Design A Bow-Tie Patch Antenna With Complementary Split Ring Resonator.
DESIGN A BOW-TIE PATCH ANTENNA WITH COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING
RESONATOR
SITI AISHAH BINTI ROSLI
This Report Is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Bachelor Degree
of Electronic Engineering (Wireless Communication)
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
June 2013
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KIJI.IRUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEruRUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAIIAII STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
II
DESIGN A BOW-TIE PATCH ANTENNA WITH
COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING RESONATOR
Tajuk Projek
Sesi
I
Pengajian
2
1
3
Saya SITI AISHAH BINTI ROSLI
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syaratsyarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
2.
3.
Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
ar:rJ"ata
institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4.
Silatandakan(
E
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a
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SUI,TT*
*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSTA RASMr 1972)
TERHAD**
+*(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
e>
(TANDATANCAN PENULIS)
PIOI. TADYA M. SADRIT. HIs}OT
BIT{
AHf,AO
TII{IAI.AN PENGARAH
Pusat Bimbinoan Kcriaya & Kcbolehpasaran
Peiatat Jarinoin lrdusiri Dan Masyarakat (PJIM)
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tu,iut, 2.1./.6.1zolz
Tarikh:
Univcrliti Tcknikal Malaysia irlelaka
etlc,l
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1
Ij
111
"I hereby
declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as
cited in the reference"
signature
, SY'
Author
: SITI
Date
: 21 JUNE 2013
AISHAH BINTI ROSLI
1V
"I hereby
declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic
Engineering (Wireless Communication) With Honours"
Supervisor's Name: ASSOC. PROF. DR.
AHMAD
:
2l JUNE 2013
BADRUL HISHAM BIN
v
“For my dad, mum and siblings”
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the Almighty with His grace and guidance that I was able to
complete this thesis.
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to
my guide (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Badrul Hisham Bin Ahmad) for her exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this project. The
blessing, help and guidance given by him from time to time shall carry me a long
way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I would like to thank everyone who involved directly and indirectly in this
project. The sacrifice and commitment given towards me earning my bachelor’s
degree are indescribable and without them, this thesis would not be completed.
Finally, I also thank my parents and family for their unceasing
encouragement and support throughout all my studies at UTeM.
vii
ABSTRACT
This project is focus on designing a bow-tie patch antenna with
complementary split ring resonator to increase gain and reduce the size of the
antenna compare to the existing patch antenna without complementary split ring
resonator structure. Bow-tie microstrip antennas has become one of the most popular
antennas used in the present day communication scenario due to their compact in
nature compared to rectangular patches. Design of bow-tie patch antenna with
complementary split ring resonator is based on a design of bi-triangular element
microstrip antenna. The bow-tie patch actually is the combination of imaginary
image of two triangular patches which are fabricated on a single substrate with
complementary split ring resonator. The bow-tie patch antenna with complementary
split ring resonator has been designed for wireless LAN communication, where the
operating frequency is at 2.4 GHz. This project was divided into a few parts. Firstly
is designing the antenna using CST Microwave Studio where it involves a matching
network with the microstrip transmission feeding line. Then simulations were done
to observe the return loss and radiation pattern of the antenna. Lastly project will
proceed with hardware development by fabricating the antenna and compare between
the simulation and measurement.
