Theme Caluses In The Brochures Of Tour And Travel Itinerary Destined Asia: A Functional Grammar Analysis

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Bandung,4 Agustus 2014 Penulis,

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Wivogi Sanhaii NIM: 63711008

Muhamrnad Rayhan Bustam. M.Hum

NIP. 4127.24.43.421 Pembimbing

I

Tatan Tawami- M.Hum

NIP. 4127.20.03.01I

ITINERARY DESTINED ASIA: A Functional Grammar Analysis

SKRIPSI

Wiyogi Sanhaji NIM. 63711008

Bandung, 3rd August 2014

Approved as a Skripsi by:

Advisor I Advisor II

Tatan Tawami, M.Hum Muhammad Rayhan Bustam, M.Hum

NIP. 4127.20.03.011 NIP. 4127.20.03.021

Acknowledged by,

Dean of Faculty of Letters

Prof. Dr. H. Moh. Tadjuddin, M.A NIP. 4127.70.003

Head of English Department

Dr. Juanda NIP. 4127.20.03.007

1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background to the study, research question, objectives, significance to knowledge and framework of the theories.

1.1Background to the study

According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), theme is the element that functions as the starting point and how the clause is developed. It means that theme serves as the beginning information that can give the message in the clause to the reader. The theme is always in the first of the clause. The theme is the central focus in the clause that the author wants to deliver to the reader.

Related to the explanation about the theory of theme above, theme may contain in the brochures since the language elements in the brochures direct to the information of place or the activity. Theme, which is represented by the form of language in the brochures, leads directly to the main information becoming the focus of the information that the author wants to deliver. The forms of language are varied such as verbal group and adverbial group. This variety produces clear, practical and simple information. For example in the verbal group Visit the National Museum (former King’s Palace) displaying a collection of personal artifacts of the royal family. the theme in the clause is Visit since it is the focus of information about the activity that the reader should do. The theme Visit explains about the activity that the reader Visit the interesting place that is the National

Museum (former King’s Palace) displaying a collection of personal artifacts of the royal family. Then the example in adverbial group After breakfast transfer to the airport for Lao Airlines flight to Luang Prabang. the theme in the clause is

After breakfast because it emphasizes the information in the beginning of the clause for the reader. The theme After breakfast describes about the time of event in the clause that the event will do After breakfast not before breakfast.

From the explanation, it can be deduced that the language element in the brochures of tour and travel itinerary destined Asia focuses more on the constituent showing the content about the activity or the information of place in the first of the clause. This case is in contrast with the content of the clause occurring in the common form. They are seldom initiated with subject such as I, We, You or People in the beginning of the clause as the focus information.

In relation to this research, there is previous research about theme that has been conducted. It is the research from Anistya Rachmawati (2010). The title of her research is “Thematic Progression in Gail B. Stewart’s Cuba (Place in The News)”. It focuses on types of thematic progression and kind of cohesion devices, though, her research explains about the theme. However, the writer more focuses on the form of the theme, the group of the clause in the theme and the types of the theme. Therefore, this research is entitled “Theme in Clauses in The Brochures of Tour and Travel Itinerary Destined Asia: A Functional Grammar Analysis”. The data analyzed by the theory of theme from Halliday and Matthiessen (2004), Bloor and Bloor (2004), and Gerot and Wignell (1994).

1.2Research Questions

In this research, the detailed problems to investigate are as follows: 1. What forms of theme are applied in the clause?

2. What groups of the clause are found in the theme? 3. What types of theme are contained in the clause?

1.3 Objectives

In line with the research questions, the objectives of this research are: 1. To describe the forms of theme applied in the clause.

2. To describe the groups of the clause are found in the theme. 3. To describe the types of theme contained in the clause.

1.4Significance to knowledge

The research is expected to have significant benefit, whether it is theoretically or practically. Theoretically, it is expected to give knowledge about the forms of theme, the group of the clause in the theme, the types of the theme in the clauses contained in brochures tour, and travel itinerary destined Asia to the reader. Practically, it is expected to give understanding about the theme in the clauses contained in brochures tour and travel itinerary destined Asia to the reader, so the reader can understand the content more clearly with the analysis of theme. The constituent of theme occurs in the beginning of the clause is as the focus information for the reader does that the author wants to deliver.

1.5Framework of the Theory

In this research, the writer uses the theory of theme by Halliday and Matthiessen (2004). Theme is starting point of the clause to deliver the message in the context, or the element that is developed. The theme is given information that has already been mentioned in the context. The theme stands in the first of the clause.

In addition to that theory, according to Bloor and Bloor (2004), theme has the forms, those are the simple theme and the multiple theme. Simple theme is the clause that has one thematic constituent that is in the clause with only one theme in the beginning of the clause. Similarly, multiple themes are some clauses that have more than one theme such as in the clause with two themes; one textual theme in first of the clause and it is followed by one topical theme.

