NOUN FORMATION IN PAKPAK LANGUAGE.
NOUN FORMATION IN PAKPAK LANGUAGE
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
CINTA LASWARNA BERUTU
Registration Number 2112220002
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, has
been expressed in my own words, and has not been previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise for
plagiarism.
Medan,
September 2015
Cinta Laswarna Berutu
NIM. 2112220002
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all the writer would like to thank Jesus Christ for being her savior
and for the blessing and the strength given to the writer during her completion of
this thesis. This thesis aimed to fulfilling one of the requirements for the degree of
Sarjana Sastra at English Department, Faculty of Language and Arts (FBS) Sate
University of Medan.
In completing this thesis, the writer would like to express her gratitude to
the following people:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, as the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan for her attention and
encouragement to complete this thesis on time.
Prof. Dr. HJ. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Dra. Meisuri, M.A., both as the
Head and the Secretary of English and Literature FBD Unimed,
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum, the Head of Literature Study Program
for all suggestions and Administrative and advice that given to the
writer in his academic years at the English and literature Department.
Dr. Zainuddin, Dip, TEFL, M.Hum as her Thesis Consultant for
their invaluable advices, giving comments, making some corrections as
well as giving encouragement to the writer during the process of
writing this thesis.
for giving the support during the process of writing this thesis.
Sisila Fitriany Damanik, S.S., M.Hum as her academic supervisor
For all lecturers of English and Literature Department FBS UNIMED,
for giving invaluable information and science, especially English
Literature.
ii
Her beloved parents Sakkarias Berutu and Tiurma Tinambunen for
giving
never
ending
love,
praying,
support,
financial
and
encouragement that never ending.
Her lovely sisters and brothers, Rastiman Berutu, Darmianto Berutu
S.Pd, Natalia, Edigunawan Berutu, Donni Berutu, Arke, Elai and
Moko for their support, praying, motivation as well as encouragement.
Her lovely friends Ester Tarigan, Tina Fitri, Lisbet, Riandi, Ichwan,
Khalida, Marta, Elsabat, Swi Idayati and all friends in English
Literature A and B who can’t be mentioned one by one for their
support, tolerance and loyalties.
love and pray
Her lovely leader in celebration creative ministry kak Joyce for her
Her lovely sisters and friends in celebration creative ministry kak
sarah, kak juni, kak lasni, kak kesia, kak erny, kak fany, kak Tetty,
priskila, suzet, patricia, sarah turnip, sarah seremi, Elisabeth and all
friends who can’t be mentioned one by one for their praying and love
Due to Mom Eis for her willing to help the writer during completion of
this thesis.
Medan,
September 2015
The Writer
Cinta Laswarna Berutu
Reg.No 2112220002
iii
ABSTRACT
Cinta Laswarna Berutu. Noun Formation in Pakpak Language. A Thesis.
English Department Faculty of Language and Arts. State University of
Medan 2015.
This study deals with Noun Formation in Pakpak Language. The
objectives of this study are to find and describethe noun formation in Pakpak
language. The method of this research is library research by reading some books
related to this study, this research was conducted by descriptive qualitative
research method. The data of this research are taken from two sources,namely:
from Folklore written in Pakpak language and from short story written in Pakpak
language. The technique of analyzing data is documentary technique, the
researcher used Hockett and Robin theory which is developed by Kridalaksana to
analyze the data and found that there are four types of affixation used in folklore
and short story written in Pakpak language. The four typesof affixation are: (1).
prefix (19, 19%), (2). infix (10,10%), (3). suffix (36, 36%), (4). confix (34, 34%).
Noun formation in Pakpak language not only caused by attached an affix but also
by reduplication process, the researcher found that there are five types of
reduplication used in folklore and short story in Pakpak language, they are:
reduplication of a whole basic form, reduplication which is basically just
repeating the root, reduplication which is change the phoneme (phoneme
variation), reduplication through the process of adding affixes and compound
reduplication. The researcher also found the rules of morphophonemic used in
Pakpak language, phonological assimilation and phonological addition. The result
is there are four types of affixation in forming noun in Pakpak language.
Key words: Noun formation, morphology, affixation, Pakpak language
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................
i
ii
iv
vi
vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ....................................................
A. The background of the study.....................................................
B. The problem of the study ..........................................................
C. The objective of the study .........................................................
D. The scope of the study ..............................................................
E. The significance of the study ....................................................
1
1
5
6
6
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE...................................