viii
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah memberi tumpuan kepada bentuk antena bow-tie dengan
tampalan cincin berpecah resonator untuk meningkatkan keuntungan dan
mengurangkan saiz antena berbanding antena tampalan sedia ada tanpa struktur
cincin berpecah resonator. Antena mikrojalur bow-tie adalah antara antena yang
banyak digunakan dalam scenario komunikasi semasa disebabkan oleh sifatnya yang
kecil berbanding dengan mikrojalur segi empat. Permintaan yang tinggi untuk
peralatan
komunikasi
tanpa
wayar
jelas
memerlukan
penyelidikan
untuk
menghasilkan antena segi tiga. Antena bow-tie dengan tampalan cincin berpecah
resonator adalah berasaskan reka bentuk dua antena segi tiga. Antenna mikrojalur
bow-tie adalah gabungan dua segi tiga yang dipadankan dalam satu substrat dengan
tampalan cincin berpecah resonator. Di dalam projek ini antena bow-tie dengan
tampalan cincin berpecah resonator telah direka bentuk untuk aplikasi rangkaian
kawasan setempat (LAN) di mana frekuensi pengendaliannya adalah pada frekuensi
2.4 GHz. Projek ini juga telah dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian. Pertama
adalah reka bentuk antena menggunakan perisian gelombang mikro yang melibatkan
pertimbangan penyepadanan galangan dengan mikrostrip. Kedua adalah simulasi
bertujuan melihat perubahan kehilangan kembali dan bentuk sinaran antena
berkenaan. Akhir sekali projek ini diteruskan dengan proses fabrikasi antena dan
seterusnya perbandingan antara keputusan simulasi dan fabrikasi.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
I
II
CONTENTS
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE
i
REPORT STATUS VERIFICATION
ii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
iii
SUPERVISIOR DECLARATION
iv
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
CONTENT
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF TABLES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVAIATION
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction on a Rectenna
1
1.2 Objectives
3
1.3 Problems Statement
4
1.4 Project Scope
4
1.5 Methodology
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1 Overview of Antenna
2.2 Bow-Tie Antenna
7
8
x
III
2.3 Split Ring Resonator (SRR)
10
2.4 Complementary Split ring Resonator
12
2.5 Antenna Parameter
13
2.5.1
Gain
14
2.5.2
Input Impedance
15
2.5.3
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
16
2.5.4 Directivity
17
2.5.5 Bandwidth
17
2.5.6 Polarization
18
2.5.7 Radiation Pattern and 3dB Beamwidth
20
2.5.8 Antenna Efficiency
20
METHODOLOGY
22
3.1 Software
23
3.2 Materials
24
3.2.1 Photoresist Board
24
3.2.2 SMA Connector
24
3.2.3 SMA Adapter
25
3.3 Equipment
25
3.3.1 Network Analyzer
25
3.32
Signal Generator
25
3.33
RF Cable
26
3.34
Horn Antenna
26
3.4 Design Specifications
27
3.5 Antenna Design
28
3.6 Antenna Design Simulation Process
31
3.6.1 Normal Bow-Tie Patch Antenna
31
3.6.2 Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with CSRR Design
34
3.6.3 Preparing The Layout
34
3.6.4 Etching Process
35
3.6.5 Measurement Procedure
36
xi
IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
39
4.1 Normal Bow-Tie Patch Antenna Design
39
4.1.1 Characteristic of Antenna(Return Loss)
40
4.1.2 Bandwidth
42
4.1.3 Surface Current
43
4.1.4 Directivity and Gain
44
4.1.5 Radiation Pattern
44
Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with Complementary Split
45
Ring Resonator Design
4.2
V
4.2.1
Characteristic of Antenna(Return Loss)
46
4.2.2
Bandwidth
48
4.2.3
Surface Current
48
4.2.4
Directivity and Gain
49
4.2.5
Radiation Pattern
50
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
51
5.1 Conclusion
51
5.2 Recommendation
52
REFERENCES
53
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Titles
Pages
3.1
FR4 Board Parameter
24
3.2
Design specification
27
3.3
Characteristics of Antenna
29
4.1
Dimension of Normal Bow-Tie Patch Antenna Design
40
4.2
Dimension of Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with CSRR Design
45
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.1
Titles
A simplified representation of a system for transmission and
pages
2
reception
1.2
Bow-tie antenna
3
1.3
Split ring resonator structure of the antenna design
3
1.4
Flow Chart for the Antenna Project
6
2.1
Structures of SRR tube
10
2.2
Pendry’s SRR and the equivalent circuit
11
2.3
Complementary split ring structure and equivalent circuit
13
2.4
Thevenin equivalent of an Antenna
15
2.5
Types of Polarization
19
2.6
Antenna reference terminals
21
3.1
CST microwave studio software
23
3.2
Corel DRAW 12 software
23
3.3
Photoresist board
24
3.4
SMA connecter
24
3.5
SMA adapter
25
3.6
Network Analyzer
25
3.7
Signal Generator
25
3.8
RF Cable
26
3.9
Horn Antenna
27
3.10
Dimension of Bow-tie Patch Antenna
28
3.11
Substrate Design
32
3.12
Ground Design
32
xiv
3.13
Patch Design
32
3.14
Waveguide port design
33
3.15
Transient Solver Parameters
33
3.16
Normal Bow-Tie Patch Antenna
33
3.17
Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with CSRR Design
34
3.18
Antenna in UV Exposure Machine
35
3.19
Circuit Developer Chemical
35
3.20
Etching Machine