Further, according to Gerot and Wignell (1994), Theme has 3 types, those are topical theme, textual theme and interpersonal theme. Topical theme is always in the beginning of the clause as the nominal group or subject known as unmarked theme, but it may be adverbial groups or preposition group that are including to the marked theme. Textual theme can be conjunctive adjunct in the clause. Interpersonal theme presents before the topical theme, it can be modal adjunct or vocative.

5 CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL REVIEW

This chapter explains about the theories used to analyze the data.

2.1 Functional Grammar

Functional Grammar explains about language that people use in daily life. Halliday (2004: xiii) mentions that functional grammar is language that is used by people to explain the structure of sentence based on what happen in life. Functional grammar is tool to make structure of sentence in English, and it explains about the meaning of sentence in language. Functional grammar has three functional components of meaning to know the type of constituent in the clause. The discussion below will explain about three functional components of meaning.

2.2 Three Functional Components of Meaning

In grammar of language there are three functional components of meaning. Halliday and Matthiessen in their book (2004: 309) state that the grammar of a language is categorized into three functional components of meaning, those are interpersonal meaning, experiential meaning and textual meaning. According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 106), interpersonal meaning is the role of speaker to give information in the text to the reader. Eggins (2004: 206) argues that experiential meaning is the process in the clause that contains the participant

and the circumstance. The process is also known as transitivity element. Based on Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 64), textual meaning is the important part in the clause that occurs as the theme and the cohesion.

In this research, theme becomes the main focus to analyze; therefore, the detail description about the theme and all of it is aspects will be discussed below.

2.3 Theme

According to Halliday and Matthiessen (2004: 64), “Theme is the element which serves as the point of departure of the message; it is that which locates and orients the clause within its context. The remainder of the message, the part in which the Theme is developed,”. It explains that theme presents in the starting of the clause to deliver the information in the context. Theme usually comes first in the clause, but it does not always as a subject in the clause. Theme is as the main information of the clause, and it is the focus of the clause from the author. For example:

Today, the participant will visit the garden

From the clause above, the theme is Today since it is the element presented in the first of the clause as the focus of the clause for the reader. Today explains about the time of the event will visit the garden and who will do the event is the participant.

2.4 Form of Theme

The theme has the form to determine it. According to Bloor and Bloor (2004: 77), simple theme has one thematic constituent in the clause, while multiple themes has more than one thematic constituent such as one textual theme in the first of the clause and it is followed by one topical theme.

2.4.1 Simple Theme

Simple theme only has one theme in the clause. According to Bloor and Bloor (2004: 77), simple theme is the clause having one thematic constituent. The example is I climb the mountain. The theme in the clause is I since it is the only one theme presented in the beginning of the clause.

2.4.2 Multiple Themes

Multiple themes have many themes in the clause. According to Bloor and Bloor (2004: 77), multiple theme are some themes occur in clauses. It contains three metafunctions, those are topical, interpersonal and textual. For example: Ok, dear, I will go to the hospital

Ok, dear, I will go to the hospital

Textual Theme

Interpersonal Theme

Topical Theme

The table above describes that the clause have three themes. The first theme is Ok

last theme is I as the topical theme. will go to the hospital doesn’t include to the theme because it is the rheme.

2.5 Type of Theme

This research contains the type of theme in the clauses. According to Gerot and Wignell (2004: 104), theme contains three categories those are topical/ideational, textual and interpersonal.

2.5.1 Topical Theme

According to Gerot and Wignell (1994: 104), topical theme is the first constituent in the clause and it can be nominal group as the subject, nominal group complex, adverbial group and preposition group that present in the beginning of the clause.

Further, Bloor and Bloor (2004: 72) mention topical theme always occurs in the first constituent of the clause as a participant, circumstance or process. Topical theme can be realized by some elements, those are subject, predicator, complement or circumstance adjunct. Topical theme is divided into two classifications, those are unmarked and marked. The detail explanation about unmarked and marked will discuss below.

2.5.1.1 Unmarked

Unmarked is one of the classification for topical theme as nominal group. Gerot and Wignell (1994: 104) state that unmarked theme is the clause containing the nominal group in the beginning of the clause as the function of subject.

The type of theme for topical theme contains a nominal group or nominal group complex as a theme that includes to the unmarked. Bloor and Bloor (2004: 31) mention that nominal group is a noun/pronoun as a head in a group, and it may be function as a subject. For example:

(1) People visit the market

(2) Family and friend visit the food festival

From example (1), the topical theme is People since it is the nominal group that conducts as the function of subject while in example (2), the topical theme is

Family and friend because it contains the nominal group complex; those are two nouns Family and friend as the head.

