Architecture of Mobile Web Application for Generating Dynamic Route Map.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
Architecture of Mobile Web Application for Generating
Dynamic Route Map
A. M. HAZIQ LIM, A. A. AZLIANOR, S. M. SUHAIZAN, K. MASSILA
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Locked Bag 1200, Hang Tuah Jaya, 75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka
MALAYSIA
haziq@utem.edu.my http://ftmk.utem.edu.my/
Abstract: - Integrated Light Rail Transit (LRT) System in the capital of Malaysia connects some key districts
where historical places, interesting places, business areas and shopping malls are concentrated. The train
services are running independently but have points where they have interchanges. This may leads the traveler
facing difficulty when they are choosing incorrect destination station especially on different LRT lines which
contribute to time consuming and high costing. Thus, we present an architecture in developing mobile
application that runs on a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) to provide the solution for traveler to reach the
desired destination. It is use to dynamically generate dynamic route map by determining the nearest station
according to the specific places. The architecture, web components and its implementation are proposed and
discussed in this paper.
Key-Words: - Mobile application, Web architecture, Dynamic route map, Tourism, Transport
1 Introduction
Light railway systems now criss-crosses some of
Asia's megacities – including bustling Kuala
Lumpur – allowing even harried business travelers
to keep their trip on track and is said to be the most
convenient public transport. There are three lines
operated by different companies which are part of
Kuala Lumpur's Integrated Transit Network (Figure
1) and it is a fully independent metro network.
RapidKL operates the Kelana Jaya Rail Line and the
Ampang Rail Line whereas KL Monorail operates
Monorail Line. This integrated transportation
network transports approximately 4 million
passengers every week with 908 buses and 48 rail
stations operating daily [10].
Fig. 1 KL’s Integrated LRT Network [5]
Traveling from one appointment to another in
this bustling metropolis can be difficult. This
research addresses the problem of selecting nearest
destination station to a given places of interest such
as shopping places, historical places and interesting
places which may involve at least two LRT lines
and need of interchange station. Thus, the traveler
may face difficulty when they choose incorrect
station especially on different LRT lines which led
to time consuming and high cost [8]. Producing a
mobile application that could use in handheld device
such as Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) for
traveler on-the-move has becoming wide spread.
People percentage having access to mobile devices
is rapidly increasing and need to have access to
information anytime, anywhere. Hence, we propose
a mobile web application architecture to assist
travelers to travel via LRT. A web application
enables information processing functions to be
initiated remotely from a browser and executed
partly on a web server, application server and/or
database server. A web application is an application
which has been specifically designed to be executed
in a web-based environment [19].
The paper contents are as follows. Section 2 is
devoted to related work. Section 3 describes the
mobile web application architecture whereas
Section 4 elucidates the web components involved.
Section 5 shows the implementation and Section 6 is
concluding remarks.
107 Manuscript Received December 3, 2007; Revised June 5, 2008
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
Alternatively, Frankfurt airport implements the
REAL [15] system which is a hybrid resource
adaptive navigation assistance system by providing
3D route visualization display or guide user through
incremental description using PDA. The system
using infrared signal for the localization capabilities
and respond to the smart location through various
sensors to detect persons and object.
A similar approach is implemented for individual
with cognitive impairments. The WADER [17] is a
novel wayfinding system for individual with
cognitive impairments using mobile that lead to a
more independent life for patients especially having
difficulty experience using public transport because
the expected-to-arrive-time approach could save the
persons from lost in direction due to early warning
alert. Another just-in-time transit direction
architecture on PDA using GPS and wireless
technology for bus users also has been conducted by
researchers from University of Colorado to provide
better wayfinding system for respective users [18].
These trends have created a growing need for
applications that take advantage of mobile
environments. As mobile devices become more
common, it becomes imperative to understand how
this environment poses unique application
architecture challenges. This paper will help to
understand the mobile web architecture involved in
DRM for mobile devices.
2 Related Work
With the rapid growth of the means of
communication, mobile technologies have played an
important role in the diffusion of information as
well as business activity. People need to have access
to information anytime, anywhere. Mobile services
appear to be an obvious choice for travel and
tourism as the travelers are on the move, which is
the first criterion for mobile services to be relevant
[9]. The travel and tourism industry have been
undergoing many dramatic changes during the last
decade, due to the possibilities offered by Internet
technology.
PDAs and smart phones are becoming
increasingly capable and more affordable, and they
provide an excellent platform for business web
applications running a variety of software
applications from some mini version of management
tools to text, document or even PDF readers [6]. The
importance of supporting mobility of users has also
been argued recently whereby there are many
mobile frameworks/architectures has adopted
technology based systems such as adaptive mobile
applications [1], mobile commerce application [2],
mobile web services [3], mobile tourist services [4]
and mSpace Mobile [7].
The Global Positioning System (GPS) are widely
used in various mobile applications. CYBERGUIDE
[12] is a mobile context-aware tour guide to help
tourists based on knowledge of location and
orientation. The indoor navigation component relied
on infrared as signal to generate a unique pattern
that was used to display on a map. However, the
outdoor Cyberguide used GPS to detect user’s
position before displaying on a map. Both system
could be integrated and work independently.
European Media Laboratory introduces the DEEP
MAP [14] which focuses on mobile tourist guidance
system that generates visualization and natural
language for user through the city of Heidelberg.
The system adapted the position of user using GPS
and only restricted to area around Heidelberg castle
whereas the MacauMap [16] is a mobile map
oriented application to promote tourism in Macau.
The system detected user’s position by obtaining
localization through GPS. A various map display
approach is implemented to cater several PDA with
different performance characteristics.
Besides GPS, the GUIDE [13] system is a
location sensitivity tourist guide for the City of
Lancaster which based on radio cell infrastructure.
The system tailored the information for user
preferences with their real context situation.
3 Mobile
Architecture
Web
Application
Many factors contribute to the success (or failure) of
a mobile solution. These include the mobile device,
wireless
network
connectivity,
enterprise
integration, and most important, the application
architecture. Many people do not realize that several
application models are available for mobile
development, each with a different set of
characteristics that make it appropriate for some
applications and inappropriate for others [11].
In this section, we introduce mobile application
architecture which modeled as three-tiered
client/server architecture. It is used, consisting of a
thin client layer, an application server layer and a
data layer which holds the databases and data stores
for the application. Interactions between the client
and the server operate the same way as they do in a
two-tier system. This type of architecture holds
many advantages over simple client/server
architecture, including the easy deployment and
108
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
maintenance of the thin client layer and the inherent
scalability of the middle and data layers [20]. This
may provide flexibility, scalability, and high
availability to the overall system. The overall
Mobile Web application architecture is depicted in
Figure 2.
interaction between the components in both client
and server-side.
4 Web Components
In this section, we describe the mobile architecture
that is composed of a number of components for
developing mobile application. Web components
provide the dynamic extension capabilities for a
web server. It gives an overview of the relevant
components and how they interact. The interaction
between a web client and a web application is
illustrated in the Figure 3. In this architecture, we
distinguish two sides, a client-side and a server-side.
They play distinctive roles and require different
mechanisms for their implementation.
In Figure 3, each component integrates as clientserver application by communicating between
client-side and server-side applications where
consists of 2 and 4 components respectively. Clientside has User Interface and Java Application
components whereas server-side has Process
Control, Map Generation, Optimization Route, and
Data Management components.
Fig. 2 Mobile web application architecture
With the knowledge and skills, mobile web
application is build that target a wide variety of
mobile devices and to create a single mobile web
application that will be viewable on any number of
devices such as web capable cell phones, pagers,
and PDA.
