o p i c s might c l e a r l y influence Yne extent and the
v a l i d i t y of the protein and erergy theory; so there i s
s t i l l doubt whethey i n hot climates t h e l o w l e v e l s o r the
high levels of energy and protein i n the r a t i o n w i l l be
more ade.qkte f o r layer$.
bdonesian poultry farmers t o date Use e i t h e r the
f l o o r l i t ~ e system
r
o r the cage system f o r "Ce laying her-,c;.
&cause t h e r e i s no informatioq, about the energy
re'quiremgnt and s u i t a b l e housing system f o r the l a y i n g
hens i n bdonesia, it i s necessary t o c k d u c t such an experiment.
Stregar (1972) reported t h a t according t o the d a t a
of 1970
- 1971, t h e average performance
Of White Leghorns
in Indonesia :s f a r below the average performance of White
Leghorns in tis United S t a t e i n 1968
- 1969.
There is a
.great need to' %prove the .performance of laying hens if
the poultry i n d u s t r y i s t o be expanded il Indonesia;
because a b e t t e r e f f i c i e n c y w i l l depress t h e c o s t of
production and hence i t w i l l influence t h e p r o f i t of t h e
farmers
.
The experiment confiucted i n t h i s study was d e w e d
t o study t h e e f f e c t of v w i o u s energy and p r o t e i n l e v e l s
on the performance o f l a y i n g hens u i d e r cage and f l o o r
systems.
REVIEW OF LITERATURB
Productive energy, a s determined by Fraps and
frequently r e f e r r e d t o i n American l i t e r a t u r e , i s a modif i e d n e t energy determination but recent s t u d i e s have
shown the values t o be very u n r e l i a b l e and t h e i r use i s
not recommended.
Metabolizsble energy which has a
r e l a t i v e l y constant value i n poultry and i s r e l a t i v e l y ,
easy t o 'determ-ine, i s the energy value of feeds f o r poult r y (Anonymo~.~~,
1959).
Morrison (1959) s t a t e d t h a t me-
tabolizable energy can be detemined qore e a s i l y than
productive energy v~i111es.
The 1it.erature concerning the e f f e c t s of d i f f e r e n t
d i e t a r y e n e r s j l e v e l s i n the n u t r i t i o n of l a y i n g hens i s
-
s t i l l l i m i t e d ; however, the majority of the work has shown
t h a t energy l e v e l of the -laying r a t i o n influences egg
production.
Ewing (1963) reported th2.t 1 - x s e r and co-
workers were among the f i r s t t o show tha.t r a t i o n s l o w i n
f i b e r content supported a higher -ate o f egg pro6uction
than s i m i l a r r a t i o n s high i n f i b e r content, while Singsen
e t al.
--
were others who found t h a t r a t i o n s high i n energy
value have hieher e f f i c i e n c y than r a t i o n s l o w i n energy
.value.
High eQergy d i e t s tend t o improve egg s i z e and
feed u t i l i z a t i o n efficicncy, and within limits they
decrease the c o s t per u n i t of energy and reduce handling
c o s t s because of t h e i r decreased bulk (honymous, 1972).
--
H i l l e t a l e (1956) repox-ted t h a t during winter t h e
highest r a t e of production w a s obtained from t h e f l o c k
fed a high cnergy r a t i o n and t h e 1ol.res-t vas on a low energy r a t i c n .
During autumn, s p r i ~ gand sunmer egg production
was not a f f e c t e d by t h e c n c r g j !-eve1 of the r a t i o n .
McIntyre and Ritken (1957) found t h a t whey tliey fed l a y i n g
heno with high energy rcttions kihich supplied about 90C
kcal of groductive energy p e r 15 2nd l o v energy r a t i o n $
/
which supnlied s l i g h t l y over 700 I
t o formulate a p o u l t r y d i e t based on n u t r i e n t requirements
t h a t a r e mostly recommended f o r p o u l t r y i n t h e temperate
a d s u b t r o p i c a l region,
This i s due t o tlze f a c t t h a t most
of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of n u t r i e n t requirements of p o u l t r y
have been conducted i n t h e a3ove mentioned r e g i o n s ,
Yayne argued t h a t keeping ?lens i n a h i g h temperat u r e environment decreased t h e i r S a s a l n e t q b o l i c r a t e , and
i n consequence reduqe?. t h e i ~energy requirement ( ~ h e l p s ,
Since 1ndonesi.a i s l o c a t e 6 i n t h e t r o p i c a l r e g i o n ,
t h e r e should %bea ' d 5 f f e r e n t p a t t e r n of energy requirements
of p o u l t r y ,
I
.Althoeqh hzns 3rc;)t
in
,;
high t c a p e r a t u r e environ-
ment have a l o v e r h i e t a r y energy requirement, t h e y s t i l l
need t h e s m e dai*
i n t a k e of p r o t e i n , v i t a m i n s and mine-
. r a l s t o maintain a l e v e l of egg production as h i g h as
hens k e p t a t 60°~/15.5'~ (Phelps, 1971).