2.5.1.2 Marked

Gerot and Wignell (1994: 104) argue that marked theme occurs in the clause by adverbial group, preposition groupf and verbal group. Marked theme does not function as the subject in the beginning of the clause. The explanation those may describe below.

a. Adverbial Group

Bloor and Bloor (2004: 32) state that the adverbial group is usually an adverb as a head in the clause. For example:

(3) Down people walked

From the example (3), the topical theme is Down since it is an adverb that explains about the adverb of place.

b. Preposition Group

Further, in marked topical theme contains a preposition group. Bloor and Bloor (2004: 32) argue that preposition group is a combination of preposition and nominal group. For example:

(4) In the street, participant visit the color festival

The preposition group in the example (4) is In the street as topical theme since it shows about the preposition In and the nominal group the street as the location in the clause.

c. Verbal Group

Topical theme also contains a verbal group that includes into marked theme. Bloor and Bloor (2004: 31) mention that verbal group can be a simple verb such as walk that has one element in the clause, and it may be complex such as is visiting that has two elements in the clause. The verbal group has five elements those are may (modal operator), have: auxiliary (bare infinitive), been: auxiliary

(past participle), being: auxiliary (present participle), and the last written: lexical verb (past participle). For example:

(5) Visit the twin tower

The topical theme in the example (5) is Visit because it presents a verbal group in the beginning of the clause as the topic of the clause. The topical theme Visit

explains about the activity that the reader/the participant has to do.

2.5.2 Textual Theme

Gerot and Wignell (1994: 105) said that textual theme may be conjunctive adjunct, continuatives and conjunctions that presents before topical theme. Conjunctive adjunct is able to move in the other place in the clause. Textual theme functions to connect the first thematic constituent to the second thematic constituent in the context. For example:

(6) However, people still can visit the museum

From the example (6) above, the conjunctive adjunct is However since it occurs in the first of the clause before topical theme people. The example below explains about the conjunctive adjunct can be move to other place:

(7) People still can visit the museum however

In the example (7), the conjunctive adjunct places in the end of the clause,

therefore it doesn’t include to the theme anymore, but it includes to the rheme. Textual theme also contains the continuative in the clause. According to Gerot and Wignell (1994: 106), continuative is always in the starting of the clause

such as alright, well and OK to give a signal in the beginning of the clause for the reader. For example:

(8) Alright, I understand about your problem

The continuative Alright is the signal for the reader that the speaker starts the speaking and to continue the first word to the next word.

2.5.3 Interpersonal Theme

Gerot and Wignell (1994: 107) argue that interpersonal occurs in the starting of the clause conducting as modal adjunct and vocative, and it comes before topical theme. For example of modal adjunct:

(9) Perhaps the participant is tired to walk

From the example (10) above, modal adjunct in the clause is Perhaps since it explains the probability of the event, and the group the participant is the topical theme.

According to Gerot and Wignell (1994:107), vocative functions to address someone such as use a name or nickname before topical theme, but it still include to the theme. For example:

(10) Luna, You have to join with us in this tour

The word Luna is a vocative since the speaker wants to address someone that called the name Luna in the context. It presents before topical theme You since it is an actor for the clause.

13

This chapter explains about the object of this research, the method that describes about the analysis, the technique, and the description in collecting the data.

3.1 Research Object

The object of this research is the theme in the clauses in the brochures of tour and travel. The data of the theme are taken from the brochures Vietnam – Ho Chi Minh City 4D by MUSTAFA AIR TRAVEL PTE LTD Singapore, Laos: Vientiane – LuangPrabag by MUSTAFA AIR TRAVEL PTE LTD Singapore, Palace on Wheels by MUSTAFA AIR TRAVEL PTE LTD Singapore, and THE WONDERS OF JAPAN & THE FAR EAST by PRINCESS CRUISES Singapore.

The data in these brochures show the issue of theme such as verbal and adverbial that are located in the beginning of the clause. The form of theme and the type of theme are also contained in the data. In addition, there is also the theme that has the group of clause. In short, the data contained in the brochures are varied, thus they represent the analysis of this research. All the data from 4 brochure is 98 data, and the finding is presented in the appendix. However, there are only 10 data are analyzed in the chapter IV that represent all of the data.

3.2 Research Method

This research uses the method of analytic descriptive. Sugiyono (2007:14) said that“Metode deskriftif analisis adalah yang digunakan untuk menganalisa data dengan cara mendeskripsikan atau menggambarkan data yang telah terkumpul sebagaimana adanya”. Based on the theory, the data in the brochures are analyzed based on the constituent in the clause. After that, the data are described based on the sequence of the constituent. Finally, the data are described based on the function of the constituent and the type of the constituent.

3.2.1 Data Collection

There are several ways to collect the data. First, the writer read the brochures tour and travel to know the content of the text. After that, the writer marked the data having the constituent of verbal group with 36 data, 41 data for nominal group, 10 data for adverbial group and 3 data for preposition group. After finishing this process, the data were classified according to the type of theme, those are 90 data for topical theme, 5 data for textual theme and 3 data for interpersonal theme.

3.2.2 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the writer analyzed the data through several ways. First, the constituent in the beginning of the clause was explained based on the theory of theme. Second, the constituent of theme was classified based on the

types. The last way, the constituent was described based on the group of the clause.

