Design And Development Of Low Cost And Portable Pico Hydro Turbine.
“ I hereby declare that I have read this fully report entitled “ Design and Development of a
Low Cost and Portable Pico Hydro Turbine” and found that it has comply the partial for
awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”
Signature
:
……………………………….
Supervisor’s Name
:
En Zul Hasrizal Bin Bohari
Date
:
1 June 2015
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST AND PORTABLE PICO HYDRO
TURBINE
SYAHRUNIZZAM BIN HASSIN
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Electrical
Engineering (Industrial Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
2015
I declare that this report entitled “Design and Development of a Low Cost and Portable Pico
Hydro Turbine” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The report
has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any
other degree.
Signature
:
……………………………….
Name
:
Syahrunizzam Bin Hassin
Date
:
1 June 2015
To my beloved mother and father
i
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, my biggest thanks to Allah S.W.T who gave me the opportunity in doing this
project and always giving me hope and ways in completing the tasks.
My great appreciation goes to my lovely family, supervisor, En. Zul Hasrizal Bin
Bohari for his guidance, knowledge, skill, and patience in helping his final year students for
this semester.
I also want to give my appreciation to other lecturers, technicians, and friends who are
willing to help me whether directly or indirectly in completing this final year project. Their
good deed will always be remembered.
iii
ABSTRACT
The goal of this research is to design, develop and analysis of a low cost and portable Pico
hydro turbine. Hydro turbine has become an interest as it widely used around the world,
especially in the rural area in Malaysia. The main reason why the hydro turbine is so widely
used is due to their renewable source of producing electrical energy which is water. The focus
on this project is to develop a portable Pico hydro that can be installed anywhere especially in
the house. The project will involve two main phases: the designing of the turbine and the
analysis of the turbine using different shape of pipe on the incoming water source. The
designed turbine should be capable to meet performance specification for hydropower
generation, such as an adequate minimum rate of flow and the type of turbine design used. The
power supplied by falling water is the rate at which its deliver energy and this depends on the
mass flow rate of the water, which can be manipulated by designing a different shape of pipe
at the input water source. To meet the requirement, some issue needs to be considered in
designing such as selection of the shape of the incoming pipe water source, design of turbine
and size, design of the blade, and the type of the generator.
iv
ABSTRAK
Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk, membangunkan, analisis dan menghasilkan
turbin Pico hidro mudah alih dengan kos yang rendah. Turbin hidro telah menjadi suatu
kepentingan kerana ia digunakan secara meluas di seluruh dunia, terutama di kawasan luar
bandar di Malaysia. Antara sebab utama mengapa turbin hidro yang digunakan begitu meluas
adalah disebabkan oleh sumber yang boleh diperbaharui untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik
iaitu air. Tumpuan kepada projek ini adalah untuk membangunkan turbin Pico hidro mudah
alih yang boleh dipasang di mana-mana terutamanya di dalam rumah. Projek ini akan
melibatkan dua fasa utama iaitu: mereka bentuk turbin dan analisis turbin menggunakan
bentuk paip yang berbeza di sumber air yang masuk. Turbin direka harus mampu untuk
memenuhi spesifikasi prestasi bagi penjanaan kuasa hidro seperti kadar minimum yang
mencukupi aliran dan jenis reka bentuk turbin yang digunakan. Kuasa yang dibekalkan oleh
air jatuh adalah kadar di mana pnghasilan tenaga ini bergantung kepada kadar aliran jisim air,
yang boleh dimanipulasi oleh reka bentuk paip yang berbeza di sumber air masuk. Bagi
memenuhi keperluan ini, beberapa isu perlu dipertimbangkan dalam mereka bentuk seperti
pemilihan bentuk sumber air paip masuk, reka bentuk turbin dan saiz, reka bentuk mata turbin
itu, dan jenis generator.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
ABSTRACT
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
x
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Project Background
1
1.2
Project Motivation
2
1.3
Problem Statement
3
1.4
Objectives
3
1.5
Scope of Work
4
1.6
Contribution of Work
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Theory and Basic Principles
5
2.2
Water Turbines
9
2.2.1
Classification of Water Turbine
10
2.2.2
Impulse Turbine
10
2.2.3
Reaction Turbine
13
vi
3
2.3
Generators
16
2.4
Summary of Literature Review
17
METHODOLOGY
18
3.1
Research Flow Chart
19
3.2
Discussion on Selected Technique
20
3..2.1 Literature Review and Background
20
3.2.2
20
Determination of type of hydro turbine that will
be designed and theories related.