Web Application Server
This server represents as web server consists of web
and application services whereby it is configured to
execute business processes and transactions, as well
as data communication while accessing database
server. It responds with the requested information
by client through mobile devices.
Fig. 3 Components view of the architecture
Database Server
The database server stores all information needed to
obtain LRT route from depart station to desired
destination by mapping it to the corresponding
nearest LRT station. It serves as a central repository
and can be deployed as a standard Structured Query
Language (SQL) database. This server interacts with
web application server with respect to data
accessing and storage.
Mobile users using PDA will communicate with
a web server through an HTTP request via mobile
browser (or micro browser). PDA with its capability
like image and browser capability and the types of
markup languages supported, will allow accessing
to a mobile web application. Due to the existing
limitations of portable devices, the User Interface
component needs to consider its screen size and
resolution whereas the Java Application Client able
to execute, if and only if the PDA has java-enabled
browser.
Web application server serves as web server and
application server where all web components reside
in with their distinctive roles. Process Control (PC)
component will process the requests as objects prior
to respond to the mobile users. The Optimization
Mobile Client
On the client side, we need to have PDA in order to
execute the client by using mobile browser (or
micro browser), which provides some scripting
application (java application client) as long as it is
java-enabled browser. The dynamic route will be
presented in flash as visual map with requested
information. In the next section, we will discuss the
109
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
Route (OR) component is to generate shortest and
cheapest route to desired destination by obtaining
the required data from the database. Accessing to
the database is through Data Management (DM)
component. With generated route from OR
component, Map Generation (MG) component will
generate a map to visualize the route for clearer
view
motivation for a new architecture, and the
components behind DRM’s design. We plan to build
an open source, cross-platform implementation of
DRM for mobile devices, and trial this
implementation as prototype. It is hoped that it is
useful for travelers and capable to help them to
make their decision easily, directly and successfully
ubiquitously.
5 How mobile web applications work,
develop and deploy
Acknowledgement
This work has been supported by Ministry of Higher
Education, Malaysia under the Fundamental
Research
Grant
Scheme
(FRGS),
no.
FRGS/2007/FTMK (6) – F0053 and by University
Industry Center (UNIC), UTeM coordination action
When a mobile user sends an HTTP request to
the web server in which dynamically process
requests and construct responses, the PC
component converts the request into an HTTP
request object. This object is delivered to an
Optimization Route (OR) component, which
can interact with Data Management (DM)
components to generate dynamic route path.
Optimization Route component is to generate
the shortest and cheapest route to desired
destination specified by mobile users. Then, it
will generate an HTTP Response object to PC
component and pass the request to Map
Generation (MG) component to create dynamic
route map to visualize the route. Eventually PC
component generates a HTTP Response object
and the web server converts this object to an
HTTP response and returns it to the mobile
user. This is how mobile web applications work
across mobile users.
References:
[1] T. Kunz and J.P. Black, An Architecture For
Adaptive Mobile Applications, Proceedings of
Wireless 99, the 11th International Conference
on Wireless Communications, Canada, 1999,
pp. 27-38.
[2] U. Varshney, and R. Vetter, A Framework for
the Emerging Mobile Commerce Applications.
Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, 2001.
[3] S.T. Cheng, et al, A new framework for mobile
Web services, Proceedings of the 2002
Symposium on Applications and the Internet
(SAINT) Workshops, US, 2001.
[4] B. Schmidt-Belz, et al, Location-based mobile
tourist services - first user experiences, ENTER
2003 International Congress on Tourism and
Communications
Technologies,
Helsinki,
Finland, 2003.
[5] S. Robert, UrbanRail.net, http://urbanrail.net
/as/kual/kuala-lumpur.htm, 2004.
[6] J. M. Moira and Peng Hui Xie, Using a PDA
for Mobile Learning, WMTE '05: Proceedings
of the IEEE International Workshop on
Wireless and Mobile Technologies in
Education, Washington, DC, USA, 2005.
[7] M. L. Wilson, et al, mSpace Mobile: A Mobile
Application for the Semantic Web, End User
Semantic Web Workshop, ISWC2005, Galway,
Ireland, 2005.
[8] S.M Suhaizan, et al, Destination-Oriented
Route in Integrated LRT Web-Based System
for Tourism, Proceedings of International
Conference on Electrical Engineering and
Informatics, Bandung, Indonesia, 2007.
[9] Naji S. A. Alzaza and Z. Abdul Nasir, MobileBased Library Loan Service (MBLLS), Rural
ICT Development Conference 2007 (RICTD
'07), UUM, Malaysia, 2007.
In order to develop and deploy a web
application, the web component code has to write
and compile as well as any static resources such as
images or HTML pages need to be created. Web
component code is either in Java-based or .Netbased and helper classes that are used by the web
components. Next, deployment descriptor will be
created and deploy the web application to the web
container. Once a web application is deployed, then
mobile users can access the web components
through the mobile browser.
6 Conclusion and Future Work
Mobile applications are indispensable for everyone
who needs to deliver robust, high-value mobile
solutions. This paper presents the architecture for
such mobile applications. We have described the
110
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
[10] RapidKL, Integrated bus and rail public
transportation
in
Klang
Valley,
http://www.rapidkl.com.my/, 2008.
[11] Wireless
Center,
Mobile
Application
Architectures,
http://www.wirelesscenter.net
/Mobile-and-Wireless/Mobile-ApplicationArchitectures.html, 2008.
[12] S. Long, R. Kooper, G. D. Abowd and C. G.
Atkeson, Rapid Prototyping of Mobile ContextAware Applications: The Cyberguide Case
Study, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM
International Conference on Mobile Computing
and Networking, 1996, pp. 97–107.
[13] K. Cheverst, N. Davies, K. Mitchell, A. Friday
and C. Efstratiou, Developing a Context-aware
Electronic Tourist Guide: Some Issues and
Experiences, Proceedings of International
Conference on Human Factors in Computing
Systems 2000, pp. 17–24, 2000.
[14] R. Malaka and A. Zipf, Deep map Challenging IT Research in the Framework of a
Tourist Information System, Information and
Communication Technologies in Tourism
2000, Proceedings of ENTER 2000, 7th.
International Congress on Tourism and
Communications Technologies in Tourism,
Barcelona, Spain, 2000, pp. 15–27.
[15] C. Stahl, A. Kruger and J. Baus, Location
Dependent Generation of Sketches for Mobile
Indoor Route Description, Workshop on
Artificial Intelligence in Mobile Systems, 2002.
[16] R. P. Biuk-Aghai, Performance Tuning in the
MacauMap
Mobile
Map
Application,
Proceeding of the Third International
Conference on Information Technology and
Application, 2005.
[17] S. K. Tai, WADER : A Novel Wayfinding
System with Deviation Recovery for Individual
with Cognitive Impairments, Proceeding of 9th
International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on
Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS 2007),
2007, pp.267 – 268.
[18] S. Carmien, M. Dawe, G. Fischer, A. Gorman,
A. Kintsch, and J. F. Sullivan, Socio-technical
environments supporting people with cognitive
disabilities using public transportation, ACM
Trans on Computer-Human Interaction, 12(2),
2005, pp. 233 – 262.
[19] A. C. W. Finkelstein, A. Savigni, G. Kappel,
W. Retschitzegger, E. Kimmerstorfer, W.
Schwinger, et al. Ubiquitous Web Application
Development
–
A
Framework
for
Understanding, 6th World Multiconference on
Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics,
Orlando, Florida, US, 2002.
[20] W. Pease. E-Commerce enabling technologies,
e-Commerce in Regional Australia Update
2001, Toowoomba, 2001.
111
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
Architecture of Mobile Web Application for Generating
Dynamic Route Map
A. M. HAZIQ LIM, A. A. AZLIANOR, S. M. SUHAIZAN, K. MASSILA
Faculty of Information and Communication Technology
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
Locked Bag 1200, Hang Tuah Jaya, 75450 Ayer Keroh, Melaka
MALAYSIA
haziq@utem.edu.my http://ftmk.utem.edu.my/
Abstract: - Integrated Light Rail Transit (LRT) System in the capital of Malaysia connects some key districts
where historical places, interesting places, business areas and shopping malls are concentrated. The train
services are running independently but have points where they have interchanges. This may leads the traveler
facing difficulty when they are choosing incorrect destination station especially on different LRT lines which
contribute to time consuming and high costing. Thus, we present an architecture in developing mobile
application that runs on a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) to provide the solution for traveler to reach the
desired destination. It is use to dynamically generate dynamic route map by determining the nearest station
according to the specific places. The architecture, web components and its implementation are proposed and
discussed in this paper.
Key-Words: - Mobile application, Web architecture, Dynamic route map, Tourism, Transport
1 Introduction
Light railway systems now criss-crosses some of
Asia's megacities – including bustling Kuala
Lumpur – allowing even harried business travelers
to keep their trip on track and is said to be the most
convenient public transport. There are three lines
operated by different companies which are part of
Kuala Lumpur's Integrated Transit Network (Figure
1) and it is a fully independent metro network.
RapidKL operates the Kelana Jaya Rail Line and the
Ampang Rail Line whereas KL Monorail operates
Monorail Line. This integrated transportation
network transports approximately 4 million
passengers every week with 908 buses and 48 rail
stations operating daily [10].
Fig. 1 KL’s Integrated LRT Network [5]
Traveling from one appointment to another in
this bustling metropolis can be difficult. This
research addresses the problem of selecting nearest
destination station to a given places of interest such
as shopping places, historical places and interesting
places which may involve at least two LRT lines
and need of interchange station. Thus, the traveler
may face difficulty when they choose incorrect
station especially on different LRT lines which led
to time consuming and high cost [8]. Producing a
mobile application that could use in handheld device
such as Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) for
traveler on-the-move has becoming wide spread.
People percentage having access to mobile devices
is rapidly increasing and need to have access to
information anytime, anywhere. Hence, we propose
a mobile web application architecture to assist
travelers to travel via LRT. A web application
enables information processing functions to be
initiated remotely from a browser and executed
partly on a web server, application server and/or
database server. A web application is an application
which has been specifically designed to be executed
in a web-based environment [19].
The paper contents are as follows. Section 2 is
devoted to related work. Section 3 describes the
mobile web application architecture whereas
Section 4 elucidates the web components involved.
Section 5 shows the implementation and Section 6 is
concluding remarks.
107 Manuscript Received December 3, 2007; Revised June 5, 2008
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
Alternatively, Frankfurt airport implements the
REAL [15] system which is a hybrid resource
adaptive navigation assistance system by providing
3D route visualization display or guide user through
incremental description using PDA. The system
using infrared signal for the localization capabilities
and respond to the smart location through various
sensors to detect persons and object.
A similar approach is implemented for individual
with cognitive impairments. The WADER [17] is a
novel wayfinding system for individual with
cognitive impairments using mobile that lead to a
more independent life for patients especially having
difficulty experience using public transport because
the expected-to-arrive-time approach could save the
persons from lost in direction due to early warning
alert. Another just-in-time transit direction
architecture on PDA using GPS and wireless
technology for bus users also has been conducted by
researchers from University of Colorado to provide
better wayfinding system for respective users [18].
These trends have created a growing need for
applications that take advantage of mobile
environments. As mobile devices become more
common, it becomes imperative to understand how
this environment poses unique application
architecture challenges. This paper will help to
understand the mobile web architecture involved in
DRM for mobile devices.