The data analysis below illustrates the finding of this research: Data (61)

Climb Vat Phousi hill for an outstanding view over the city.

Climb Vat Phousi hill for an outstanding view over the city.

Clause Function Predicate Object

Group Verbal

Group Classification of

Theme

Marked

Type of Theme Topical

Form of theme Simple

Theme

The type of clause in the data is simple clause since it has one predicate Climb and one object Vat Phousi hill for an outstanding view over the city. The theme in the clause is Climb because it comes in the beginning of the clause as the main information that focuses on the clause for the reader. The form of theme in the clause is simple theme because the clause has only one thematic constituent Climb in the beginning of the clause.

The type of theme in the clause is topical theme because in the beginning of the clause there is the predicate conducting as the topic of the clause. The topic Climb explains about the activity for the reader do in the context.

The group of the clause is Climb as the verbal groupsince it presents to begin the information of the clause. The classification of the theme is marked by topical theme because the clause begins with the verbal group

Climb as the first information that the author wants to give in the context. The verbal group Climb does not function as the subject in unmarked theme, but it functions as the verbal group that presents in the beginning of the clause.

17 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter illustrates the analysis toward ten data. There are eight data for topical theme, one data for textual theme, and one data for interpersonal theme.

4.1 Simple Theme

In this classification, eight data containing the simple theme are analyzed, including the type of topical theme, two data of nominal group, one data of verbal group, three data of adverbial group, and two data for preposition group.

4.1.1 Topical Theme with Nominal Group

In this category, two data are analyzed. Each data represents the nominal group constituent as the subject, one with simple constituent of pronoun and the other with nominalization of the head noun.

Data 1 (14)

The type of clause in the data is simple clause since it only has one subject

You, one predicate are and one complement free at leisure or shopping at the popular Ben Thanh market. The theme of the clause is You since it starts the clause and the theme You as the person who reads the context that becomes the focus of the clause. You is considered as Nominal Group because it is a pronoun serving as the subject. The Nominal Group shows that the form of theme in this data is simple theme since it only has one thematic constituent You in the clause.

The type of the theme is classified as the topical theme because You is the topic that shows the importance of who is being addressed by the text in the clause or who will do the event stated in the clause are free at leisure or shopping at the popular Ben Thanh market. It can be assumed that what is being addressed by the clause is the subject that may be tourists who are instructed to do particular action. The classification of the theme in the clause is unmarked topical theme because it exists in the beginning of the clause as the subject.

You are free at leisure or shopping at the popular Ben Thanh market.

Clause Function Subject Predicate Complement

Group Nominal

Group Classification of

Theme

Unmarked

Type of Theme Topical

Data 2 (48)

Another famous Vientiane landmark is the That LuangStupa.

Another famous Vientiane landmark

is the That LuangStupa. Clause

Function

Subject Predicate Complement

Group Nominal Group

Classification of Theme Unmarked Type of Theme Topical Form of Theme Simple Theme

In data, the type of clause is simple clause because it only has one subject

Another famous Vientiane landmark, one predicate is, and one complement the That LuangStupa. The theme in the data is Another famous Vientiane landmark

because it presents in the beginning of the clause and the theme Another famous Vientiane landmark is the emphasis of information about the famous place to the person who reads the context. The form of theme in the data is simple theme since it has only one thematic constituent Another famous Vientiane landmark in the clause.

The type of theme in the data is topical themebecause it is the topic that is important in the clause and the presence of the topic explains about what is the thing the That LuangStupa the other place is famous in Vientiane landmark. The group of the clause is the nominal group starting the clause. The nominal group is

included into the classification of unmarked topical theme since it presents in the beginning of the clause as the nominal group conducting subject of the clause.

4.1.2 Topical Theme with Verbal Group

In this category, one data are analyzed. The data represents the verbal group as the theme, the data with simple constituent of verbal.

Data 3 (59)

Visit Vat Visoun, the site of an impressive stupa, That Makmo, stylistically more Srilankalese than Lao.

Visit Vat Visoun, the site of an impressive stupa, That Makmo, stylistically more Srilankalese than Lao.

Clause Function

Predicate Object

Group Verbal Group

Classification of Theme Marked Type of Theme Topical Form of Theme Simple Theme

The type of clause in the data is simple clause because it has one predicate

Visit and one object Vat Visoun, the site of an impressive stupa, That Makmo, stylistically more Srilankalese than Lao. The data shows the predicate which is started by Visit that begins the clause and therefore can be said as the theme. It suggests that the focus of the clause is on visit that it emphasizes the importance of particular place to be visited may be new, wonderful, and/or peculiar in the

mentioned region as stated by the object Vat Visoun, the site of an impressive stupa, That Makmo, stylistically more Srilankalese than Lao. The form of theme

visit is simple theme because the clause has only one thematic constituent in the clause.

In data, the type of theme is topical theme because there is predicate serving as the topic in the starting of the clause. The topic shows that the person reading the text is suggested to do as suggested by the topic, that is to Visit the places Vat Visoun, the site of an impressive stupa, That Makmo, stylistically more Srilankalese than Lao.