4
REFERENCES
Hardware Design and Assemble
27
3.2.4
Testing
32
3.2.5
Calibration and analysis of hydro turbine
35
3.2.6
Report writing
35
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
36
4.1
Results
36
4.2
Test Results Discussion
38
4.2.1
Flow Rate Results Discussions
39
4.2.2
Turbine Rotational Speed Results Discussion
40
4.2.3
DC Voltage Results Discussion
41
4.3
5
3.2.3
Hardware Portability and Cost Discussion
42
CONCLUSION
44
5.1
Conclusions
44
5.2
Future Recommendation
45
46
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Original shape result.
37
4.2
Baffle shape result.
37
4.3
Nozzle shape result.
37
4.4
Pelton Turbine Comparison
43
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
How hydro Turbine works
6
2.2
Early hydro turbine design
7
2.3
Sources for hydroelectric power
8
2.4
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator, cutaway view
9
2.5
Pelton Wheel Turbine
11
2.6
Turgo Wheel Turbine
12
2.7
Path of water jet through Turgo Wheel Turbine
12
2.8
Cutaway View shows Arrangement of a Francis Turbine
14
2.9
Arrangement of Kaplan Turbine
15
2.10
Working systems of Generator
17
3.1
Flow chart of the methodology
19
3.2
Francis turbine and a runner
21
3.3
Basic design of a Kaplan Turbine
22
3.4
Pelton turbine with its shaft
23
3.5
3 storey’s Household water pressure
24
3.6
Typical runner for a Pelton Turbine
25
3.7
Spoon Runner
26
3.8
Turbine design by SolidWork
27
3.9
Turbine after assembling
27
3.10
Casing of the turbine by SolidWork
28
3.11
Casing with the wood skeleton of the turbine by SolidWork
28
ix
3.12
Turbine Front View
29
3.13
Turbine Back View
29
3.14
Turbine Side View
29
3.15
12V DC Motor
30
3.16
Original Test Shape by SolidWork
31
3.17
Baffle Test Shape by SolidWork
31
3.18
Nozzle Test Shape by SolidWork
31
3.19
Water Test Rig
32
3.20
Pico hydro turbine arrangement
34
4.1
Graph of Flow Rate under Various Test Shape
39
4.2
Graph of angular velocity under various test shape
40
4.3
Graph of DC Voltage under Various Test Shape
41
4.4
The size of the Pico Hydro Turbine
42
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
V
-
Voltage
DC
-
Direct Current
AC
-
Alternating Current
m
-
Metre
g
-
Gravity = 9.81 m/s
W
-
Watt
M
-
Mega
K
-
Kilo
psi
-
Pound per square inch
RPM -
Rotation per minute
Q
-
Flow rate
P
-
Pressure
H
-
Water head
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Research on alternative ways to generate electricity is going aggressively because the
dependence on non-renewable energy sources is diminishing. Hydro generation is one of the
energy sources that have yet to be fully explored.
1.1
Project Background
This project is about the development of low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine. A
hydro turbine is a renewable energy whereby it generates energy by converting kinetic energy
from water movement into electricity. The Pico hydro turbine is another option for gathering
electric power from moving water sources by using a small water turbine fed from a
household water pipe. In this project, the usage of water turbine that suitable and can adapt to
the small pressure of household water pipe will be focusing on.