36
3.21
Drying Process
36
3.22
Calibration Setup and Antenna Measurement
37
3.23
Measurement Equipment
37
3.24
During Antenna Measurement
38
4.1
Layout of Antenna
39
4.2
Structure of Antenna
39
4.3
Return Loss by Simulation, Measurement
41
4.4
Bandwidth
43
4.5
Surface Current
43
4.6
Gain of Antenna
44
4.7
Polar View Radiation Pattern of Antenna
45
4.8
Layout of Antenna
45
4.9
Structure of Antenna
45
4.10
Return Loss by Simulation, Measurement
46
4.11
Bandwidth
48
4.12
Surface Current
49
4.13
Gain of Antenna
49
4.14
Polar View Radiation Pattern of Antenna
50
4.15
Position Polar Horn Antenna x E plane Patch Antenna
50
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
WLAN
-Wireless Local Area Network
WiMAX
-Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
RFID
- Radio Frequency Identification
FR4
-Flame Retardant 4
RF
-Radio Frequency
PDA
-Personal Digital Assistant
SMA
-Sub Miniature Version A
PCB
-Printed Circuit Board
CST
-Computer Simulation Technology
UV
-Ultra Violet
HPBW
-Half Power Beamwidth
FNBW
-First Null Beamwidth
CP
-Circular Polarization
SWR
- Standing Wave Ratio
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will give an overview concerning the project as project
background, project objective, project scope, project methodology and summary of
the project. This chapter will additionally clarify briefly the overall project progress
from beginning until the project is complete.
1.1
Introduction
Due to the development of wireless technology very fast, the broadband
antenna technology has devised small antenna and power are necessarily used in
many applications of communication such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
for 2400MHz, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) for
2500 MHz to 2800MHz, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for 2450 MHz
frequency range and others [1]. On the other hand, consumption requirement of small
antenna which is very high for mobile phone users, PDA, laptop and notebook are
incorporated with WI-Fi technologies to connect.
Antenna as a device designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic energy,
matching these sources of energy and the space as shows in Figure 1.1. However, an
antenna is an important instrument in wireless communication systems used to
transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the antenna or from
2
the antenna to the receiver, it also often called radiant systems. A good antenna
design is an antenna that can fulfill system requirements and improve overall system
performance [2]. The original information is changed, for example through some
kind of modulation and treatment, and still conveyed or guided by a cable to the
antenna.
Antenna
Space
Cable
Transmitter
Receiver
Figure 1.1: A simplified representation of a system for transmission and reception
In the future communication system, there will be a lot of demand to improve
antenna performance due to increasing users, demand for higher speed in information
transfer and the improvement in communication system technology. High bandwidth
is one of the performance parameter because much wider bandwidth antenna will be
needed when the frequency ranges is increasing than the originally required.
This project is focusing on designing a bow-tie patch antenna with
complementary split ring resonator to increase gain and reduce the size of the
antenna compare to the existing patch antenna without complementary split ring
resonator structure [3]. A bow-tie antenna is based on a bi-triangular sheet of metal
with the feed at its vertex as shows in Figure 1.2. This type of antenna is utilized
extensively in many applications such as ground penetrating radar and mobile
station. Bow-tie antennas have many advantages such as low profile, high radiation
efficiency, ease of manufacturing and low fabrication cost [4]. Comparison between
the bow-tie and fractal antenna shows that the bow-tie antenna has a wider
bandwidth, higher gain, lower front-to-back ratio, lower cross-polarization level and
smaller in size [5].
3
Figure 1.2: Bow-tie antenna
Split ring resonators (SRRs) structure is used to produce the negative
permittivity or/and negative permeability as shows in Figure 1.3. This structure can
be applied in many applications such as antenna, filter and microwave absorber. In
1999 by Pendry is the first man to develop a split ring resonator-base artificial
negative magnetic permeability medium [1]. In the year of 2000, there was the first
left hand medium (LHM) was developed with both negative permittivity and
permeability by combining this structure with the array of strip wires (SW) [6].
Figure 1.3: Split ring resonator structure of the antenna design
1.2
Objectives
The objectives of this project are to design bow–tie antenna with a new
structure of split ring resonator at 2.4 GHz for wireless LAN application. Besides
that, the other objective is to investigate the behavior of bow-tie antenna properties
and to analyze the characteristic impedance, return loss and radiation pattern of the
bow-tie antenna.