A. Theoretical Review ...................................................................
B. Morphology..............................................................................
1. Morphemes ..........................................................................
a. Free morphemes ..............................................................
b. Bound morphemes. ..........................................................
C. Derivational and Inflectional morphemes..................................
1. Derivational morphemes ......................................................
2. Inflectional morphemes ........................................................
D. Noun Formation ...................................................................
1. Noun Formed with Prefixes .................................................
2. Noun Formed with Suffixes .................................................
3. Noun Formed with Infixes ...................................................
E. Morphology related to Noun Formation ....................................
F. The characteristic of Pakpak people ..........................................
G. Noun Formation in Pakpak Language .......................................
1. Prefix in Pakpak language ....................................................
2. Suffix in Pakpak languages ..................................................
3. Infix in Pakpak language ......................................................
4. Confix in Pakpak language...................................................
H. Structural Approach Framework ...............................................
I. Morphophonemic ...................................................................
1. Phonological alternation (assimilation).................................
2. Phonological Deletion (omission) ........................................
3. Phonological Addition (Insertion) ........................................
J. Relevant Study
...................................................................
K. Conceptual Framework.............................................................
7
7
7
9
11
11
12
12
13
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
25
25
26
28
29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...........................
A. Research Method ...................................................................
B. The source of data ...................................................................
30
30
30
iv
C. The technique for collecting data ..............................................
D. The technique for analyzing data ..............................................
E. The procedure of analyzing data ...............................................
31
31
32
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .....................
A. Data .........................................................................................
B. Data Analysis ...........................................................................
1. The Processes of Affixation of Noun Formation in
Pakpak language ..................................................................
2. Process of forming Noun in Pakpak Language .....................
3. The Rules of Morphophonemic of Noun Formation in
Pakpak Language .................................................................
C. Findings .................................................................................
D. Discussion ................................................................................
33
33
33
33
43
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...................
A. Conclusion ...............................................................................
B. Suggestion................................................................................
REFERENCES ..................................................................................
APPENDICES ....................................................................................
59
59
60
61
63
v
49
52
53
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix AO(A)
N .....................................................................
Appendix BO(V)
N.....................................................................
Appendix C Noun Formed Through the Reduplication ..................................
Appendix D Folklores and short stories written in Pakpak Language .............
vii
63
69
78
82
59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
From the analysis result and data analysis can be conclude that:
1. Noun formation in Pakpak language formed through morphology process
where the process is from affixation based on Adjective root and Verb
root, kinds of affixation which attached in Pakpak language are: prefix,
infix, suffix and confix. From fourth kinds of affixation, suffix is the most
productive in form noun in Pakpak language it is affix en- (suffix has one
allomorph only) with percentage 36, 36% it means that in written text, the
writer mostly narrate affix en- in forming noun. Affix which is slightly
appearing in Pakpak language is infix –in (10, 10%).
2. There are two processes of forming noun in Pakpak language, the first
process is affixation process which has explained above and the second
process is reduplication. After analyzed the data written in Pakpak
language, found that there are 5 (five) kinds of reduplication process in
forming noun in Pakpak language, they are: Reduplication of a whole
basic form, Reduplication which is basically just repeating the root (base
form of the word), Reduplication which is change the phoneme or the
repetition through phoneme variation, Reduplication through the process
of adding affixes and Compound reduplication.
3. In Pakpak language especially in folklore and short story written in Pakpak
language, found two rules of morphophonemic in forming noun, they are
59
60
4. : phonological alternation (assimilation) and phonological addition
(insertion).
B. Suggestion
1. Traditional language needs to be maintain because the traditional language
is one of national assets
2. The research is the best way to know whether the traditional language is
still alive or not. So, another researcher suggested to search more about
their traditional language and developed them also keep them alive.
3. The research of traditional language has a function to know more about the
function of the language, what is the characteristics of the language and
how is their position. Pakpak language as the one of assets of Indonesia
needs to develop more to make sure that the language is not extinct. So,
the researcher hopes that later on there are another researcher who wants to
keep Pakpak language alive through their research about Pakpak language
60
61
REFERENCES
Aronof, M and Fudeman, K. 2005.what is morphology: University college Dublin
Basaria, I. 2004. Morfology nomina dalam bahasa Pakpak Dairi. Medan :
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. University of Chicago.