2 Related Work
With the rapid growth of the means of
communication, mobile technologies have played an
important role in the diffusion of information as
well as business activity. People need to have access
to information anytime, anywhere. Mobile services
appear to be an obvious choice for travel and
tourism as the travelers are on the move, which is
the first criterion for mobile services to be relevant
[9]. The travel and tourism industry have been
undergoing many dramatic changes during the last
decade, due to the possibilities offered by Internet
technology.
PDAs and smart phones are becoming
increasingly capable and more affordable, and they
provide an excellent platform for business web
applications running a variety of software
applications from some mini version of management
tools to text, document or even PDF readers [6]. The
importance of supporting mobility of users has also
been argued recently whereby there are many
mobile frameworks/architectures has adopted
technology based systems such as adaptive mobile
applications [1], mobile commerce application [2],
mobile web services [3], mobile tourist services [4]
and mSpace Mobile [7].
The Global Positioning System (GPS) are widely
used in various mobile applications. CYBERGUIDE
[12] is a mobile context-aware tour guide to help
tourists based on knowledge of location and
orientation. The indoor navigation component relied
on infrared as signal to generate a unique pattern
that was used to display on a map. However, the
outdoor Cyberguide used GPS to detect user’s
position before displaying on a map. Both system
could be integrated and work independently.
European Media Laboratory introduces the DEEP
MAP [14] which focuses on mobile tourist guidance
system that generates visualization and natural
language for user through the city of Heidelberg.
The system adapted the position of user using GPS
and only restricted to area around Heidelberg castle
whereas the MacauMap [16] is a mobile map
oriented application to promote tourism in Macau.
The system detected user’s position by obtaining
localization through GPS. A various map display
approach is implemented to cater several PDA with
different performance characteristics.
Besides GPS, the GUIDE [13] system is a
location sensitivity tourist guide for the City of
Lancaster which based on radio cell infrastructure.
The system tailored the information for user
preferences with their real context situation.
3 Mobile
Architecture
Web
Application
Many factors contribute to the success (or failure) of
a mobile solution. These include the mobile device,
wireless
network
connectivity,
enterprise
integration, and most important, the application
architecture. Many people do not realize that several
application models are available for mobile
development, each with a different set of
characteristics that make it appropriate for some
applications and inappropriate for others [11].
In this section, we introduce mobile application
architecture which modeled as three-tiered
client/server architecture. It is used, consisting of a
thin client layer, an application server layer and a
data layer which holds the databases and data stores
for the application. Interactions between the client
and the server operate the same way as they do in a
two-tier system. This type of architecture holds
many advantages over simple client/server
architecture, including the easy deployment and
108
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
maintenance of the thin client layer and the inherent
scalability of the middle and data layers [20]. This
may provide flexibility, scalability, and high
availability to the overall system. The overall
Mobile Web application architecture is depicted in
Figure 2.
interaction between the components in both client
and server-side.
4 Web Components
In this section, we describe the mobile architecture
that is composed of a number of components for
developing mobile application. Web components
provide the dynamic extension capabilities for a
web server. It gives an overview of the relevant
components and how they interact. The interaction
between a web client and a web application is
illustrated in the Figure 3. In this architecture, we
distinguish two sides, a client-side and a server-side.
They play distinctive roles and require different
mechanisms for their implementation.
In Figure 3, each component integrates as clientserver application by communicating between
client-side and server-side applications where
consists of 2 and 4 components respectively. Clientside has User Interface and Java Application
components whereas server-side has Process
Control, Map Generation, Optimization Route, and
Data Management components.
Fig. 2 Mobile web application architecture
With the knowledge and skills, mobile web
application is build that target a wide variety of
mobile devices and to create a single mobile web
application that will be viewable on any number of
devices such as web capable cell phones, pagers,
and PDA.
Web Application Server
This server represents as web server consists of web
and application services whereby it is configured to
execute business processes and transactions, as well
as data communication while accessing database
server. It responds with the requested information
by client through mobile devices.