4
1.3
Problems Statement
This project is undertaken as a solution for how to increase gain and
miniaturize the size of the bow-tie patch antenna design. In applications where size,
weight, cost, performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic profile are
constrained, low profile antennas like a bow-tie patch antenna with split ring
resonator are required. Bow-tie patch antenna inherently has narrow bandwidth (BW)
and in general is half-wavelength structures.
Meanwhile, bow-tie patch antenna with split ring resonator have several
advantages over microstrip patch antenna such as exhibit wider bandwidth, lower
dispersion and radiation loss, higher gain, lower front-to-back ratio, lower crosspolarization level and smaller in size.
1.4
Project Scope
The scope of this project involves the design, implementation and testing of
bowtie patch antenna with split ring resonator. It can be divided into 5 main phases,
which are designed the bowtie patch antenna with a new structure of complementary
split ring resonator at 2.4 GHz for wireless LAN application. The bow-tie patch
actually is the combination of imaginary image of two triangular patches which are
fabricated on a single substrate. The design of bow-tie microstrip antenna is based on
the design of triangular microstrip antenna with complementary split ring resonator.
Since the dimension of bow-tie microstrip antenna, calculation and formula will be
applied to measure the right dimension of the bow-tie patch antenna design. A bowtie patch antenna design with complementary split ring resonator will be designed,
simulated, optimization in the CST Microwave Studio software.
Next, for the fabrication of the antenna, the layout of the antennas will be
prepared. The fabrication was done by using the FR-4 substrate with dielectric
constant, r = 4.3 at a frequency of 2.4 GHz for Wireless LAN and expected return
loss better than - 10 dB. The fabrication antenna will be analyzed to verify the theory
and model that has been made. The parameter involve in this stage is return loss,
bandwidth, radiation pattern and the gain of the patch antenna.
5
1.5
Methodology
The first process in this project is the literature review. The review is to
gather the information regarding bow-tie antenna via an IEEE journal, books,
internet, journals, published work, reference books, magazine and study of the
software implementation CST Microwave Studio.
The second process is a design of bowtie patch antenna with a new structure
of complementary split ring resonator at 2.4 GHz for wireless LAN application. The
designing and calculation processes are referring to the literature reviews that have
been done in previous process. Then, the design was simulated with CST Microwave
Studio to get the return loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern and the gain of the patch
antenna. The normal bow-tie antenna is designed first then followed by a bow-tie
patch antenna with complementary split ring resonator.
After that, the layout of the antennas is prepared before being fabricated. The
simulated antenna was fabricated on FR4 board with dielectric constant, r=4.3,
tangential loss, tan
=0.019 and thickness, h=1.6mm. The fabrication process
consists of three steps which is UV exposure, developing, and etching. After
fabrication, the SMA port will be connected and soldered to the antenna for
measurement purpose.
Next, is the measurement process. The fabricated antenna parameter that will
be measured resonant frequency returns loss and bandwidth by using a network
analyzer while gain and radiation pattern is measured using the RF analyzer and horn
antenna as a transmitter. The result between simulation and measurement will be
compared and analyzed. The last step is the report writing as shows in Figure 1.4.
6
Start
Literature studies on metamaterial (split
ring resonator)
Literature studies on microstrip
patch antenna
Modeling on the existing and new structure
of split ring resonator using mathematical
formula and equivalent circuit
Modeling a microstrip patch
antenna using mathematical formula
Modeling on patch antenna
incorporated with CSRR structure
Simulation of patch antenna
incorporated with CSRR structure
No
Achieved requirement for – 10 dB in
return loss and high gain in simulation
setup
Yes
Fabrication of microstrip patch antenna incorporated of
Measurement on return loss performance of the fabricated
microstrip patch antenna incorporated of CSRR
No
Achieved the same return
loss result as simulation
Yes
Analyze raw data and writing the report
End
Figure 1.4: Flow Chart for the Antenna Project
7
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will discuss about the fact and information about bow-tie
antenna and development of the complementary split ring resonator.
2.1
Overview of Antenna
Around the 1830s, the early examination that encompassed the coupling of
electricity and magnetism and displayed a definitive connection was that completed
by Faraday. He skidded a magnetic concerning the coils of a wire attached to a
galvanometer. In advancing the magnet, he was in result crafting a time-varying
magnetic earth, that as a consequence (from Maxwell's Equations), have to have had
a time-varying mechanical field. The coil replaced as a loop antenna and consented
the electromagnetic radiation that was consented by the galvanometer - the work of
an antenna. Interestingly, the believed of electromagnetic waves had not even been
believed up at this point.