Booij, G. 2005. The grammar of words, an introduction to morphology. New
York: Oxford University.
Finch, G.1998. How to study linguistics: A guide to understanding language.
Gajah, Djansen and Aris M. 2006. Pande kata Pakpak. Monorotama Medan
Hay, J.2005. Shifting paradigms: gradient structure in morphology.
Hockett and Robin. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics.New York: MacMillan
Katamba, F. 1994. Modern Linguistics-Morphology. London: Macmillan.
Kothari, C.R. 2004. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques
Kridalaksana, H.1996.Pembentukan kata dalam bahasa Indonesia: Pustaka utama
Lieber, R. 2009. Introducing morphology. University of New Hampshire.
Maibang, R. 2009. Mengenal ethnis Pakpak lebih dekat. Center of research
development for Pakpak culture
Mahmoud, A. 2010. Noun Formation in Standard English and Modern Standard
Arabic: A Contrastive Study: Alza‟em Alazhari University, Sudan
Manik, M. 2011. Seni dan Budaya Pakpak. IKAPI Sumatera Utara
Mathews, P.H.1974. Morphology: An introduction to the theory of word structure.
cambridge: Cambridge university press
Mogalakwe, M. 2006. The Use of Documentary Research Method in Social
Research. African Sociological Review, 10, (1), 2006, pp. 221-230
Nida, E.A. 1949. Morphology-The descriptive analysis of words. Ann Arbor: The
University of Michigan Press.
61
62
Sibarani, R. 2002. Introduction to Morphology. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
Situmorang, A. and Arifin, T.M. 2011. Derivational and inflectional in Pakpak
language (journal).
Stuart MacDonald & Nicola Headlam, 1986. Research Methods Handbook
Introductory guide to research methods for social research
Tumanggor, I. B. 2004. Morfologi Nomina dalam Bahasa Pakpak Dairi. Medan:
Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sumatera Utara.
http://Pakpak.pakpakblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/cerpen-pakpak-pakpak-ngokene-keppe.html. Accessed on 17th April 2015
62
A THESIS
Submitted to Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of
Sarjana Sastra
By:
CINTA LASWARNA BERUTU
Registration Number 2112220002
ENGLISH AND LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work, has
been expressed in my own words, and has not been previously been submitted for
assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise for
plagiarism.
Medan,
September 2015
Cinta Laswarna Berutu
NIM. 2112220002
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all the writer would like to thank Jesus Christ for being her savior
and for the blessing and the strength given to the writer during her completion of
this thesis. This thesis aimed to fulfilling one of the requirements for the degree of
Sarjana Sastra at English Department, Faculty of Language and Arts (FBS) Sate
University of Medan.
In completing this thesis, the writer would like to express her gratitude to
the following people:
Prof. Dr. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd, as the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Language and
Arts (FBS) State University of Medan for her attention and
encouragement to complete this thesis on time.
Prof. Dr. HJ. Sumarsih, M.Pd and Dra. Meisuri, M.A., both as the
Head and the Secretary of English and Literature FBD Unimed,
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum, the Head of Literature Study Program
for all suggestions and Administrative and advice that given to the
writer in his academic years at the English and literature Department.
Dr. Zainuddin, Dip, TEFL, M.Hum as her Thesis Consultant for
their invaluable advices, giving comments, making some corrections as
well as giving encouragement to the writer during the process of
writing this thesis.
for giving the support during the process of writing this thesis.
Sisila Fitriany Damanik, S.S., M.Hum as her academic supervisor
For all lecturers of English and Literature Department FBS UNIMED,
for giving invaluable information and science, especially English
Literature.
ii
Her beloved parents Sakkarias Berutu and Tiurma Tinambunen for
giving
never
ending
love,
praying,
support,
financial
and
encouragement that never ending.
Her lovely sisters and brothers, Rastiman Berutu, Darmianto Berutu
S.Pd, Natalia, Edigunawan Berutu, Donni Berutu, Arke, Elai and
Moko for their support, praying, motivation as well as encouragement.
Her lovely friends Ester Tarigan, Tina Fitri, Lisbet, Riandi, Ichwan,
Khalida, Marta, Elsabat, Swi Idayati and all friends in English
Literature A and B who can’t be mentioned one by one for their
support, tolerance and loyalties.
love and pray
Her lovely leader in celebration creative ministry kak Joyce for her
Her lovely sisters and friends in celebration creative ministry kak
sarah, kak juni, kak lasni, kak kesia, kak erny, kak fany, kak Tetty,
priskila, suzet, patricia, sarah turnip, sarah seremi, Elisabeth and all
friends who can’t be mentioned one by one for their praying and love
Due to Mom Eis for her willing to help the writer during completion of
this thesis.
Medan,
September 2015
The Writer
Cinta Laswarna Berutu
Reg.No 2112220002
iii
ABSTRACT
Cinta Laswarna Berutu. Noun Formation in Pakpak Language. A Thesis.
English Department Faculty of Language and Arts. State University of
Medan 2015.
This study deals with Noun Formation in Pakpak Language. The
objectives of this study are to find and describethe noun formation in Pakpak
language. The method of this research is library research by reading some books
related to this study, this research was conducted by descriptive qualitative
research method. The data of this research are taken from two sources,namely:
from Folklore written in Pakpak language and from short story written in Pakpak
language. The technique of analyzing data is documentary technique, the
researcher used Hockett and Robin theory which is developed by Kridalaksana to
analyze the data and found that there are four types of affixation used in folklore
and short story written in Pakpak language. The four typesof affixation are: (1).
prefix (19, 19%), (2). infix (10,10%), (3). suffix (36, 36%), (4). confix (34, 34%).
Noun formation in Pakpak language not only caused by attached an affix but also
by reduplication process, the researcher found that there are five types of
reduplication used in folklore and short story in Pakpak language, they are:
reduplication of a whole basic form, reduplication which is basically just
repeating the root, reduplication which is change the phoneme (phoneme
variation), reduplication through the process of adding affixes and compound
reduplication. The researcher also found the rules of morphophonemic used in
Pakpak language, phonological assimilation and phonological addition. The result
is there are four types of affixation in forming noun in Pakpak language.
Key words: Noun formation, morphology, affixation, Pakpak language
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT .......................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................
LIST OF TABLES ..........................................................................
LIST OF APPENDICES ....................................................................
i
ii
iv
vi
vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ....................................................
A. The background of the study.....................................................
B. The problem of the study ..........................................................
C. The objective of the study .........................................................
D. The scope of the study ..............................................................
E. The significance of the study ....................................................
1
1
5
6
6
6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE...................................
A. Theoretical Review ...................................................................
B. Morphology..............................................................................
1. Morphemes ..........................................................................
a. Free morphemes ..............................................................
b. Bound morphemes. ..........................................................
C. Derivational and Inflectional morphemes..................................
1. Derivational morphemes ......................................................
2. Inflectional morphemes ........................................................
D. Noun Formation ...................................................................
1. Noun Formed with Prefixes .................................................
2. Noun Formed with Suffixes .................................................
3. Noun Formed with Infixes ...................................................
E. Morphology related to Noun Formation ....................................
F. The characteristic of Pakpak people ..........................................
G. Noun Formation in Pakpak Language .......................................
1. Prefix in Pakpak language ....................................................
2. Suffix in Pakpak languages ..................................................
3. Infix in Pakpak language ......................................................
4. Confix in Pakpak language...................................................
H. Structural Approach Framework ...............................................
I. Morphophonemic ...................................................................
1. Phonological alternation (assimilation).................................
2. Phonological Deletion (omission) ........................................
3. Phonological Addition (Insertion) ........................................
J. Relevant Study
...................................................................
K. Conceptual Framework.............................................................
7
7
7
9
11
11
12
12
13
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
20
21
22
22
23
24
25
25
26
28
29
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...........................
A. Research Method ...................................................................
B. The source of data ...................................................................
30
30
30
iv
C. The technique for collecting data ..............................................
D. The technique for analyzing data ..............................................
E. The procedure of analyzing data ...............................................
31
31
32
CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS .....................
A. Data .........................................................................................
B. Data Analysis ...........................................................................
1. The Processes of Affixation of Noun Formation in
Pakpak language ..................................................................
2. Process of forming Noun in Pakpak Language .....................
3. The Rules of Morphophonemic of Noun Formation in
Pakpak Language .................................................................
C. Findings .................................................................................
D. Discussion ................................................................................
33
33
33
33
43
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ...................
A. Conclusion ...............................................................................
B. Suggestion................................................................................
REFERENCES ..................................................................................
APPENDICES ....................................................................................
59
59
60
61
63
v
49
52
53
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix AO(A)
N .....................................................................