Basically, this project will do an analysis of the best shape of the household incoming
water pipe that can effect on the speed of the water turbine. In order to do an analysis, the
selection of the water turbine shape and size will be greatly facilitated while keeping the
2
desired hardware aspect in mind. As for the desired hardware aspect, the selection of the blade
design and the generator type to be used will be selected to comply with the requirement of the
desired hardware. In this analysis, some finding or conclusion should be obtained to know the
performance of the portable Pico hydro turbine in service.
1.2
Project Motivation
It is motivated to study and do this project because of the high demand from industry
that need to produce a renewable energy in a minimum cost so that it can be installed widely
especially at the rural area. Nowadays, the biggest problem of transferring electricity to the
rural area is the cost itself. As the cost come with the problem, most of the electricity
generation comes with a big size that will install permanently in the specific area. This
unresolved problem has led to the lack of power generation in the rural area that can only be
solved by designing a low cost and portable renewable energy turbine.
3
1.3
Problem Statement
The development of a low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine is not a simple task.
Generally, knowledge of electrics, magnetics, electronics and mechanics is required. Thus, the
electrical and mechanical relationships are important and should be taken into account in
designing the portable Pico hydro turbine. Turbine selection and design are the most crucial
parameter to be determined in designing the low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine, which is
either to use the reaction turbine or impulse turbine. Selection of the generator will potentially
affect the outcome of the project, either it can produce power at the determine rate.
For these reasons, it is important to design a good generator and turbine at smaller size
with a reliable, affordable, economically viable and socially acceptable to ensure it will
produce a smooth mechanical rotation and output.
1.4
Objectives
The objective of this project is to:
1. To understand the concept and the design of hydro turbine
2. To design and develop a low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine
3. To analyse the best shape to be used in the design of incoming water source
pipe
4
1.5
Scope of Work
The scope of work is limited to:
1. The 12V DC motor will be used as the generator.
2. The shape of incoming water source pipe used is original shape, baffle shape
and nozzle shape.
3. Minimizing the cost of the material that use of the turbine and the hardware.
4. Develop the hardware so that it can fit in the consumer’s pipe.
5. Testing in the low-head hydro turbine (4m) parameter.
1.6
Contribution of Work
Hydropower is an extremely proficient wellspring of renewable energy. Due to the
thickness of water and the power of gravity (among other factor) the hydropower innovative
favourable circumstances of today are that these frameworks can clandestine up to 90% of the
vitality of water into electric vitality, which is an astounding number [1][2].
Since hydro force is powered by water, it has the benefit of being just utilized when
required, in light of the fact that it is anything but difficult to control the capacity and
allowable flow of water into a hydropower framework. Hydropower has preference over wind
power in light of the fact that water is thicker than air, so gathering the mechanical vitality of
wind obliges a more prominent power of wind to turn the turbine than it would for water in a
hydropower framework[2].
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theories related in development of low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine will
discuss in this chapter.
2.1
Theory and Basic Principles
Most of the energy in the world is wasted out without have been used in a proper way
to gain an energy. The renewable source of energy such as water is the fundamental reason
why hydropower is possible. The water cycle, which is starting from the sun that reaches the
earth’s surface causes water to operate and hence a proportion of this energy causes the vapour
to rise against the earth’s gravitational pull. This vapour then condenses into rain and snow,
which again falls back to the earth’s surface [3].
When rain and snow fall onto any ground above sea level, some of the sun’s energy is
conserved in the form of potential energy. This energy is then dissipated in currents as water
runs down in streams. By catching this water in controlled form of pipe, we can exploit the
6
kinetic energy that becomes available with the movement of water, under pressure onto a
turbine blade. The water then strikes the turbine blade to create mechanical energy [2] [3].
This mechanical energy is then transmitted to an electrical generator through a rotating shaft
[2].
Figure 2.1: How hydro Turbine works [2]
The earliest reference to the use of the energy of falling water is found in the work of
the Greek poet Antipater in the 4th century BC, however the Romans were the first to be
documented as using waterwheels and they spread their use across Europe, in the form of mills
for grinding cereals. By 1800, tens of thousands of such mills had been built worldwide [4].