The percentage
a-
of p r o t e i n needeL i n a r a t i o n f o r p o u l t r y i s r e l a t e d t o
-
t h e energy level (Winter and Funk, 1956).
So i n f o r m u l a t i n g
a poultry d i e t , it i s not only Xoportmt t o consider the
energy content of t h e r a t i o n , but a l s o the calorie-protein
ratio.
The energy content of t h e d i e t , the environmentdl
temperature, the l e v e l of production and t h e body s i z e of
the hens were among s e v e r a l f a c t o r s which inifluenced the
feed consumption (~aldwin,1972).
Prince
&
(1965)
reported t h a t feed consumption w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y higher a t
12.6'~ than a t 23.8'~.
The problem of feed intake of $ne l a y i n g hens in
the t r o p i c s might c l e a r l y influence Yne extent and the
v a l i d i t y of the protein and erergy theory; so there i s
s t i l l doubt whethey i n hot climates t h e l o w l e v e l s o r the
high levels of energy and protein i n the r a t i o n w i l l be
more ade.qkte f o r layer$.
bdonesian poultry farmers t o date Use e i t h e r the
f l o o r l i t ~ e system
r
o r the cage system f o r "Ce laying her-,c;.
&cause t h e r e i s no informatioq, about the energy
re'quiremgnt and s u i t a b l e housing system f o r the l a y i n g
hens i n bdonesia, it i s necessary t o c k d u c t such an experiment.
Stregar (1972) reported t h a t according t o the d a t a
of 1970
- 1971, t h e average performance
Of White Leghorns
in Indonesia :s f a r below the average performance of White
Leghorns in tis United S t a t e i n 1968
- 1969.
There is a
.great need to' %prove the .performance of laying hens if
the poultry i n d u s t r y i s t o be expanded il Indonesia;
because a b e t t e r e f f i c i e n c y w i l l depress t h e c o s t of
production and hence i t w i l l influence t h e p r o f i t of t h e
farmers
.
The experiment confiucted i n t h i s study was d e w e d
t o study t h e e f f e c t of v w i o u s energy and p r o t e i n l e v e l s
on the performance o f l a y i n g hens u i d e r cage and f l o o r
systems.
REVIEW OF LITERATURB
Productive energy, a s determined by Fraps and
frequently r e f e r r e d t o i n American l i t e r a t u r e , i s a modif i e d n e t energy determination but recent s t u d i e s have
shown the values t o be very u n r e l i a b l e and t h e i r use i s
not recommended.
Metabolizsble energy which has a
r e l a t i v e l y constant value i n poultry and i s r e l a t i v e l y ,
easy t o 'determ-ine, i s the energy value of feeds f o r poult r y (Anonymo~.~~,
1959).
Morrison (1959) s t a t e d t h a t me-
tabolizable energy can be detemined qore e a s i l y than
productive energy v~i111es.
The 1it.erature concerning the e f f e c t s of d i f f e r e n t
d i e t a r y e n e r s j l e v e l s i n the n u t r i t i o n of l a y i n g hens i s
-
s t i l l l i m i t e d ; however, the majority of the work has shown
t h a t energy l e v e l of the -laying r a t i o n influences egg
production.
Ewing (1963) reported th2.t 1 - x s e r and co-
workers were among the f i r s t t o show tha.t r a t i o n s l o w i n
f i b e r content supported a higher -ate o f egg pro6uction
than s i m i l a r r a t i o n s high i n f i b e r content, while Singsen
e t al.
--
were others who found t h a t r a t i o n s high i n energy
value have hieher e f f i c i e n c y than r a t i o n s l o w i n energy
.value.
High eQergy d i e t s tend t o improve egg s i z e and
feed u t i l i z a t i o n efficicncy, and within limits they
decrease the c o s t per u n i t of energy and reduce handling
c o s t s because of t h e i r decreased bulk (honymous, 1972).
--
H i l l e t a l e (1956) repox-ted t h a t during winter t h e
highest r a t e of production w a s obtained from t h e f l o c k
fed a high cnergy r a t i o n and t h e 1ol.res-t vas on a low energy r a t i c n .
During autumn, s p r i ~ gand sunmer egg production
was not a f f e c t e d by t h e c n c r g j !-eve1 of the r a t i o n .
McIntyre and Ritken (1957) found t h a t whey tliey fed l a y i n g
heno with high energy rcttions kihich supplied about 90C
kcal of groductive energy p e r 15 2nd l o v energy r a t i o n $
/
which supnlied s l i g h t l y over 700 I