Antenna scrutiny and progress in the past hundred years as the epoch-making
examination of Ben Franklin's kite, verifying the attendance of electromagnetic
waves, has elevated in different surges. Ben Franklin's kite examination wasn't quite
an antenna, as that seized lightning discharge, that is a manage present trail whereas
the power is not transferred autonomous of the medium it travels. The human eye of
sequence receives elevated frequency electromagnetic waves. Technically the eye
8
might be categorized as an antenna; though as it can't send waves, it is truly a sensor
[7].
In the 1860s, when James Clerk Maxwell, fused electricity and magnetism
into electromagnetism, he delineated light as and proved it to be an electromagnetic
phenomenon. He forecasted the attendance of electromagnetic waves at wireless
frequencies that is at far lower frequency than light. In 1886, Maxwell was proven
right by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who lacking comprehending it himself crafted the
early ever wireless arrangement, encompassing of a transmitter and a receiver [8].
An antenna is the interface amid transmitter line and space. The frank
believed to comprehend considering antennas is that they are passive devices. It’s
because, to work, they need no supply voltage. As well that, they do neither change
nor procedure RF gesture exceptionally to amplify the power of RF signals. In the
supplementary word, an antenna merely converts an electromagnetic gesture to an
mechanical gesture at a receiver or mechanical gesture to an electromagnetic gesture
at a transmitter [9].
If they are 100 % effectual, they exude no extra manipulation than is held to
their input terminal. This is because all the power of the gesture is definitely
absorbing. An antenna can be described as a conductor utilized for exuding
electromagnetic power into space or for accumulating electromagnetic power from
space. In broadband wireless, there are countless kinds of antennas obtainable to suit
the necessities of the application. The main aspect of antenna selection is normally
gain, but equally vital criteria contain such things as beamwidth, side and rear lobe
rejection, cross-polarity isolation, and VSWR (voltage erect wave ratio).
2.2
Bow-tie Antenna
The bow-tie structure was first proposed by J. George in 1996. The bow-tie
patch actually is the combination of imaginary image of two triangular patches which
are fabricated on a single substrate [10]. A bowtie antenna was also made from a bitriangular sheet of metal with the feed at its vertex [11]. Bow tie antennas, which
basically are the limiting case of bi- triangular antennas, are attractive mainly due to
their simplicity and wideband property. A bow-tie antenna is actually a flat version
9
of bi- triangular dipole antenna. These antennas have many advantages such as low
fabrication cost, high radiation efficiency, ease of manufacturing & low profile [12].
Bow-tie microstrip antennas have come to be appealing candidates in the
present day communication scenario due to their compact nature compared to
rectangular patches. The ever rising demand for compact wireless communication
equipment explicitly necessitates research on compact antenna options and which
sparked interest of many researchers worldwide in the field of bow-tie patch
antennas. Though in the literature, only very few attempts have been made towards
the analysis of this kind antenna. The bow-tie patch antenna as a compact one and
counselled an empirical formula for the resonant frequency of this new geodesy. This
kind of antenna is utilized extensively in many applications such as ground
penetrating radar, wireless communications and mobile station.
The bow-tie antenna has a narrow bandwidth because it is an example of a
travelling wave structure; the analysis of a theoretical infinite antenna resembles that
of a transmission line. For an infinite antenna, the characteristic impedance at the
point of connection is a purpose of the cone angle only and is autonomous of the
frequency. Useful antennas have finite length and a definite resonant frequency.
Bow-tie antennas are often frequently utilized in electromagnetic interference (EMI)
assessing whichever for immunity assessing or emissions testing [13]. The main
advantages of bow-tie antennas are easy design and broadband impedance. Bow-tie
antenna has been extensively learned in wireless system due to its advantages, such
as broad impedance bandwidth, easy construction, light weight, easy to build and low
cost. Moreover, effortlessly flexible to hybrid and monolithic microwave
consolidated route fabrication method at RF and microwave frequencies. Meanwhile,
alongside the quick progress of mobile communications, the enhance of secondgeneration mobile communications to third-generation mobile communications is
becoming inevitable [14].