By the end of the 19th century water wheel technology had advanced considerably and
the first water turbines, as they were now called, were used to produce electricity. The earliest
recorded hydroelectric plant began generating in 1882, in the USA, on the Fox River near
Appleton, Wisconsin. Since that time the contribution of hydroelectric power to world use of
electricity has risen steadily and today hydroelectricity is the principal source of electric power
in some 30 countries and provides about 20% of the world's annual electrical output [4].
7
The very first hydro-plants were relatively small schemes, however, subsequent
developments were around very large schemes and today most of the hydroelectric power is
produced from very large hydro-plant associated with dams, which were major capital
projects. Large dams are still being built today, however the majority are located in the
developing world, where between 1980 and 1986 the absolute increase in hydro generation
was almost twice that of the industrialized world [4].
The hydroelectric plants work by converting the kinetic energy from water falling into
electric energy. This is achieved from water powering a turbine, and using the rotation
movement to transfer energy through a shaft to an electric generator.
Figure 2.2: Early hydro turbine design [4]
Hydroelectric power, using the potential energy of rivers, now supplies 17.5% of the
world's electricity (99% in Norway, 57% in Canada, 55% in Switzerland, 40% in Sweden, 7%
in the USA) [4]. Apart from a few countries with an abundance of it, hydro capacity is
normally applied to peak-load demand, because it is so readily stopped and started. It is not a
major option for the future in the developed countries because most major sites in these
countries having potential for harnessing gravity in this way are either being exploited already
8
or are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations. Growth for 2030 is
expected, mostly in China and Latin America.
Figure 2.3: Sources for hydroelectric power [5]
Hydro energy is available in many forms, potential energy from high heads of water
retained in dams, kinetic energy from current flow in rivers and tidal barrages, and kinetic
energy also from the movement of waves on relatively static water masses. Many ingenious
ways have been developed for harnessing this energy, but most involve directing the water
flow through a turbine to generate electricity.
Hydro power is a very clean source of energy and only uses the water, the water after
generating electrical power, is available for other purposes. Due to this reason, hydropower
plants become more important. There are few types of hydropower plant which depends on the
size which is the large, small, mini, micro, and Pico [5].
1.
Large Hydro (10 MW or more of generating capacity)
2.
Small Hydro (1 to 10 MW of generating capacity)
3.
Mini Hydro (100 KW to 1 MW of generating capacity)
4.
Micro Hydro (5 KW to 100 KW of generating capacity)
5.
Pico Hydro (less than 5 KW of generating capacity)
9
2.2
Water Turbines
A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water. Water turbines
were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to
electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean
and renewable energy source.
Flowing water is directed onto the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the
blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a
distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the
turbine. Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines.
The precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of water, and the
type of impeller selected [6] [7].
Figure 2.4: Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator, cutaway view [7]
10
2.2.1
Classification of Water Turbine
Water turbine fall into two categories which is:
1. Impulse Turbine
2. Reaction Turbine
2.2.2
Impulse Turbine
An impulse turbine operates on the same principle as a toy pinwheel. Water strikes the
turbine runner, and pushes it in a circle. The water is delivered to the runner through a
pipeline, and out a small nozzle which maximizes the force available to operate the turbine.
These types of water turbines work best on sites where the water source has high head
(20 feet or more). The head is the vertical distance between where the water enters the turbine
system (in this case, into a pipeline) and where it reaches the turbine runner. Small impulse
water turbines require minimal water flow volume, so they are ideal for sites where a
relatively small amount of water runs down a fairly steep hill, as in a hillside stream or small
waterfall. The most well-known type of impulse turbine is the Pelton wheel style as used in
Harris Pelton turbines. But in higher flow sites, a Turgo style runner such as the one used in
the Stream Engine has a higher output potential [7].
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine
curved blades which change the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum
(impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts
through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy. Prior to
hitting the turbine blades, the water pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy
by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and
Low Cost and Portable Pico Hydro Turbine” and found that it has comply the partial for
awarding the degree of Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)”
Signature
:
……………………………….