The group of the clause is visit as verbal group since it is located in the starting of the clause and it is usually a nominal group presenting in the beginning of the clause as the constituent of the theme. The classification of the theme is marked topical theme because the clause starts with verbal group visit as the first information that wants to be shown in the text, so the verbal group is important to lead the information of the clause and it is followed by the object Vat Visoun, the site of an impressive stupa, That Makmo, stylistically more Srilankalese than Lao.

It explains the name of the place that the people/tourists will go. This means that the author wants to show the importance of the verbal group visit as the command to the person who reads the context in the brochure.

4.1.3 Topical Theme with Adverbial Group

In this category, five data are analyzed. Data 4 (39), data 5 (65), and data 6 (69) represent the adverbial group constituent as the adverb. Data 6 (69) with simple constituent of adverb, data 4 (39) and data 5 (65) with complex constituent that have two clauses.

Data 4 (39)

Built in 1818, Vat Sisaket is the sole survivor of an invasion in 1828.

Builtin 1818, Vat Sisaket is the sole survivor of an invasion in 1828. Clause

Function

Adverb Subject Predicate Complement

Group Adverbial

Group Classification of Theme Marked Type of Theme Topical Form of Theme Simple Theme

The type of clause in the data is complex clause because it has two clauses. The first clause has an adverb Built in 1818. While in the second clause there is subject Vat Sisaket, predicate is, and complement the sole survivor of an invasion in 1828.

The theme in the first clause is Built in 1818 that comes in the beginning of the first clause as the focus of information that the author wants to show for the

person who reads the context. In the data, the form of theme in the first clause is simple theme since it has one thematic constituent Built in 1818. The type of theme Built in 1818 in the first clause is topical theme because it is the topic describing the thing in the past, not now or later, and the clause shows the year in 1818, so the thing Built in 1818.

Despite the common form of a nominal group presents in the beginning of the clause as the constituent of theme, in the first clause, the group Built in 1818

as adverbial group presents in the first clause. Therefore, the classification of the first clause is marked theme because the adverbial group Built in 1818 presents in the beginning of the clause to describe the focus constituent of the clause in the data.

Data 5 (65)

After breakfast visit Vat Xieng Thong, considered as the most beautiful temple.

After breakfast

Visit Vat Xieng Thong,

considered as the most beautiful temple. Clause

Function

Adverb Predicate Object Predicate Object

Group Adverbial

Group Verbal Group Classification of Theme Marked Type of Theme Topical

The type of clause in the data is complex clause because there are two clauses in the data. In the first clause there is After breakfast functioning as the adverb in the first of the clause, but it has been nominalized from preposition since After breakfast is identified as an adjunct. There are visit as predicate and

Vat Xieng Thong as object. In the second clause there are predicate considered

and object as the most beautiful temple.

The theme in the first clause is After breakfast in the data because it presents in the beginning of the clause as the focus of the information that the person will do the event, that is After breakfast, so the person may enjoy the trip more when they have meal first before they do the event. The form of theme in the first clause is simple theme since the clause has one theme After breakfast.

The type of theme After breakfast in the first clause is topical theme because the presence of after breakfast is importance in the starting clause as the topic. The topic after breakfast describes about when the event visit Vat Xieng Thong, considered as the most beautiful temple. of the clause will happen that is

after breakfast not before breakfast.

The group of the first clause is adverbial group because after breakfast

explains about the time of the event in data. The theme classification of the first clause in the data is marked theme because after breakfast presents in the starting Form of

Theme

Simple Theme

of the clause as adverbial group explaining the emphasis of information and it does not function as the nominal group.

Data 6 (69)

Inside are an impressive 12-meter high funeral chariot and various funeral urns of each Royal Family’s member.

Inside are an impressive 12-meter high funeral chariot and various funeral urns of each Royal

Family’s member.

Clause Function

Adverb Predicate Object

Group Adverbial

Group Classification

of Theme

Marked

Type of

Theme

Topical

Form of

Theme

Simple Theme

In the data, the type of clause is simple clause since there is an adverb

Inside is indicated as preposition conducting as an adjunct in the first of the clause, one predicate are, and one object an impressive 12-meter high funeral

chariot and various funeral urns of each Royal Family’s member. The theme in the clause is Inside because it shows in the starting of the clause as the focus of the location explaining about the place an impressive 12-meter high funeral chariot and various funeral urns of each Royal Family’s member for the person who is at the first time comes to this place. The form of theme is simple theme since the clause has only one thematic constituent Inside.

The type of theme Inside is topical theme because the present of inside is important in the clause as the topic. The topic Inside shows where is the place an impressive 12-meter high funeral chariot and various funeral urns of each Royal

Family’s member.that is Inside presenting in the beginning of the clause.

The group in the data is inside as adverbial group since it is referred the place in the clause. The adverbial group inside indicates as the adverb in the clause. The classification of theme in the clause is marked topical theme because in the starting of the clause there is adverbial group inside and it does not function as nominal group.