Fig. 3 Components view of the architecture
Database Server
The database server stores all information needed to
obtain LRT route from depart station to desired
destination by mapping it to the corresponding
nearest LRT station. It serves as a central repository
and can be deployed as a standard Structured Query
Language (SQL) database. This server interacts with
web application server with respect to data
accessing and storage.
Mobile users using PDA will communicate with
a web server through an HTTP request via mobile
browser (or micro browser). PDA with its capability
like image and browser capability and the types of
markup languages supported, will allow accessing
to a mobile web application. Due to the existing
limitations of portable devices, the User Interface
component needs to consider its screen size and
resolution whereas the Java Application Client able
to execute, if and only if the PDA has java-enabled
browser.
Web application server serves as web server and
application server where all web components reside
in with their distinctive roles. Process Control (PC)
component will process the requests as objects prior
to respond to the mobile users. The Optimization
Mobile Client
On the client side, we need to have PDA in order to
execute the client by using mobile browser (or
micro browser), which provides some scripting
application (java application client) as long as it is
java-enabled browser. The dynamic route will be
presented in flash as visual map with requested
information. In the next section, we will discuss the
109
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS
Issue 2, Volume 2, 2008
Route (OR) component is to generate shortest and
cheapest route to desired destination by obtaining
the required data from the database. Accessing to
the database is through Data Management (DM)
component. With generated route from OR
component, Map Generation (MG) component will
generate a map to visualize the route for clearer
view
motivation for a new architecture, and the
components behind DRM’s design. We plan to build
an open source, cross-platform implementation of
DRM for mobile devices, and trial this
implementation as prototype. It is hoped that it is
useful for travelers and capable to help them to
make their decision easily, directly and successfully
ubiquitously.
5 How mobile web applications work,
develop and deploy
Acknowledgement
This work has been supported by Ministry of Higher
Education, Malaysia under the Fundamental
Research
Grant
Scheme
(FRGS),
no.
FRGS/2007/FTMK (6) – F0053 and by University
Industry Center (UNIC), UTeM coordination action
When a mobile user sends an HTTP request to
the web server in which dynamically process
requests and construct responses, the PC
component converts the request into an HTTP
request object. This object is delivered to an
Optimization Route (OR) component, which
can interact with Data Management (DM)
components to generate dynamic route path.
Optimization Route component is to generate
the shortest and cheapest route to desired
destination specified by mobile users. Then, it
will generate an HTTP Response object to PC
component and pass the request to Map
Generation (MG) component to create dynamic
route map to visualize the route. Eventually PC
component generates a HTTP Response object
and the web server converts this object to an
HTTP response and returns it to the mobile
user. This is how mobile web applications work
across mobile users.
References:
[1] T. Kunz and J.P. Black, An Architecture For
Adaptive Mobile Applications, Proceedings of
Wireless 99, the 11th International Conference
on Wireless Communications, Canada, 1999,
pp. 27-38.
[2] U. Varshney, and R. Vetter, A Framework for
the Emerging Mobile Commerce Applications.
Proceedings of the 34th Hawaii International
Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii, 2001.
[3] S.T. Cheng, et al, A new framework for mobile
Web services, Proceedings of the 2002
Symposium on Applications and the Internet
(SAINT) Workshops, US, 2001.
[4] B. Schmidt-Belz, et al, Location-based mobile
tourist services - first user experiences, ENTER
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In order to develop and deploy a web
application, the web component code has to write
and compile as well as any static resources such as
images or HTML pages need to be created. Web
component code is either in Java-based or .Netbased and helper classes that are used by the web
components. Next, deployment descriptor will be
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6 Conclusion and Future Work
Mobile applications are indispensable for everyone
who needs to deliver robust, high-value mobile
solutions. This paper presents the architecture for
such mobile applications. We have described the
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