Supervisor’s Name
:
En Zul Hasrizal Bin Bohari
Date
:
1 June 2015
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST AND PORTABLE PICO HYDRO
TURBINE
SYAHRUNIZZAM BIN HASSIN
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Electrical
Engineering (Industrial Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
2015
I declare that this report entitled “Design and Development of a Low Cost and Portable Pico
Hydro Turbine” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The report
has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any
other degree.
Signature
:
……………………………….
Name
:
Syahrunizzam Bin Hassin
Date
:
1 June 2015
To my beloved mother and father
i
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Firstly, my biggest thanks to Allah S.W.T who gave me the opportunity in doing this
project and always giving me hope and ways in completing the tasks.
My great appreciation goes to my lovely family, supervisor, En. Zul Hasrizal Bin
Bohari for his guidance, knowledge, skill, and patience in helping his final year students for
this semester.
I also want to give my appreciation to other lecturers, technicians, and friends who are
willing to help me whether directly or indirectly in completing this final year project. Their
good deed will always be remembered.
iii
ABSTRACT
The goal of this research is to design, develop and analysis of a low cost and portable Pico
hydro turbine. Hydro turbine has become an interest as it widely used around the world,
especially in the rural area in Malaysia. The main reason why the hydro turbine is so widely
used is due to their renewable source of producing electrical energy which is water. The focus
on this project is to develop a portable Pico hydro that can be installed anywhere especially in
the house. The project will involve two main phases: the designing of the turbine and the
analysis of the turbine using different shape of pipe on the incoming water source. The
designed turbine should be capable to meet performance specification for hydropower
generation, such as an adequate minimum rate of flow and the type of turbine design used. The
power supplied by falling water is the rate at which its deliver energy and this depends on the
mass flow rate of the water, which can be manipulated by designing a different shape of pipe
at the input water source. To meet the requirement, some issue needs to be considered in
designing such as selection of the shape of the incoming pipe water source, design of turbine
and size, design of the blade, and the type of the generator.
iv
ABSTRAK
Matlamat kajian ini adalah untuk mereka bentuk, membangunkan, analisis dan menghasilkan
turbin Pico hidro mudah alih dengan kos yang rendah. Turbin hidro telah menjadi suatu
kepentingan kerana ia digunakan secara meluas di seluruh dunia, terutama di kawasan luar
bandar di Malaysia. Antara sebab utama mengapa turbin hidro yang digunakan begitu meluas
adalah disebabkan oleh sumber yang boleh diperbaharui untuk menghasilkan tenaga elektrik
iaitu air. Tumpuan kepada projek ini adalah untuk membangunkan turbin Pico hidro mudah
alih yang boleh dipasang di mana-mana terutamanya di dalam rumah. Projek ini akan
melibatkan dua fasa utama iaitu: mereka bentuk turbin dan analisis turbin menggunakan
bentuk paip yang berbeza di sumber air yang masuk. Turbin direka harus mampu untuk
memenuhi spesifikasi prestasi bagi penjanaan kuasa hidro seperti kadar minimum yang
mencukupi aliran dan jenis reka bentuk turbin yang digunakan. Kuasa yang dibekalkan oleh
air jatuh adalah kadar di mana pnghasilan tenaga ini bergantung kepada kadar aliran jisim air,
yang boleh dimanipulasi oleh reka bentuk paip yang berbeza di sumber air masuk. Bagi
memenuhi keperluan ini, beberapa isu perlu dipertimbangkan dalam mereka bentuk seperti
pemilihan bentuk sumber air paip masuk, reka bentuk turbin dan saiz, reka bentuk mata turbin
itu, dan jenis generator.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1
2
TITLE
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
ABSTRACT
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
v
LIST OF TABLES
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
viii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
x
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
Project Background
1
1.2
Project Motivation
2
1.3
Problem Statement
3
1.4
Objectives
3
1.5
Scope of Work
4
1.6
Contribution of Work
4
LITERATURE REVIEW
5
2.1
Theory and Basic Principles
5
2.2
Water Turbines
9
2.2.1
Classification of Water Turbine
10
2.2.2
Impulse Turbine
10
2.2.3
Reaction Turbine
13
vi
3
2.3
Generators
16
2.4
Summary of Literature Review
17
METHODOLOGY
18
3.1
Research Flow Chart
19
3.2
Discussion on Selected Technique
20
3..2.1 Literature Review and Background
20
3.2.2
20
Determination of type of hydro turbine that will
be designed and theories related.