4.1.4 Preposition Group

Data 7 (38)

In the afternoon visit Vat Sisaket, the oldest original temple in Vientiane.

In the afternoon Visit Vat Sisaket, the oldest original temple in Vientiane.

Clause Function

Adverb Predicate Object

Group Preposition

Group Classification

of Theme

Marked

Type of Theme Topical

Form of

Theme

Simple Theme

The type of clause in the data is simple clause since the clause has one adverb In the afternoon in the starting of the clause. In the afternoon functions as

an adverb, but In the afternoon has been nominalized from the preposition because In the afternoon is identified as an adjunct. The clause has one predicate

visit, and one object Vat Sisaket, the oldest original temple in Vientiane.

The theme of the clause is In the afternoon because it starts the clause. The theme In the afternoon is as the emphasis of the information, that the person who reads the context suggests to do visit in this afternoon because it has the structure of the schedule in the brochure tour and travel itinerary, and the place is may be more interesting when the tourist visit in the afternoon. The form of theme in the clause is simple theme since it has one theme In the afternoon.

The type of theme in the data is topical theme because In the afternoon

presents in the starting of the clause as the topic. The presence of topic In the afternoon is important because it wants to describe the event of the clause visit Vat Sisaket, the oldest original temple in Vientiane. will happen In the afternoon

not in other time. The group of the clause is preposition group since it explains about the time In the afternoon of the event in the clause. The classification of the theme In the afternoon is marked topical theme because it presents in the first position of the clause as the preposition group In the afternoon and it does not function as the subject that include to the unmarked theme.

Data 8 (67)

In the compound stand several small chapels housing bronze Buddha images, which were displayed in Paris in 1911

Which were displayed in Paris in 1911.

Subject Predicate Object Nominal

Group

The type of clause in the data is complex clause because it has one adverb

In the compound. The adverb In the compound is indicated as preposition conducting as an adjunct in the first of the clause, and then it is followed one predicate stand, and one object several small chapels housing bronze Buddha images. In the second clause, there is subject which conducting as the pronoun, predicate were displayed, and object in Paris in 1911.

The theme in the first clause is In the compound since it presents in the beginning of the clause as the focus of the information for the person that comes to this place several small chapels housing bronze Buddha images. The form of theme in the first clause is simple theme because it has one thematic constituent in

In the compound Stand several small chapels housing bronze Buddha images,

Clause Function

Adverb Predicate Object

Group Preposition

Group Classification of Theme Marked Type of Theme Topical Form of Theme Simple Theme

the starting of the first clause. The type of theme in the first clause is topical theme since In the compound presents as the topic. The topic In the compound is important in the clause because it shows about where the thing stand several small chapels housing bronze Buddha images, that is In the compound not in other place.

The group of the first clause is In the compound as preposition group because it indicates the place as the adverb of the clause. The classification of theme in the first clause is marked topical theme since it presents the preposition group in the starting of the first clause, and it does not subject as the nominal group. In the second clause, the classification of theme is unmarked topical theme because it functions as the subject which conducting the pronoun.

4.2 Multiple Themes

In this classification, there are two data analyzed containing the multiple themes; those are the textual theme with the continuative adjunct and the interpersonal theme with the modal adjunct.

4.2.1 Textual Theme with Conjunctive Adjunct

In this category, only one data analyzed. The data represents the conjunctive adjunct constituent as the textual theme, the data with complex constituent in one clause. First constituent is with conjunctive adjunct and second constituent is with verbal group.

Data 9 (71)

Then board a traditional boat for a trip upstream the Mekong River to visit the famous caves of Pak Ou housing thousands of statues representing Lord Buddha.

Then board a traditional boat for a trip upstream the Mekong River to visit the famous caves of Pak Ou housing thousands of statues representing Lord Buddha. Clause

Function

Adverb Predicate Object

Group Conjunctive

adjunct Verbal group Classification of Theme Marked Type of Theme

Textual Topical Form of

Theme

Multiple Theme

The type of clause in data can be said as simple clause because in the beginning of the clause presents one adverb Then, one predicate board, and one object a traditional boat for a trip upstream the Mekong River to visit the famous caves of Pak Ou housing thousands of statues representing Lord Buddha.

The themes in the data are Then and board because the clause has two different constituents. First constituent is the adverb Then as conjunctive adjunct and second constituent is the predicate board as verbal group. The conjunctive adjunct Then is the first theme that presents in the starting information of the

clause as the other theme, but it is still in one clause, and it is followed by the second theme board as the verbal group. The form of theme in the clause is multiple themes since the clause has more than one thematic constituent in the beginning of the clause those are the conjunctive adjunct Then and the verbal group board.

