EFFECT OF SKIRT TO CIRCULAR FOOTING ON CLAY SUBJECTED ON VERTICAL LOADING Effect Of Skirt to Circular Footing on Clay Subjected on Vertical Loading.
EFFECT OF SKIRT TO CIRCULAR FOOTING ON
CLAY SUBJECTED ON VERTICAL LOADING
Final Project
Submitted to complete the requirements of achieving
degree of bachelor of engineering in civil engineering
Submitted by :
NELLA KUSUMANINGTYAS
D 100 122 003
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP
I am who undersigned below,
Name
: NELLA KUSUMANINGTYAS
NIM
: D 100 122 003
Department
: CIVIL ENGINEERING
Title
: EFFECT OF SKIRT TO CIRCULAR FOOTING ON CLAY
SUBJECTED ON VERTICAL LOADING
Declare that this Final Project is prepared and presented by myself, except
the quotations and summaries that I have explained from of all the sources. If later
is found that this Final Project is plagiarism product, then I will accept any legal
consequences that may be imposed to me.
Surakarta, 2016
Nella Kusumaningtyas
ii
MOTTO
“O you who believed, when you are told, “space yourselves” in assemblies, then
make space; Allah will make space for you. And when you are told, “Arise” then
arise; Allah will raise those who have believed among you and those who were
given knowledge, by degrees. And Allah is Acquainted with what you do”.
(Qur’an Surah Al-Mujadilah verse 11)
“And when My servants ask you, (O Muhammad), Concerning Me – Indeed I am
near, I respond to the invocation of the supplicant when he calls upon Me. So let
them respond to Me (by obedience) and believe in Me that they may be (rightly)
guided”
(Qur’an Surah Al- Baqarah verse 186)
“If you are grateful, i will give you more
(Qur’an Surah Ibrahim verse 7)
“Where there is a soul, there is a faith”
(Author)
“Man Jadda Wajada”
(Author)
iii
DEDICATION
This final project is dedicated to:
Allah SWT who has given guidance, mercy and blessing.
Propet Muhammad SAW as our noble character.
Beloved Mommy, Daddy and all my sisters and brother, thanks for your
pray, support and better hope of me a long this time. May Allah gives you
all a better reward.
All my best friend Rozzaana Islamia, Nabella Maharani, Annisaa P.H.,
Nur Hidayah, thanks for your support, pray, advices and the unforgottable
memories as long as with you all. Hopely i never forget you.
iv
PREFACE
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah ‘Azza wa Jalla who has given mercies
and blessing until this Final Project can be completed. This Final Project is
prepared to complete the requirements of achieving Bachelor degree of Civil
Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta. The author also says thanks for all parties who give any support for
arrangement this Final Project. Because of the accomplishment of this Final
Project, the author will say thanks to:
1.
Sri Sunarjono, Ph.D. as the Dean of Engineering Faculty, Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2.
Mochamad Solikin, Ph.D. as the Head of Civil Engineering Department,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3.
Advisor of this Final Projet, Mr. Anto Budi Listyawan, S.T., M.Sc., Mrs. Ir.
Renaningsih, M.T., and Mrs. Senja Rum Harnaeni, S.T., M.T., who have
been taking the time to provide guidance and direction to completion of this
final project.
4.
All lecturers in Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta thanks for your guidance and the knowledge you all given to us.
5.
My beloved Mommy, Daddy, all my sisters and their family, and all my
family who always support me. Thanks for your better hope of me a long this
time, may Allah gives you all a better reward.
6.
Mia, Bella, Putri, Nur, Robhy, Asso, Budi, and Deva’s family for all your
help, advice, the unforgottable memories as long as with you all. Hope I
cannot forget you.
7.
All my friends of Civil Engineering, especially in International Program
Class, thanks for your time as my partner.
8.