4
REFERENCES
Hardware Design and Assemble
27
3.2.4
Testing
32
3.2.5
Calibration and analysis of hydro turbine
35
3.2.6
Report writing
35
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
36
4.1
Results
36
4.2
Test Results Discussion
38
4.2.1
Flow Rate Results Discussions
39
4.2.2
Turbine Rotational Speed Results Discussion
40
4.2.3
DC Voltage Results Discussion
41
4.3
5
3.2.3
Hardware Portability and Cost Discussion
42
CONCLUSION
44
5.1
Conclusions
44
5.2
Future Recommendation
45
46
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
TITLE
PAGE
4.1
Original shape result.
37
4.2
Baffle shape result.
37
4.3
Nozzle shape result.
37
4.4
Pelton Turbine Comparison
43
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
How hydro Turbine works
6
2.2
Early hydro turbine design
7
2.3
Sources for hydroelectric power
8
2.4
Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator, cutaway view
9
2.5
Pelton Wheel Turbine
11
2.6
Turgo Wheel Turbine
12
2.7
Path of water jet through Turgo Wheel Turbine
12
2.8
Cutaway View shows Arrangement of a Francis Turbine
14
2.9
Arrangement of Kaplan Turbine
15
2.10
Working systems of Generator
17
3.1
Flow chart of the methodology
19
3.2
Francis turbine and a runner
21
3.3
Basic design of a Kaplan Turbine
22
3.4
Pelton turbine with its shaft
23
3.5
3 storey’s Household water pressure
24
3.6
Typical runner for a Pelton Turbine
25
3.7
Spoon Runner
26
3.8
Turbine design by SolidWork
27
3.9
Turbine after assembling
27
3.10
Casing of the turbine by SolidWork
28
3.11
Casing with the wood skeleton of the turbine by SolidWork
28
ix
3.12
Turbine Front View
29
3.13
Turbine Back View
29
3.14
Turbine Side View
29
3.15
12V DC Motor
30
3.16
Original Test Shape by SolidWork
31
3.17
Baffle Test Shape by SolidWork
31
3.18
Nozzle Test Shape by SolidWork
31
3.19
Water Test Rig
32
3.20
Pico hydro turbine arrangement
34
4.1
Graph of Flow Rate under Various Test Shape
39
4.2
Graph of angular velocity under various test shape
40
4.3
Graph of DC Voltage under Various Test Shape
41
4.4
The size of the Pico Hydro Turbine
42
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
V
-
Voltage
DC
-
Direct Current
AC
-
Alternating Current
m
-
Metre
g
-
Gravity = 9.81 m/s
W
-
Watt
M
-
Mega
K
-
Kilo
psi
-
Pound per square inch
RPM -
Rotation per minute
Q
-
Flow rate
P
-
Pressure
H
-
Water head
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Research on alternative ways to generate electricity is going aggressively because the
dependence on non-renewable energy sources is diminishing. Hydro generation is one of the
energy sources that have yet to be fully explored.
1.1
Project Background
This project is about the development of low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine. A
hydro turbine is a renewable energy whereby it generates energy by converting kinetic energy
from water movement into electricity. The Pico hydro turbine is another option for gathering
electric power from moving water sources by using a small water turbine fed from a
household water pipe. In this project, the usage of water turbine that suitable and can adapt to
the small pressure of household water pipe will be focusing on.