The type of theme Then is the textual theme since it is placed before the topical theme board. It can be realized by conjunctive adjunct Then in the beginning of the clause. The conjunctive adjunct Then in the first clause describes the relation of the text between the conjunctive adjunct and the topic of the clause

board that is Then describes about the temporal of the event in the clause and it is not for long period of time, so Then marking in the starting of the clause.The topical theme board is the topic to lead the next information in the clause; board

shows what will do to the thing that is board a traditional boat for a trip upstream the Mekong River to visit the famous caves of Pak Ou housing thousands of statues representing Lord Buddha.

The group of the clause is adverb Then presenting in the beginning of the clause to indicate the continuation of idea from the author with the next word in the context. Then is the conjunctive adjunct, but it conducts as the adverb that explain the temporal of the event in the clause. The classification of theme in the datais marked theme since the first clause presents the conjunctive adjunct Then.

that function as the adverb. The conjunctive adjunct Then is followed by the verbal group board that occur to the marked theme too since Then and board do not function as the nominal group in the starting of the clause.

4.2.2 Interpersonal Theme with Modal Adjunct

In this category, only one data analyzed. The data represents the modal adjunct constituent as the interpersonal theme, the data with complex constituent in one clause. First constituent is with modal adjunct and second constituent is with verbal group.

Data 10 (95)

Please refer to princess.com for up-to-date information.

Please refer to princess.com for up-to-date information.

Clause Function

Adverb Predicate Object

Group Modal adjunct Verbal

group Classification

of Theme

Marked Type of

Theme

Interpersonal Topical Form of

Theme

Multiple Theme

The type of clause in the data is simple clause because the first of clause contains one adverb Please, one predicate refer, and the last one is object to princess.com for up-to-date information. There are two themes in the data as the different constituent, thoseare theme Please and theme refer because Please is the first theme presenting in the first of the clause as the other theme and the second theme is refer. Therefore, the form of theme in data is multiple themes since the

clause contain two thematic constituents in the beginning of the clause those are the adverb Please as modal adjunct and the predicate refer as verbal group.

The type of theme Please is the interpersonal theme because it comes before the topical theme refer in the data. The interpersonal theme can be realized by modal adjunct Please. The modal adjunct Please is a request for the person in the event that is Please refer to something. Refer is the topic in the clause because it leads the information refer to the thing to princess.com for up-to-date information.

The group of the clause is adverb Please since it explains about the comment of the content in the starting of the clause. Please is the modal adjunct, but it conducts as adverb that explains the request for someone in the event of the clause. The classification of the theme in the data is marked theme because the interpersonal theme Please shows as the adverb in the beginning of the clause and it follows the topical theme refer as the verbal group that include to the marked theme too. Please and refer do not function as the nominal group that include to the unmarked theme.

34

This chapter explains the conclusions of this research and the suggestions of this research for the next researcher who wants to analyze about the theme.

5.1 Conclusions

After doing the research, it can be concluded that the form of theme found in the brochures are 8 data for the simple theme and 2 data for the multiple theme. The group found in the brochures are 2 data for the nominal group indicates as the subject, 3 data for the adverbial group indicates the adverb, 2 data for the preposition group indicates the adverb, 1 data for the adverbial group indicates the continuative adjunct, 1 data for the adverbial group indicates modal adjunct, and 1 data for the verbal group indicates the predicator. Then the type of theme found in the brochures are 8 data the topical theme with the nominal group, the adverbial group and the verbal group, 1 data for the textual theme with the conjunctive adjunct, and 1 data the interpersonal theme with the modal adjunct. However, the vocative in the interpersonal theme and the continuative in the textual theme are not found in the brochures. The data were analyzed through the form of theme, the group and the type of theme.

The content of the brochures more concern to the activity or the information of place without it should show the subject I, You, We, or Person for

the reader. The reader is directed to get the information what they need such as information about the activity, destination and transportation in the brochures.

The analysis of theme helps the reader to understand the content that serves in the beginning of the clause such as the verbal group walk and the adverbial group After breakfast as the focus information in the clause for the reader do. The reader may not misunderstand about the information in the brochures, and the reader can easily understand the content of the brochures.

5.2 Suggestions

The writer has several suggestions for the next discussion to be taken for the research of theme. The next researcher can discuss the theme relating to another study such as semantic or syntax that may develop the analysis and the constituent of theme will explain through the meaning and the function. The next researcher should take the other data source which has never been used in the previous research such as the clauses in the poem. The next researcher may get the data that represent with the theory of theme from the poem, and the next researcher may get the other meaning in the constituent of theme.