Appendix BO(V)
N.....................................................................
Appendix C Noun Formed Through the Reduplication ..................................
Appendix D Folklores and short stories written in Pakpak Language .............
vii
63
69
78
82
59
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
From the analysis result and data analysis can be conclude that:
1. Noun formation in Pakpak language formed through morphology process
where the process is from affixation based on Adjective root and Verb
root, kinds of affixation which attached in Pakpak language are: prefix,
infix, suffix and confix. From fourth kinds of affixation, suffix is the most
productive in form noun in Pakpak language it is affix en- (suffix has one
allomorph only) with percentage 36, 36% it means that in written text, the
writer mostly narrate affix en- in forming noun. Affix which is slightly
appearing in Pakpak language is infix –in (10, 10%).
2. There are two processes of forming noun in Pakpak language, the first
process is affixation process which has explained above and the second
process is reduplication. After analyzed the data written in Pakpak
language, found that there are 5 (five) kinds of reduplication process in
forming noun in Pakpak language, they are: Reduplication of a whole
basic form, Reduplication which is basically just repeating the root (base
form of the word), Reduplication which is change the phoneme or the
repetition through phoneme variation, Reduplication through the process
of adding affixes and Compound reduplication.
3. In Pakpak language especially in folklore and short story written in Pakpak
language, found two rules of morphophonemic in forming noun, they are
59
60
4. : phonological alternation (assimilation) and phonological addition
(insertion).
B. Suggestion
1. Traditional language needs to be maintain because the traditional language
is one of national assets
2. The research is the best way to know whether the traditional language is
still alive or not. So, another researcher suggested to search more about
their traditional language and developed them also keep them alive.
3. The research of traditional language has a function to know more about the
function of the language, what is the characteristics of the language and
how is their position. Pakpak language as the one of assets of Indonesia
needs to develop more to make sure that the language is not extinct. So,
the researcher hopes that later on there are another researcher who wants to
keep Pakpak language alive through their research about Pakpak language
60
61
REFERENCES
Aronof, M and Fudeman, K. 2005.what is morphology: University college Dublin
Basaria, I. 2004. Morfology nomina dalam bahasa Pakpak Dairi. Medan :
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. University of Chicago.
Booij, G. 2005. The grammar of words, an introduction to morphology. New
York: Oxford University.
Finch, G.1998. How to study linguistics: A guide to understanding language.
Gajah, Djansen and Aris M. 2006. Pande kata Pakpak. Monorotama Medan
Hay, J.2005. Shifting paradigms: gradient structure in morphology.
Hockett and Robin. 1958. A Course in Modern Linguistics.New York: MacMillan
Katamba, F. 1994. Modern Linguistics-Morphology. London: Macmillan.
Kothari, C.R. 2004. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques
Kridalaksana, H.1996.Pembentukan kata dalam bahasa Indonesia: Pustaka utama
Lieber, R. 2009. Introducing morphology. University of New Hampshire.
Maibang, R. 2009. Mengenal ethnis Pakpak lebih dekat. Center of research
development for Pakpak culture
Mahmoud, A. 2010. Noun Formation in Standard English and Modern Standard
Arabic: A Contrastive Study: Alza‟em Alazhari University, Sudan
Manik, M. 2011. Seni dan Budaya Pakpak. IKAPI Sumatera Utara
Mathews, P.H.1974. Morphology: An introduction to the theory of word structure.
cambridge: Cambridge university press
Mogalakwe, M. 2006. The Use of Documentary Research Method in Social
Research. African Sociological Review, 10, (1), 2006, pp. 221-230
Nida, E.A. 1949. Morphology-The descriptive analysis of words. Ann Arbor: The
University of Michigan Press.
61
62
Sibarani, R. 2002. Introduction to Morphology. Medan: Universitas Sumatera
Utara.
Situmorang, A. and Arifin, T.M. 2011. Derivational and inflectional in Pakpak
language (journal).
Stuart MacDonald & Nicola Headlam, 1986. Research Methods Handbook
Introductory guide to research methods for social research
Tumanggor, I. B. 2004. Morfologi Nomina dalam Bahasa Pakpak Dairi. Medan:
Fakultas Sastra Universitas Sumatera Utara.
http://Pakpak.pakpakblog.blogspot.com/2012/09/cerpen-pakpak-pakpak-ngokene-keppe.html. Accessed on 17th April 2015
62