Basically, this project will do an analysis of the best shape of the household incoming
water pipe that can effect on the speed of the water turbine. In order to do an analysis, the
selection of the water turbine shape and size will be greatly facilitated while keeping the
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desired hardware aspect in mind. As for the desired hardware aspect, the selection of the blade
design and the generator type to be used will be selected to comply with the requirement of the
desired hardware. In this analysis, some finding or conclusion should be obtained to know the
performance of the portable Pico hydro turbine in service.
1.2
Project Motivation
It is motivated to study and do this project because of the high demand from industry
that need to produce a renewable energy in a minimum cost so that it can be installed widely
especially at the rural area. Nowadays, the biggest problem of transferring electricity to the
rural area is the cost itself. As the cost come with the problem, most of the electricity
generation comes with a big size that will install permanently in the specific area. This
unresolved problem has led to the lack of power generation in the rural area that can only be
solved by designing a low cost and portable renewable energy turbine.
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1.3
Problem Statement
The development of a low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine is not a simple task.
Generally, knowledge of electrics, magnetics, electronics and mechanics is required. Thus, the
electrical and mechanical relationships are important and should be taken into account in
designing the portable Pico hydro turbine. Turbine selection and design are the most crucial
parameter to be determined in designing the low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine, which is
either to use the reaction turbine or impulse turbine. Selection of the generator will potentially
affect the outcome of the project, either it can produce power at the determine rate.
For these reasons, it is important to design a good generator and turbine at smaller size
with a reliable, affordable, economically viable and socially acceptable to ensure it will
produce a smooth mechanical rotation and output.
1.4
Objectives
The objective of this project is to:
1. To understand the concept and the design of hydro turbine
2. To design and develop a low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine
3. To analyse the best shape to be used in the design of incoming water source
pipe
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1.5
Scope of Work
The scope of work is limited to:
1. The 12V DC motor will be used as the generator.
2. The shape of incoming water source pipe used is original shape, baffle shape
and nozzle shape.
3. Minimizing the cost of the material that use of the turbine and the hardware.
4. Develop the hardware so that it can fit in the consumer’s pipe.
5. Testing in the low-head hydro turbine (4m) parameter.
1.6
Contribution of Work
Hydropower is an extremely proficient wellspring of renewable energy. Due to the
thickness of water and the power of gravity (among other factor) the hydropower innovative
favourable circumstances of today are that these frameworks can clandestine up to 90% of the
vitality of water into electric vitality, which is an astounding number [1][2].
Since hydro force is powered by water, it has the benefit of being just utilized when
required, in light of the fact that it is anything but difficult to control the capacity and
allowable flow of water into a hydropower framework. Hydropower has preference over wind
power in light of the fact that water is thicker than air, so gathering the mechanical vitality of
wind obliges a more prominent power of wind to turn the turbine than it would for water in a
hydropower framework[2].
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Theories related in development of low cost and portable Pico hydro turbine will
discuss in this chapter.
2.1
Theory and Basic Principles
Most of the energy in the world is wasted out without have been used in a proper way
to gain an energy. The renewable source of energy such as water is the fundamental reason
why hydropower is possible. The water cycle, which is starting from the sun that reaches the
earth’s surface causes water to operate and hence a proportion of this energy causes the vapour
to rise against the earth’s gravitational pull. This vapour then condenses into rain and snow,
which again falls back to the earth’s surface [3].
When rain and snow fall onto any ground above sea level, some of the sun’s energy is
conserved in the form of potential energy. This energy is then dissipated in currents as water
runs down in streams. By catching this water in controlled form of pipe, we can exploit the
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kinetic energy that becomes available with the movement of water, under pressure onto a
turbine blade. The water then strikes the turbine blade to create mechanical energy [2] [3].
This mechanical energy is then transmitted to an electrical generator through a rotating shaft
[2].
Figure 2.1: How hydro Turbine works [2]
The earliest reference to the use of the energy of falling water is found in the work of
the Greek poet Antipater in the 4th century BC, however the Romans were the first to be
documented as using waterwheels and they spread their use across Europe, in the form of mills
for grinding cereals. By 1800, tens of thousands of such mills had been built worldwide [4].
By the end of the 19th century water wheel technology had advanced considerably and
the first water turbines, as they were now called, were used to produce electricity. The earliest
recorded hydroelectric plant began generating in 1882, in the USA, on the Fox River near
Appleton, Wisconsin. Since that time the contribution of hydroelectric power to world use of
electricity has risen steadily and today hydroelectricity is the principal source of electric power
in some 30 countries and provides about 20% of the world's annual electrical output [4].
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The very first hydro-plants were relatively small schemes, however, subsequent
developments were around very large schemes and today most of the hydroelectric power is
produced from very large hydro-plant associated with dams, which were major capital
projects. Large dams are still being built today, however the majority are located in the
developing world, where between 1980 and 1986 the absolute increase in hydro generation
was almost twice that of the industrialized world [4].
The hydroelectric plants work by converting the kinetic energy from water falling into
electric energy. This is achieved from water powering a turbine, and using the rotation
movement to transfer energy through a shaft to an electric generator.
Figure 2.2: Early hydro turbine design [4]
Hydroelectric power, using the potential energy of rivers, now supplies 17.5% of the
world's electricity (99% in Norway, 57% in Canada, 55% in Switzerland, 40% in Sweden, 7%
in the USA) [4]. Apart from a few countries with an abundance of it, hydro capacity is
normally applied to peak-load demand, because it is so readily stopped and started. It is not a
major option for the future in the developed countries because most major sites in these
countries having potential for harnessing gravity in this way are either being exploited already
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or are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations. Growth for 2030 is
expected, mostly in China and Latin America.
Figure 2.3: Sources for hydroelectric power [5]
Hydro energy is available in many forms, potential energy from high heads of water
retained in dams, kinetic energy from current flow in rivers and tidal barrages, and kinetic
energy also from the movement of waves on relatively static water masses. Many ingenious
ways have been developed for harnessing this energy, but most involve directing the water
flow through a turbine to generate electricity.
Hydro power is a very clean source of energy and only uses the water, the water after
generating electrical power, is available for other purposes. Due to this reason, hydropower
plants become more important. There are few types of hydropower plant which depends on the
size which is the large, small, mini, micro, and Pico [5].
1.
Large Hydro (10 MW or more of generating capacity)
2.
Small Hydro (1 to 10 MW of generating capacity)
3.
Mini Hydro (100 KW to 1 MW of generating capacity)
4.
Micro Hydro (5 KW to 100 KW of generating capacity)
5.
Pico Hydro (less than 5 KW of generating capacity)
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2.2
Water Turbines
A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water. Water turbines
were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to
electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean
and renewable energy source.
Flowing water is directed onto the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the
blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a
distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the
turbine. Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines.
The precise shape of water turbine blades is a function of the supply pressure of water, and the
type of impeller selected [6] [7].
Figure 2.4: Hydraulic turbine and electrical generator, cutaway view [7]
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2.2.1
Classification of Water Turbine
Water turbine fall into two categories which is:
1. Impulse Turbine
2. Reaction Turbine
2.2.2
Impulse Turbine
An impulse turbine operates on the same principle as a toy pinwheel. Water strikes the
turbine runner, and pushes it in a circle. The water is delivered to the runner through a
pipeline, and out a small nozzle which maximizes the force available to operate the turbine.
These types of water turbines work best on sites where the water source has high head
(20 feet or more). The head is the vertical distance between where the water enters the turbine
system (in this case, into a pipeline) and where it reaches the turbine runner. Small impulse
water turbines require minimal water flow volume, so they are ideal for sites where a
relatively small amount of water runs down a fairly steep hill, as in a hillside stream or small
waterfall. The most well-known type of impulse turbine is the Pelton wheel style as used in
Harris Pelton turbines. But in higher flow sites, a Turgo style runner such as the one used in
the Stream Engine has a higher output potential [7].
Impulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet impinges on the turbine
curved blades which change the direction of the flow. The resulting change in momentum
(impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts
through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy. Prior to
hitting the turbine blades, the water pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy
by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and