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fullfill one of the course requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

WIYOGI SANHAJI NIM. 63711008

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER

BANDUNG

52

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Identity

a. Name : Wiyogi Sanhaji

b. Place and Date of Birth : Subang, 18 December 1993

c. Home Address : Kihiyang RT 16 / 05, Binong, Subang.

d. Phone : 089685266571

e. Sex : Male

f. Citizenship : Indonesia

g. Religion : Moeslem

h. E-mail : wiyogi.sanhaji@yahoo.com

B. Formal Education

No Year Institution

1. 1999 - 2005 SDN Kihiyang

2. 2005 - 2008 MTS Ali Maksum Yogyakarta

3. 2008 - 2011 SMKN 2 Subang

4. 2011 - Now INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER

C. Informal Education

No Year Institution

2. 2011 Copywriting Seminar and Workshop (Certified)

3. 2012 Seminar “Reaktualisasi Nilai-Nilai Pancasila di

Kalangan Generasi Muda” (Certified) 4. 2012 English Contest (Certified)

5. 2012 Hari Sastra (Certified)

6. 2012 Character Building Training (Certified)

7. 2013 DISKUSI ENTREPRENEURSHIP (Certified)

8. 2013 TV BROADCASTING INDUSTRY

(Certified)

9. 2013 Copywriting Seminar “Go Viral” (Certified) 10. 2013 Workshop Translation “Building The

Translation Skill and Confidence”(Certified) 11. 2013 Workshop Translation (Certified)

12. 2014 Postcolonialism Seminar “Postcolonialism: An

Indonesian Perspective” (Certified)

13. 2015 Pelatihan dan Test English Proficiency Test

“How to Train Your TOEFL 2” (Certified)

D. Experiences

No Year Organization

1. 2012 Member of Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris UNIKOM

No Year Work Experiences

36 REFERENCES

Bloor, Thomas and Meriel Bloor. 2004. The Functional Analysis of English (2nd Edition). London: Hodder Education.

Eggins, Suzzane. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistic2nd Edition. London: Continuum.

Gerot, Linda and Peter Wignell. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar: An Introductory Workbook. Sydney: Gerd Stabler.

Halliday, M.A.K. and Christian Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd Edition). London: Arnold.

Halliday, M.A.K. and Christian Matthiessen. 2014. Halliday’s Introduction to

Functional Grammar (4th Edition). London and New York: Routledge. Rachmawati, Anistya. 2010.Thematic Progression in Gail B. Stewart’s Cuba

(Place in The News). Bandung: UNIKOM

Sugiyono. 2007. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta

THEME IN CLAUSES IN THE BROCHURES OF TOUR AND

TRAVEL ITINERARY DESTINED ASIA:

A Functional Grammar Analysis

SKRIPSI

Submitted to fullfill one of the course requirements of Sarjana Sastra Degree

WIYOGI SANHAJI NIM. 63711008

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER

BANDUNG

52

CURRICULUM VITAE

A. Personal Identity

a. Name : Wiyogi Sanhaji

b. Place and Date of Birth : Subang, 18 December 1993

c. Home Address : Kihiyang RT 16 / 05, Binong, Subang. d. Phone : 089685266571

e. Sex : Male

f. Citizenship : Indonesia g. Religion : Moeslem

h. E-mail : wiyogi.sanhaji@yahoo.com

B. Formal Education

No Year Institution

1. 1999 - 2005 SDN Kihiyang

2. 2005 - 2008 MTS Ali Maksum Yogyakarta 3. 2008 - 2011 SMKN 2 Subang

4. 2011 - Now INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER

C. Informal Education

No Year Institution

53

2. 2011 Copywriting Seminar and Workshop (Certified)

3. 2012 Seminar “Reaktualisasi Nilai-Nilai Pancasila di Kalangan Generasi Muda” (Certified)

4. 2012 English Contest (Certified) 5. 2012 Hari Sastra (Certified)

6. 2012 Character Building Training (Certified)

7. 2013 DISKUSI ENTREPRENEURSHIP (Certified)

8. 2013 TV BROADCASTING INDUSTRY

(Certified)

9. 2013 Copywriting Seminar “Go Viral” (Certified) 10. 2013 Workshop Translation “Building The

Translation Skill and Confidence” (Certified) 11. 2013 Workshop Translation (Certified)

12. 2014 Postcolonialism Seminar “Postcolonialism: An Indonesian Perspective” (Certified)

13. 2015 Pelatihan dan Test English Proficiency Test “How to Train Your TOEFL 2” (Certified) 14. 2015 TABLE MANNER COURSE (Certified)

54

D. Experiences

No Year Organization

1. 2012 Member of Himpunan Mahasiswa Sastra Inggris UNIKOM

No Year Work Experiences

36 REFERENCES

Bloor, Thomas and Meriel Bloor. 2004. The Functional Analysis of English (2nd Edition). London: Hodder Education.

Eggins, Suzzane. 2004. An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistic2nd Edition. London: Continuum.

Gerot, Linda and Peter Wignell. 1994. Making Sense of Functional Grammar: An Introductory Workbook. Sydney: Gerd Stabler.

Halliday, M.A.K. and Christian Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd Edition). London: Arnold.

Halliday, M.A.K. and Christian Matthiessen. 2014. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th Edition). London and New York: Routledge. Rachmawati, Anistya. 2010. Thematic Progression in Gail B. Stewart’s Cuba

(Place in The News). Bandung: UNIKOM

Sugiyono. 2007. Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta