REFERENCE OF ELLAS UTTERANCES IN CINDERELLA (2015).
REFERENCE OF ELLA’S UTTERANCES IN CINDERELLA
(2015)
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
REKHA KHAIRUNISA
NIM 2123220029
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the university’s policy on academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN
Skripsi ini diajukan oleh : Rekha Khairunisa, NIM 2123220029
Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
Program Studi Sastra Inggris Strata Satu
Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
Universitas Negeri Medan
Dinyatakan telah memenuhi syarat
untuk memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Sastra
Panitia ujian
ABSTRACT
Khairunisa, Rekha. 2123220029. Reference of Ella's Utterances in Cinderella
(2015). A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
2016.
The title of this thesis is Reference of Ella's Utterances in Cinderella (2015). This
study deals with the analysis of reference based on the theory of Halliday and
Hassan in Ella's Utterances in Cinderella (2015). The purposes of this study were
to find out the three types of reference, namely personal reference, demonstrative
reference and comparative reference in Ella's utterances and how are reference
used in Ella's utterances in Cinderella (2015). This research was conducted by
descriptive qualitatif method and the data were taken from movie entitled
Cinderella (2015) directed by Kenneth Branagh. The result of analyzing found
three types of reference are used in Ella's utterances, the total of personal
reference was 80,75% (319 items), demonstrative reference was 13, 92% (55
items, and comparative reference was 5,31% (21 items). Personal reference is
found as the most dominant type that used in Ella's utterance. Ella used reference
to give or asking information to the interlocutors in the form of declarative,
interrogative, exclamatory and imperative.
Keywords: Reference, Ella, Cinderella.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all the researcher would like to express her deepest praise and
gratitude to Allah SWT who has given her His merci and blessings during her
academic year at English and Literature Department Faculty of Languages and
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan in completing the thesis. And also Salawat
and Salam are addressed to the final chosen religious messanger, the Prophet
Muhammad SAW. The researcher is also very grateful to those people who has
given their helps and useful suggestion for finishing this thesis, the researcher
would like to express her appreciation to the following people:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, Rector of State University of Medan.
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan .
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English and Literature
Department and also her First Consultant who has guided her, correcting
her thesis and give suggestion to improve the quality of this thesis as well
as Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Secretary of English and Literature Department
for their encouragement and motivation during the writing of the thesis.
Syamsul Bahri, S.S, M.Hum the Head of English Literature Study
Program and Nora Ronita, S.Pd, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of English
Education Program for their encouragement to complete the thesis.
Department, who helped her to fulfill this thesis.
Eis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd, the Administration Staff of English
Immanuel Prasetya Gintings, S. S., M.Hum, her Second Consultant who
has spent a lot of time to give valuable guidance, correcting, advise,
suggestion and patience to finish the thesis.
Her high appreciation and greater thankful to the Examiners Juli
Rachmadani Hasibuan, S.S., M. Hum, and Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M.Pd.
who have given their time to examine and given some suggestions to her.
ii
All the Lecturers of English and Literature Department during her
academic year at State University of Medan, who have taught and given
knowledges to her encouragement and invaluable advices to complete this
thesis.
Her beloved parents, Ramli Selian and Sumiati Broeh, who have
patiently given her their endless love, motivation, financial support, and
their prayers. Without their constatn support and consideration, this
accomplishment wouldn't have been made possible.
Her partner Ardian Busra, for always encouraging her, give her
motivation and always support her in any condition. Without his support,
this accomplishment wouldn't have been made possible.
Her beloved friends Dian Sukma Lestari, Dina Wahyuni, Yeni Novita
Sari, Yumi Saniah Lubis and all her friends and classmates in English
Literature 2012 for the support her during the academic year.
Medan, September 2016
The writer
Rekha Khairunisa
2123220029
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDMENT ................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES..............................................................................
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION................................................................
i
ii
iv
vi
vii
1
A. The Background of the Study ......................................................
1
B. The Problem of the Study............................................................
6
C. The Objective of the Study ..........................................................
7
D. The Scope of the Study ...............................................................
7
E. The Significance of the Study .....................................................
7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..........................................
9
A. Theoretical Framework ..............................................................
9
1.
Discourse Analysis ..............................................................
9
2.
Cohesion ..............................................................................
10
a. Reference ......................................................................
11
b. Ellipsis and Substitution ...............................................
11
c. Conjunction ..................................................................
12
d. Lexical Cohesion ..........................................................
13
3.
Reference .............................................................................
13
4.
Types of Reference ..............................................................
15
a. Personal Reference .........................................................
15
b. Demonstrative Reference ...............................................
17
c. Comparative Reference ..................................................
18
5. Cinderella ..............................................................................
20
B. Relevant Study ...............................................................................
25
C. Conceptual Framework ...................................................................
26
iv
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................
28
A. Research Design ...............................................................................
28
B. The Source of the Data................................................................
28
C. The Technique of Collecting Data ...............................................
29
D. The Techniques of Analyzing Data .............................................
29
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS .....................................
30
A. The Data.............................................................................................
30
B. The Data Analysis..............................................................................
30
1. The Analysis of Personal Reference..............................................
32
2. The Analysis of Demonstrative Reference....................................
34
3. The Analysis of Comparative Reference.......................................
35
C. Research Findings...............................................................................
37
D. Discussion...........................................................................................
38
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ...........................
40
A. Conclusion.........................................................................................
40
B. Suggestions.......................................................................................
41
REFERENCES ........................................................................................
v
42
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A.................................................................................................
44
APPENDIX B.................................................................................................
59
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 PRONOUNS................................................................................
15
TABLE 2.2 PERSONAL REFERENCE.......................................................
16
TABLE 2.3 DEMONSTRATIVE REFERENCE.........................................
17
TABLE 2.4 COMPARATIVE REFERENCE...............................................
19
TABLE 4.5 THE NUMBER & PERCENTAGE OF THE TYPES OF
REFERENCE.................................................................................................... 31
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
In social life, people always communicate with others by using language. Every
human uses language to communicate. Language is the system of speech by
which human being communicate with one another. They communicate to express
their emotions, ideas, feelings, beliefs, and thoughts to other people in spoken or
written. Clark and Clark (1977:3) state that communication with language is
carried out through two basic human activities: speaking and listening. Speaking
is the act of uttering the ideas, and listening is the act of hearing and
understanding the ideas. Through language, the speakers can convey their ideas to
the listener, and the listener is also be able to understand the ideas of the speaker
through the language.
Linguistics takes into account some components of language that are
linked into each other. The components include sounds, the arrangements of
words, and meanings. There are so many branch of linguistics, discourse analysis
is one of them. Discourse analysis is a study of the organization of language
above the sentence or above the clause and therefore to study larger linguistic
units, such as conversational exchanges or written text. We can see from the
definition that there is another unit of language which is more complete and larger
than sentence. They admit it as the high level of the language unit. It can stand for
the most complex idea of speakers or writers that a sentence has failed to do.
1
2
That’s why the discourse can also be described as one of the most complete
highest or largest linguistic unit.
Saragih (2014:1) state that discourse is define as meaning that is realized
in text. Halliday and Hasan (1976:1) make it clear that a text may be spoken or
written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. People will produced an utterance
when they convey their emotions, ideas, feelings, beliefs, and thoughts to other
people. In spoken language analysis an utterance is a smallest unit of speech.
Discourse have so many branch, cohesion is one of them. Bloor and Bloor
(1995: 94) say that cohesive ties can be classified into four main types: 1)
reference, 2) ellipsis and substitution, 3) conjuction, and 4) lexical cohesion. As
one of four types of grammatical cohesion, reference have significant role to
retrieve from elsewhere the information necessary for interpreting the passage in
question. The information to be retrieved is the referential meaning carrying
identity of the particular thing which is referred to, what is referred to has to be
identifiable.