All parties that cannot be mentioned one by one who has helped for
accomplishing this Final Project.
v
The author realize that the arrangement of this Final Project is not a perfect
one. Because of that, the authore hopes there are any suggestion and criticism to
make this Final Project better and can be useful for all of us.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL SHEET .......................................................................................
i
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP .............................................................
ii
MOTTO ...........................................................................................................
iii
DEDICATION .................................................................................................
iv
PREFACE ........................................................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................
vii
LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................
x
LIST OF APPENDIX ......................................................................................
xi
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION .................................................................
1
A. Background .....................................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation ......................................................
2
C. Aim and Benefit of Research ..........................................
2
D. Limitation Problem .........................................................
2
E. Research Authenticity .....................................................
3
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................
5
A. Footing ............................................................................
5
B. Clay .................................................................................
5
C. Footing on Clay...............................................................
6
D. Skirted Foundation ..........................................................
6
E. Previous Research ...........................................................
6
CHAPTER III. BASIC THEORY ...................................................................
8
A. Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation .......................
8
B. Settlement........................................................................
11
C. Soil Properties .................................................................
13
vii
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH METHOD .........................................................
14
A. General ............................................................................
14
B. Research Location ...........................................................
14
C. Research Material ...........................................................
14
D. Research Equipment .......................................................
14
E. Research Step ..................................................................
20
CHAPTER V. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................
23
A. General Test Result .........................................................
23
B. Settlement in Similar Load as Reference ........................
25
C. Load in Similar Settlement as Reference ........................
28
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .....................
32
A. Conclusion ......................................................................
32
B. Recommendation ............................................................
32
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................
33
APPENDIX
viii
LIST OF TABLE
Table I.1.
Differences between this study and previous research. ..............
4
Table V.1.
Settlement magnitude on load is 1.00 kN ...................................
27
Table V.2.
Load Magnitude in Similar Settlement on 3 mm ........................
30
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure III.1 General Shear failure ..................................................................
9
Figure III.1 Local Shear Failure .....................................................................
10
Figure III.2 Punching Failure .........................................................................
11
Figure III.4 Pressure Distribution on Saturated Clay .....................................
12
Figure IV.1 Soil Bin .......................................................................................
15
Figure IV.2 Skirted Circular Footing Model ..................................................
16
Figure IV.3 Sketch Setup of Testing Procedures ...........................................
17
Figure IV.4 Digital Device for Reading the Load ..........................................
18
Figure IV.5 Hydraulic Pump, for Giving the Load to Frame Loading Machine 18
Figure IV.6 Two Dial Gauge ..........................................................................
19
Figure IV.7 Flowchart of Research ................................................................
22
Figure V.1
Load-settlement relationship for footing diameter 75 mm .........
23
Figure V.2
Load-settlement relationship for footing diameter 100 mm .......
24
Figure V.3
Load-settlement relationship for footing diameter 150 mm .......
24
Figure V.4
Settlement Analysis on Footing Diameter 75 mm ......................
25
Figure V.5
Settlement Analysis on Footing Diameter 100 mm ....................
26
Figure V.6
Settlement Analysis on Footing Diameter 150 mm ....................
26
Figure V.7
The L/D ratio-Settlement Relationship, Different D ..................
28
Figure V.8
Load in Similar Settlement on Footing Diameter 75 mm ...........
29
Figure V.9
Load in Similar Settlement on Footing Diameter 100 mm .........
29
Figure V.10 Load in Similar Settlement on Footing Diameter 150 mm .........
30
Figure V.11 L/D ratio-Load Relationship in Similar Settlement 3 mm ..........