As Halliday (1994:309) concludes, reference is functionally defined as a
participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be
taken as a reference point for something that follows. The participant that usually
refers is not only person, but it can also a tools, a person's character, ability of
someone, or the other creature. From the definition above, it is not important to
repeat the participant or circumstantial element which has been stated before. In
3
written or spoken text, repetition of the participant or circumstantial element is
useless and can make the addressee confuse.
In analyzing the discourse, we study how the language users understand
the text, and know what the speaker want to convey orally in the spoken language,
or know which sentences are coherent or incoherent, and successfully act in the
complicated activity.
There are so many conversations or utterance that we can find in everyday
life. One of them is the utterance from the character in a movie, because movie
concerns with the daily life condition, and also, movie depicts everyday
happening that make them as mirrors to the real world phenomena.
The existence of reference can be found in movie. Same as daily
conversation, the usage of reference is also used in a movie because movie is
actually a representation and reflection of the real conversation in natural society.
Since film becomes one representative the phenomena of daily life, the researcher
interest in using movie as the media because there are so many people hard to
recognize the purpose of the story. To understand the connection between one
conversation or utterance to another conversation or utterance and to get a main
idea of the story, people have to know about text and have many vocabulary to
avoid confusion in understanding the story if they find a repetition word in the
conversation or utterance (especially english movie). By knowing reference they
can overcome this problem because they can understand the conversation easily
4
and get the plot of the story. Here, the researcher found an interesting movie
which can be too analyzed in this study.
Cinderella is traditional fairy tale embodying a myth element of unjust
oppression reward that every people in this world know about the story. The title
character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances, that are suddenly
changed to remarkable fortune. The oldest documented version comes from
China, and the oldest European version from Italy. The most popular version was
first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passe in 1697,
and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms' Fairy Tales.
The story of Cinderella has formed the basis of many notable works, such
as Opera and ballet, theatre, songs, films or movies, etc. There are so many
movies that have been made or adapted by Cinderella classic story from various
countries, such as Cinderella (1899), Cinderella (1922), Cinderella (1950),
Cinderella (1997), Cinderella, Ella Enchanted (2004),and the last version is
Cinderella (2015).
The differences about the old Cinderella movie with the last version are in
Cinderella (2015) the real name of Cinderella is Ella not Cinderella. In the old
version does not explain or describe about Cinderella's mother at all. In the
Cinderella (2015) Ella 's mother is described as someone who is so influential that
Ella can grow as a kind and brave because of her qoute "Have a courage, and be
kind". In the old version, they do not told about Cinderella's father death clearly
but the 2015 version they told that her father ill during the trip. In the Cinderella
5
(2015) Ella met the prince for the first time when she was riding to the forest.
While the old version told that Cinderella met the prince at the palace, and that's
when the prince fell in love with her.
Here, the researcher interest to use Cinderella (2015) as the data because
the last version is more clearly, like in the old version they did not told clearly
about the Cinderella's mother and Cinderella's father, but in 2015 version, the
cause of Ella's father death was clearly, and at the beginning of the story describe
about Ella's mother, that she gives Ella advise before her death that Ella must have
the courage and be kind that will help her in life and this is what makes the Ella's
characters very brave , strong, independent , and very kind woman.
This movie consists of many types of reference that can be analyzed by the
utterances. At this point, the researcher interest in finding types of reference from
the main character in this movie. In this research, the researcher choose the Ella's
utterances to be analyze. The reason why the researcher choose this character
because character Ella is the main character so she is exist in almost scene in this
movie and she is more braver, cleverer and independent than the previous version
and also characteristic of Ella reflected from the reference used in her dialogues.
Example :
ELLA :
Well, you will have to take it with you on your way and
think of me when you look at it. And when you bring it
back it means that you will be with it.
6
ELLA :
Hello Gus-Gus. Go on, Gus-Gus, you can do it.
ELLA :
I looked into his eyes, and he looked into mine, and I just
felt he had a great deal left to do with his life.
Therefore, the researcher chooses this movie to be analyzed using
reference in order to better understand the story of this movie. The reason of
choosing this theory is because sometimes in produced utterances, people often
used a word twice and repeat it again, so with this theory, people who watch the
movie needs to use reference as the way to avoid misunderstanding. Therefore,
this study will focus on the types of reference used in Ella's utterances in
Cinderella movie.
B. The Problem of the Study
The problem of the study can be states as the following.
1)
What types of reference are used in Ella's utterances in Cinderella ?
2)
How are references used in Ella's utterances in Cinderella ?
7
C. The Objective of the Study
Related to the problems of the study, the objectives of the study are:
1)
To find out the types of reference realized in Ella's utterances in
Cinderella.
2)
To describe types of reference which used in Ella's Utterances in
Cinderella.
D. The Scope of the Study
The scope of this study limited to the main character's utterances, namely Ella in
Cinderella (2015). The researcher discusses the three types of reference based on
Halliday and Hassan's theory (1976:37), namely personal reference, demonstrative
reference, and comparative reference in Ella's utterances.
E. The Significant of the Study
This research is expected to give valuable contribution theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, the result of this research is expected to contribute on
the development of discourse study, especially on how to analyze text using the
types of reference theory by Halliday and Hassan. And practically, the result of
this study is expected to be useful :
1)
The students especially the student of English department to enrich their
knowledge about reference especially types of reference.
2)
The researcher who are interested in doing further study related to the
types of reference can use this study as their reference.
8
3)
The reader or viewer in order to get information about reference especially
those used in Cinderella (2015), it is hope by knowing reference can help
them to understand the meaning of the movie.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the use of type of reference in the main character utterances in
Cinderella (2015), the conclusions are as follows:
1. There are three types of reference mentioned by Halliday and Hasan,
namely personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative
reference are found in the main character utterances, namely Ella in
Cinderella (2015). The total utterances from the main character are 288
utterances which contains of 395 items of the use of reference, the use of
personal reference is 80,75% (319 items), demonstrative reference is
13,92% (55 items), and comparative reference is 5,31% (21 items).
2. Ella used reference in order to deliver the message or asking information
to the interlocutor. She used reference in her utterances in the form of
declarative when she makes a statement or tells something, interrogative to
asks a questions, exclamatory to shows excitement, and imperative in
commands something to the interlocutor in the movie.
40
41
B. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, some suggestions are given as following:
1. The student of English Department especially to the literature students
should learn more about how reference are used in the speech, book, or
literary work such as comic, drama, or dialogue in movie.
2. For the researcher, it is suggested that the research of linguistics especially
to do further studies on the types of reference.
3. To the viewers, it is very important to help them to understand the movie
clearly to get a meaning and by mastering the reference can lead them to
get the meaning easily.
REFERENCES
Bloor, Thomas and Merrier, Bloor. 1995. The Functional Analysis of English: A
Hallidayan Approach. China: Edward Arnold Limited.
Brown, G and George, Y. 1984. Discourse Analysis. Cambrige: Cambridge
University Press.
Clark, Herbert. H and Eve V, Clark. 1997. Psychology and Language : An
Introduction to Psycholinguistics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanvich.
Creswell, J. W. 1998. Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among
Five Traditions. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide: New
Jersey. Prentice-Hall Inc.
Gerot, L and Peter, Wignell. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar.
Sydney: Southwood Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. 1994. An Introduction to Functional Grammar: Second
Edition. New York: Oxford University Press Inc.
Halliday, M. A. K and Ruqaiya, H. 1976. Cohesion in English. London:
Longman.
Meliala, P. R. S. A Study of Grammatical Cohesion: Reference in the Discourse of
Nganting Manuk in Karonese Traditional Wedding Ceremony. Medan:
University of North Sumatera. Faculty of Letters English Department.
http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/17075, Retrieved on March
9th, 2016; 11.02 PM.