31
x
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1. Skirt and unskirted circular footing test with diameter footing 75 mm
Appendix 2. Skirt and unskirted circular footing test with diameter footing 100 mm
Appendix 3. Skirt and unskirted circular footing test with diameter footing 150 mm
Appendix 4. Documentation of research
xi
EFFECT OF SKIRT TO CIRCULAR FOOTING ON CLAY
SUBJECTED ON VERTICAL LOADING
Abstrak
Fondasi merupakan bagian terpenting pada struktur bangunan. Hal-hal
yang harus diperhatikan dalam merencanakan fondasi yaitu nilai daya dukung
dan penurunan. Diperlukan adanya upaya perbaikan dan penyelidikan baik
pada tanah ataupun fondasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari
pengaruh penambahan skirt pada fondasi telapak lingkaran untuk mengurangi
penurunan pada lempung sebagai salah satu solusi tersebut. Terdapat sembilan
variasi pengujian laboratorium fondasi telapak lingkaran yang terbuat dari baja
diameter 75 mm, 100 mm, dan 150 mm dengan panjang skirt 100 mm dan 150
mm pada tanah lempung dengan mempertahankan kadar air dan metode
pemadatan yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan skirt
sangat efektif untuk mengurangi penurunan fondasi pada lempung yang
ditinjau pada beban yang sama 1 kN. Peninjauan pada rasio L/D pada diameter
yang sama juga menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi rasio L/D maka
penurunan fondasi yang terjadi semakin kecil. Serta pada peninjauan pada
penurunan 3 mm dengan diameter sama menunjukkan semakin panjang skirt
semakin besar beban yang ditahan fondasi.
Kata Kunci: fondasi, fondasi telapak lingkaran, lempung, penurunan, skirt.
Abstract
Foundation is an important part in building structure. Designing the
foundation has to consider the bearing capacity and the settlement. It is
necessary to improve and to investigate either on the soil or on the foundation.
This research performed to study the effect of skirt on circular footing to
reduce the settlement on clay as the alternative solution. There were nine
variation experiment laboratory of the circular footing made of steel diameter
75 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm with length of skirt 100 mm and 150 mm on clay
by keeping the similar water content and compaction method. The results
show that the skirt is effectively to reduce the foundation settlement on clay
which is observed on similar load 1 kN. The observations on L/D ratio on
similar diameter also show that the higher L/D ratio the smaller settlement. It
is also the observations on settlement 3 mm with similar diameter show that
the longer skirt the higher load which arrested by the footing.
Keywords: foundation, circular footing, clay, settlement, skirt.
xii
CLAY SUBJECTED ON VERTICAL LOADING
Final Project
Submitted to complete the requirements of achieving
degree of bachelor of engineering in civil engineering
Submitted by :
NELLA KUSUMANINGTYAS
D 100 122 003
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP
I am who undersigned below,
Name
: NELLA KUSUMANINGTYAS
NIM
: D 100 122 003
Department
: CIVIL ENGINEERING
Title
: EFFECT OF SKIRT TO CIRCULAR FOOTING ON CLAY
SUBJECTED ON VERTICAL LOADING
Declare that this Final Project is prepared and presented by myself, except
the quotations and summaries that I have explained from of all the sources. If later
is found that this Final Project is plagiarism product, then I will accept any legal
consequences that may be imposed to me.
Surakarta, 2016
Nella Kusumaningtyas
ii
MOTTO
“O you who believed, when you are told, “space yourselves” in assemblies, then
make space; Allah will make space for you. And when you are told, “Arise” then
arise; Allah will raise those who have believed among you and those who were
given knowledge, by degrees. And Allah is Acquainted with what you do”.
(Qur’an Surah Al-Mujadilah verse 11)
“And when My servants ask you, (O Muhammad), Concerning Me – Indeed I am
near, I respond to the invocation of the supplicant when he calls upon Me. So let
them respond to Me (by obedience) and believe in Me that they may be (rightly)
guided”
(Qur’an Surah Al- Baqarah verse 186)
“If you are grateful, i will give you more
(Qur’an Surah Ibrahim verse 7)
“Where there is a soul, there is a faith”
(Author)
“Man Jadda Wajada”
(Author)
iii
DEDICATION
This final project is dedicated to:
Allah SWT who has given guidance, mercy and blessing.
Propet Muhammad SAW as our noble character.
Beloved Mommy, Daddy and all my sisters and brother, thanks for your
pray, support and better hope of me a long this time. May Allah gives you
all a better reward.
All my best friend Rozzaana Islamia, Nabella Maharani, Annisaa P.H.,
Nur Hidayah, thanks for your support, pray, advices and the unforgottable
memories as long as with you all. Hopely i never forget you.
iv
PREFACE
Assalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
Alhamdulillah, all praise to Allah ‘Azza wa Jalla who has given mercies
and blessing until this Final Project can be completed. This Final Project is
prepared to complete the requirements of achieving Bachelor degree of Civil
Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta. The author also says thanks for all parties who give any support for
arrangement this Final Project. Because of the accomplishment of this Final
Project, the author will say thanks to:
1.
Sri Sunarjono, Ph.D. as the Dean of Engineering Faculty, Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2.
Mochamad Solikin, Ph.D. as the Head of Civil Engineering Department,
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3.
Advisor of this Final Projet, Mr. Anto Budi Listyawan, S.T., M.Sc., Mrs. Ir.
Renaningsih, M.T., and Mrs. Senja Rum Harnaeni, S.T., M.T., who have
been taking the time to provide guidance and direction to completion of this
final project.
4.
All lecturers in Civil Engineering Department, Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta thanks for your guidance and the knowledge you all given to us.
5.
My beloved Mommy, Daddy, all my sisters and their family, and all my
family who always support me. Thanks for your better hope of me a long this
time, may Allah gives you all a better reward.
6.
Mia, Bella, Putri, Nur, Robhy, Asso, Budi, and Deva’s family for all your
help, advice, the unforgottable memories as long as with you all. Hope I
cannot forget you.
7.
All my friends of Civil Engineering, especially in International Program
Class, thanks for your time as my partner.
8.
All parties that cannot be mentioned one by one who has helped for
accomplishing this Final Project.
v
The author realize that the arrangement of this Final Project is not a perfect
one. Because of that, the authore hopes there are any suggestion and criticism to
make this Final Project better and can be useful for all of us.
Wassalamu’alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
APPROVAL SHEET .......................................................................................
i
DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP .............................................................
ii
MOTTO ...........................................................................................................
iii
DEDICATION .................................................................................................
iv
PREFACE ........................................................................................................
v
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................
vii
LIST OF TABLE .............................................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURE ............................................................................................
x
LIST OF APPENDIX ......................................................................................
xi
ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION .................................................................
1
A. Background .....................................................................
1
B. Problem Formulation ......................................................
2
C. Aim and Benefit of Research ..........................................
2
D. Limitation Problem .........................................................
2
E. Research Authenticity .....................................................
3
CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW.......................................................
5
A. Footing ............................................................................
5
B. Clay .................................................................................
5
C. Footing on Clay...............................................................
6
D. Skirted Foundation ..........................................................
6
E. Previous Research ...........................................................
6
CHAPTER III. BASIC THEORY ...................................................................
8
A. Bearing Capacity of Shallow Foundation .......................
8
B. Settlement........................................................................
11
C. Soil Properties .................................................................
13
vii
CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH METHOD .........................................................
14
A. General ............................................................................
14
B. Research Location ...........................................................
14
C. Research Material ...........................................................
14
D. Research Equipment .......................................................
14
E. Research Step ..................................................................
20
CHAPTER V. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ..........................................
23
A. General Test Result .........................................................
23
B. Settlement in Similar Load as Reference ........................
25
C. Load in Similar Settlement as Reference ........................
28
CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .....................
32
A. Conclusion ......................................................................
32
B. Recommendation ............................................................
32
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................
33
APPENDIX
viii
LIST OF TABLE
Table I.1.
Differences between this study and previous research. ..............
4
Table V.1.
Settlement magnitude on load is 1.00 kN ...................................
27
Table V.2.
Load Magnitude in Similar Settlement on 3 mm ........................
30
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure III.1 General Shear failure ..................................................................
9
Figure III.1 Local Shear Failure .....................................................................
10
Figure III.2 Punching Failure .........................................................................
11
Figure III.4 Pressure Distribution on Saturated Clay .....................................
12
Figure IV.1 Soil Bin .......................................................................................