Safitri, R. A. 2010. The Use of References in The Jakarta Post by Native Writers
and Non-Native Writers. Medan: English Department. FBS.
Saragih, Amrin. 2004. Discourse Analysis: A Systematic Functional Approach:
The Analysis of Texts. Medan: Unimed Press.
42
43
Saragih, Amrin. 2014. Discourse Analysis: A Study on Discourse Base on
Systemic Funtional Linguistic Theory. Medan: Unimed Press.
Thompson, G. 1996. Introducing Functional Grammar. Republic of China:
Edward Arnold.
43
(2015)
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
REKHA KHAIRUNISA
NIM 2123220029
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2016
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the university’s policy on academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words and has not previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this thesis may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PANITIA UJIAN
Skripsi ini diajukan oleh : Rekha Khairunisa, NIM 2123220029
Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
Program Studi Sastra Inggris Strata Satu
Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
Universitas Negeri Medan
Dinyatakan telah memenuhi syarat
untuk memperoleh gelar
Sarjana Sastra
Panitia ujian
ABSTRACT
Khairunisa, Rekha. 2123220029. Reference of Ella's Utterances in Cinderella
(2015). A Thesis. Faculty of Languages and Arts. State University of Medan.
2016.
The title of this thesis is Reference of Ella's Utterances in Cinderella (2015). This
study deals with the analysis of reference based on the theory of Halliday and
Hassan in Ella's Utterances in Cinderella (2015). The purposes of this study were
to find out the three types of reference, namely personal reference, demonstrative
reference and comparative reference in Ella's utterances and how are reference
used in Ella's utterances in Cinderella (2015). This research was conducted by
descriptive qualitatif method and the data were taken from movie entitled
Cinderella (2015) directed by Kenneth Branagh. The result of analyzing found
three types of reference are used in Ella's utterances, the total of personal
reference was 80,75% (319 items), demonstrative reference was 13, 92% (55
items, and comparative reference was 5,31% (21 items). Personal reference is
found as the most dominant type that used in Ella's utterance. Ella used reference
to give or asking information to the interlocutors in the form of declarative,
interrogative, exclamatory and imperative.
Keywords: Reference, Ella, Cinderella.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all the researcher would like to express her deepest praise and
gratitude to Allah SWT who has given her His merci and blessings during her
academic year at English and Literature Department Faculty of Languages and
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan in completing the thesis. And also Salawat
and Salam are addressed to the final chosen religious messanger, the Prophet
Muhammad SAW. The researcher is also very grateful to those people who has
given their helps and useful suggestion for finishing this thesis, the researcher
would like to express her appreciation to the following people:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, Rector of State University of Medan.
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan .
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum, the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd, the Head of English and Literature
Department and also her First Consultant who has guided her, correcting
her thesis and give suggestion to improve the quality of this thesis as well
as Dra. Meisuri, M.A, the Secretary of English and Literature Department
for their encouragement and motivation during the writing of the thesis.
Syamsul Bahri, S.S, M.Hum the Head of English Literature Study
Program and Nora Ronita, S.Pd, S.S, M.Hum, the Head of English
Education Program for their encouragement to complete the thesis.
Department, who helped her to fulfill this thesis.
Eis Sri Wahyuningsih, M.Pd, the Administration Staff of English
Immanuel Prasetya Gintings, S. S., M.Hum, her Second Consultant who
has spent a lot of time to give valuable guidance, correcting, advise,
suggestion and patience to finish the thesis.
Her high appreciation and greater thankful to the Examiners Juli
Rachmadani Hasibuan, S.S., M. Hum, and Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M.Pd.
who have given their time to examine and given some suggestions to her.
ii
All the Lecturers of English and Literature Department during her
academic year at State University of Medan, who have taught and given
knowledges to her encouragement and invaluable advices to complete this
thesis.
Her beloved parents, Ramli Selian and Sumiati Broeh, who have
patiently given her their endless love, motivation, financial support, and
their prayers. Without their constatn support and consideration, this
accomplishment wouldn't have been made possible.
Her partner Ardian Busra, for always encouraging her, give her
motivation and always support her in any condition. Without his support,
this accomplishment wouldn't have been made possible.
Her beloved friends Dian Sukma Lestari, Dina Wahyuni, Yeni Novita
Sari, Yumi Saniah Lubis and all her friends and classmates in English
Literature 2012 for the support her during the academic year.
Medan, September 2016
The writer
Rekha Khairunisa
2123220029
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDMENT ................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES..............................................................................
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION................................................................
i
ii
iv
vi
vii
1
A. The Background of the Study ......................................................
1
B. The Problem of the Study............................................................
6
C. The Objective of the Study ..........................................................
7
D. The Scope of the Study ...............................................................
7
E. The Significance of the Study .....................................................
7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..........................................
9
A. Theoretical Framework ..............................................................
9
1.
Discourse Analysis ..............................................................
9
2.
Cohesion ..............................................................................
10
a. Reference ......................................................................
11
b. Ellipsis and Substitution ...............................................
11
c. Conjunction ..................................................................
12
d. Lexical Cohesion ..........................................................
13
3.
Reference .............................................................................
13
4.
Types of Reference ..............................................................
15
a. Personal Reference .........................................................
15
b. Demonstrative Reference ...............................................
17
c. Comparative Reference ..................................................
18
5. Cinderella ..............................................................................
20
B. Relevant Study ...............................................................................
25
C. Conceptual Framework ...................................................................
26
iv
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................
28
A. Research Design ...............................................................................
28
B. The Source of the Data................................................................
28
C. The Technique of Collecting Data ...............................................
29
D. The Techniques of Analyzing Data .............................................
29
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS .....................................
30
A. The Data.............................................................................................
30
B. The Data Analysis..............................................................................
30
1. The Analysis of Personal Reference..............................................
32
2. The Analysis of Demonstrative Reference....................................
34
3. The Analysis of Comparative Reference.......................................
35
C. Research Findings...............................................................................
37
D. Discussion...........................................................................................
38
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ...........................
40
A. Conclusion.........................................................................................
40
B. Suggestions.......................................................................................
41
REFERENCES ........................................................................................
v
42
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A.................................................................................................
44
APPENDIX B.................................................................................................
59
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 2.1 PRONOUNS................................................................................
15
TABLE 2.2 PERSONAL REFERENCE.......................................................
16
TABLE 2.3 DEMONSTRATIVE REFERENCE.........................................
17
TABLE 2.4 COMPARATIVE REFERENCE...............................................
19
TABLE 4.5 THE NUMBER & PERCENTAGE OF THE TYPES OF
REFERENCE.................................................................................................... 31
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. The Background of the Study
In social life, people always communicate with others by using language. Every
human uses language to communicate. Language is the system of speech by
which human being communicate with one another. They communicate to express
their emotions, ideas, feelings, beliefs, and thoughts to other people in spoken or
written. Clark and Clark (1977:3) state that communication with language is
carried out through two basic human activities: speaking and listening. Speaking
is the act of uttering the ideas, and listening is the act of hearing and
understanding the ideas. Through language, the speakers can convey their ideas to
the listener, and the listener is also be able to understand the ideas of the speaker
through the language.
Linguistics takes into account some components of language that are
linked into each other. The components include sounds, the arrangements of
words, and meanings. There are so many branch of linguistics, discourse analysis
is one of them. Discourse analysis is a study of the organization of language
above the sentence or above the clause and therefore to study larger linguistic
units, such as conversational exchanges or written text. We can see from the
definition that there is another unit of language which is more complete and larger
than sentence. They admit it as the high level of the language unit. It can stand for
the most complex idea of speakers or writers that a sentence has failed to do.