15
Figure IV.2 Skirted Circular Footing Model ..................................................
16
Figure IV.3 Sketch Setup of Testing Procedures ...........................................
17
Figure IV.4 Digital Device for Reading the Load ..........................................
18
Figure IV.5 Hydraulic Pump, for Giving the Load to Frame Loading Machine 18
Figure IV.6 Two Dial Gauge ..........................................................................
19
Figure IV.7 Flowchart of Research ................................................................
22
Figure V.1
Load-settlement relationship for footing diameter 75 mm .........
23
Figure V.2
Load-settlement relationship for footing diameter 100 mm .......
24
Figure V.3
Load-settlement relationship for footing diameter 150 mm .......
24
Figure V.4
Settlement Analysis on Footing Diameter 75 mm ......................
25
Figure V.5
Settlement Analysis on Footing Diameter 100 mm ....................
26
Figure V.6
Settlement Analysis on Footing Diameter 150 mm ....................
26
Figure V.7
The L/D ratio-Settlement Relationship, Different D ..................
28
Figure V.8
Load in Similar Settlement on Footing Diameter 75 mm ...........
29
Figure V.9
Load in Similar Settlement on Footing Diameter 100 mm .........
29
Figure V.10 Load in Similar Settlement on Footing Diameter 150 mm .........
30
Figure V.11 L/D ratio-Load Relationship in Similar Settlement 3 mm ..........
31
x
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix 1. Skirt and unskirted circular footing test with diameter footing 75 mm
Appendix 2. Skirt and unskirted circular footing test with diameter footing 100 mm
Appendix 3. Skirt and unskirted circular footing test with diameter footing 150 mm
Appendix 4. Documentation of research
xi
EFFECT OF SKIRT TO CIRCULAR FOOTING ON CLAY
SUBJECTED ON VERTICAL LOADING
Abstrak
Fondasi merupakan bagian terpenting pada struktur bangunan. Hal-hal
yang harus diperhatikan dalam merencanakan fondasi yaitu nilai daya dukung
dan penurunan. Diperlukan adanya upaya perbaikan dan penyelidikan baik
pada tanah ataupun fondasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari
pengaruh penambahan skirt pada fondasi telapak lingkaran untuk mengurangi
penurunan pada lempung sebagai salah satu solusi tersebut. Terdapat sembilan
variasi pengujian laboratorium fondasi telapak lingkaran yang terbuat dari baja
diameter 75 mm, 100 mm, dan 150 mm dengan panjang skirt 100 mm dan 150
mm pada tanah lempung dengan mempertahankan kadar air dan metode
pemadatan yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan skirt
sangat efektif untuk mengurangi penurunan fondasi pada lempung yang
ditinjau pada beban yang sama 1 kN. Peninjauan pada rasio L/D pada diameter
yang sama juga menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi rasio L/D maka
penurunan fondasi yang terjadi semakin kecil. Serta pada peninjauan pada
penurunan 3 mm dengan diameter sama menunjukkan semakin panjang skirt
semakin besar beban yang ditahan fondasi.
Kata Kunci: fondasi, fondasi telapak lingkaran, lempung, penurunan, skirt.
Abstract
Foundation is an important part in building structure. Designing the
foundation has to consider the bearing capacity and the settlement. It is
necessary to improve and to investigate either on the soil or on the foundation.
This research performed to study the effect of skirt on circular footing to
reduce the settlement on clay as the alternative solution. There were nine
variation experiment laboratory of the circular footing made of steel diameter
75 mm, 100 mm and 150 mm with length of skirt 100 mm and 150 mm on clay
by keeping the similar water content and compaction method. The results
show that the skirt is effectively to reduce the foundation settlement on clay
which is observed on similar load 1 kN. The observations on L/D ratio on
similar diameter also show that the higher L/D ratio the smaller settlement. It
is also the observations on settlement 3 mm with similar diameter show that
the longer skirt the higher load which arrested by the footing.
Keywords: foundation, circular footing, clay, settlement, skirt.
xii