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That’s why the discourse can also be described as one of the most complete
highest or largest linguistic unit.
Saragih (2014:1) state that discourse is define as meaning that is realized
in text. Halliday and Hasan (1976:1) make it clear that a text may be spoken or
written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. People will produced an utterance
when they convey their emotions, ideas, feelings, beliefs, and thoughts to other
people. In spoken language analysis an utterance is a smallest unit of speech.
Discourse have so many branch, cohesion is one of them. Bloor and Bloor
(1995: 94) say that cohesive ties can be classified into four main types: 1)
reference, 2) ellipsis and substitution, 3) conjuction, and 4) lexical cohesion. As
one of four types of grammatical cohesion, reference have significant role to
retrieve from elsewhere the information necessary for interpreting the passage in
question. The information to be retrieved is the referential meaning carrying
identity of the particular thing which is referred to, what is referred to has to be
identifiable.
As Halliday (1994:309) concludes, reference is functionally defined as a
participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be
taken as a reference point for something that follows. The participant that usually
refers is not only person, but it can also a tools, a person's character, ability of
someone, or the other creature. From the definition above, it is not important to
repeat the participant or circumstantial element which has been stated before. In
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written or spoken text, repetition of the participant or circumstantial element is
useless and can make the addressee confuse.
In analyzing the discourse, we study how the language users understand
the text, and know what the speaker want to convey orally in the spoken language,
or know which sentences are coherent or incoherent, and successfully act in the
complicated activity.
There are so many conversations or utterance that we can find in everyday
life. One of them is the utterance from the character in a movie, because movie
concerns with the daily life condition, and also, movie depicts everyday
happening that make them as mirrors to the real world phenomena.
The existence of reference can be found in movie. Same as daily
conversation, the usage of reference is also used in a movie because movie is
actually a representation and reflection of the real conversation in natural society.
Since film becomes one representative the phenomena of daily life, the researcher
interest in using movie as the media because there are so many people hard to
recognize the purpose of the story. To understand the connection between one
conversation or utterance to another conversation or utterance and to get a main
idea of the story, people have to know about text and have many vocabulary to
avoid confusion in understanding the story if they find a repetition word in the
conversation or utterance (especially english movie). By knowing reference they
can overcome this problem because they can understand the conversation easily
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and get the plot of the story. Here, the researcher found an interesting movie
which can be too analyzed in this study.
Cinderella is traditional fairy tale embodying a myth element of unjust
oppression reward that every people in this world know about the story. The title
character is a young woman living in unfortunate circumstances, that are suddenly
changed to remarkable fortune. The oldest documented version comes from
China, and the oldest European version from Italy. The most popular version was
first published by Charles Perrault in Histoires ou contes du temps passe in 1697,
and later by the Brothers Grimm in their folk tale collection Grimms' Fairy Tales.
The story of Cinderella has formed the basis of many notable works, such
as Opera and ballet, theatre, songs, films or movies, etc. There are so many
movies that have been made or adapted by Cinderella classic story from various
countries, such as Cinderella (1899), Cinderella (1922), Cinderella (1950),
Cinderella (1997), Cinderella, Ella Enchanted (2004),and the last version is
Cinderella (2015).
The differences about the old Cinderella movie with the last version are in
Cinderella (2015) the real name of Cinderella is Ella not Cinderella. In the old
version does not explain or describe about Cinderella's mother at all. In the
Cinderella (2015) Ella 's mother is described as someone who is so influential that
Ella can grow as a kind and brave because of her qoute "Have a courage, and be
kind". In the old version, they do not told about Cinderella's father death clearly
but the 2015 version they told that her father ill during the trip. In the Cinderella
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(2015) Ella met the prince for the first time when she was riding to the forest.
While the old version told that Cinderella met the prince at the palace, and that's
when the prince fell in love with her.
Here, the researcher interest to use Cinderella (2015) as the data because
the last version is more clearly, like in the old version they did not told clearly
about the Cinderella's mother and Cinderella's father, but in 2015 version, the
cause of Ella's father death was clearly, and at the beginning of the story describe
about Ella's mother, that she gives Ella advise before her death that Ella must have
the courage and be kind that will help her in life and this is what makes the Ella's
characters very brave , strong, independent , and very kind woman.
This movie consists of many types of reference that can be analyzed by the
utterances. At this point, the researcher interest in finding types of reference from
the main character in this movie. In this research, the researcher choose the Ella's
utterances to be analyze. The reason why the researcher choose this character
because character Ella is the main character so she is exist in almost scene in this
movie and she is more braver, cleverer and independent than the previous version
and also characteristic of Ella reflected from the reference used in her dialogues.
Example :
ELLA :
Well, you will have to take it with you on your way and
think of me when you look at it. And when you bring it
back it means that you will be with it.
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ELLA :
Hello Gus-Gus. Go on, Gus-Gus, you can do it.
ELLA :
I looked into his eyes, and he looked into mine, and I just
felt he had a great deal left to do with his life.
Therefore, the researcher chooses this movie to be analyzed using
reference in order to better understand the story of this movie. The reason of
choosing this theory is because sometimes in produced utterances, people often
used a word twice and repeat it again, so with this theory, people who watch the
movie needs to use reference as the way to avoid misunderstanding. Therefore,
this study will focus on the types of reference used in Ella's utterances in
Cinderella movie.
B. The Problem of the Study
The problem of the study can be states as the following.
1)
What types of reference are used in Ella's utterances in Cinderella ?
2)
How are references used in Ella's utterances in Cinderella ?
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C. The Objective of the Study
Related to the problems of the study, the objectives of the study are:
1)
To find out the types of reference realized in Ella's utterances in
Cinderella.
2)
To describe types of reference which used in Ella's Utterances in
Cinderella.
D. The Scope of the Study
The scope of this study limited to the main character's utterances, namely Ella in
Cinderella (2015). The researcher discusses the three types of reference based on
Halliday and Hassan's theory (1976:37), namely personal reference, demonstrative
reference, and comparative reference in Ella's utterances.
E. The Significant of the Study
This research is expected to give valuable contribution theoretically and
practically. Theoretically, the result of this research is expected to contribute on
the development of discourse study, especially on how to analyze text using the
types of reference theory by Halliday and Hassan. And practically, the result of
this study is expected to be useful :
1)
The students especially the student of English department to enrich their
knowledge about reference especially types of reference.
2)
The researcher who are interested in doing further study related to the
types of reference can use this study as their reference.
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3)
The reader or viewer in order to get information about reference especially
those used in Cinderella (2015), it is hope by knowing reference can help
them to understand the meaning of the movie.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions
After analyzing the use of type of reference in the main character utterances in
Cinderella (2015), the conclusions are as follows:
1. There are three types of reference mentioned by Halliday and Hasan,
namely personal reference, demonstrative reference, and comparative
reference are found in the main character utterances, namely Ella in
Cinderella (2015). The total utterances from the main character are 288
utterances which contains of 395 items of the use of reference, the use of
personal reference is 80,75% (319 items), demonstrative reference is
13,92% (55 items), and comparative reference is 5,31% (21 items).
2. Ella used reference in order to deliver the message or asking information
to the interlocutor. She used reference in her utterances in the form of
declarative when she makes a statement or tells something, interrogative to
asks a questions, exclamatory to shows excitement, and imperative in
commands something to the interlocutor in the movie.
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B. Suggestions
In relation to the conclusions, some suggestions are given as following:
1. The student of English Department especially to the literature students
should learn more about how reference are used in the speech, book, or
literary work such as comic, drama, or dialogue in movie.
2. For the researcher, it is suggested that the research of linguistics especially
to do further studies on the types of reference.
3. To the viewers, it is very important to help them to understand the movie
clearly to get a meaning and by mastering the reference can lead them to
get the meaning easily.
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