For instant, bow-tie antenna has a bigger bandwidth than rectangular antenna,
or wide rectangular antenna has a bigger bandwidth than narrow one. The Bowtie
patch antenna has bigger bandwidth [15], higher gain, lower front to back ratio,
lower cross polarization level and is smaller in size compared to similar rectangular
antenna. Disparate methods have been utilized to enhance the bandwidth, gain, return
loss and directivity of the bow-tie antenna, such as impedance matching technique,
imposing different resonator, reduction of radiation efficiency, slot and add the
RESONATOR
SITI AISHAH BINTI ROSLI
This Report Is Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Bachelor Degree
of Electronic Engineering (Wireless Communication)
Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
June 2013
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKULTI KIJI.IRUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEruRUTERAAN KOMPUTER
BORANG PENGESAIIAII STATUS LAPORAN
PROJEK SARJANA MUDA
II
DESIGN A BOW-TIE PATCH ANTENNA WITH
COMPLEMENTARY SPLIT RING RESONATOR
Tajuk Projek
Sesi
I
Pengajian
2
1
3
Saya SITI AISHAH BINTI ROSLI
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syaratsyarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1.
2.
3.
Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran
ar:rJ"ata
institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4.
Silatandakan(
E
E
a
{ ),
SUI,TT*
*(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSTA RASMr 1972)
TERHAD**
+*(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
TIDAK TERHAD
e>
(TANDATANCAN PENULIS)
PIOI. TADYA M. SADRIT. HIs}OT
BIT{
AHf,AO
TII{IAI.AN PENGARAH
Pusat Bimbinoan Kcriaya & Kcbolehpasaran
Peiatat Jarinoin lrdusiri Dan Masyarakat (PJIM)
'
tu,iut, 2.1./.6.1zolz
Tarikh:
Univcrliti Tcknikal Malaysia irlelaka
etlc,l
'" "t
1
Ij
111
"I hereby
declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as
cited in the reference"
signature
, SY'
Author
: SITI
Date
: 21 JUNE 2013
AISHAH BINTI ROSLI
1V
"I hereby
declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is
sufficient in terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic
Engineering (Wireless Communication) With Honours"
Supervisor's Name: ASSOC. PROF. DR.
AHMAD
:
2l JUNE 2013
BADRUL HISHAM BIN
v
“For my dad, mum and siblings”
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am grateful to the Almighty with His grace and guidance that I was able to
complete this thesis.
I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to
my guide (Assoc. Prof. Dr. Badrul Hisham Bin Ahmad) for her exemplary guidance,
monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this project. The
blessing, help and guidance given by him from time to time shall carry me a long
way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I would like to thank everyone who involved directly and indirectly in this
project. The sacrifice and commitment given towards me earning my bachelor’s
degree are indescribable and without them, this thesis would not be completed.
Finally, I also thank my parents and family for their unceasing
encouragement and support throughout all my studies at UTeM.
vii
ABSTRACT
This project is focus on designing a bow-tie patch antenna with
complementary split ring resonator to increase gain and reduce the size of the
antenna compare to the existing patch antenna without complementary split ring
resonator structure. Bow-tie microstrip antennas has become one of the most popular
antennas used in the present day communication scenario due to their compact in
nature compared to rectangular patches. Design of bow-tie patch antenna with
complementary split ring resonator is based on a design of bi-triangular element
microstrip antenna. The bow-tie patch actually is the combination of imaginary
image of two triangular patches which are fabricated on a single substrate with
complementary split ring resonator. The bow-tie patch antenna with complementary
split ring resonator has been designed for wireless LAN communication, where the
operating frequency is at 2.4 GHz. This project was divided into a few parts. Firstly
is designing the antenna using CST Microwave Studio where it involves a matching
network with the microstrip transmission feeding line. Then simulations were done
to observe the return loss and radiation pattern of the antenna. Lastly project will
proceed with hardware development by fabricating the antenna and compare between
the simulation and measurement.
viii
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah memberi tumpuan kepada bentuk antena bow-tie dengan
tampalan cincin berpecah resonator untuk meningkatkan keuntungan dan
mengurangkan saiz antena berbanding antena tampalan sedia ada tanpa struktur
cincin berpecah resonator. Antena mikrojalur bow-tie adalah antara antena yang
banyak digunakan dalam scenario komunikasi semasa disebabkan oleh sifatnya yang
kecil berbanding dengan mikrojalur segi empat. Permintaan yang tinggi untuk
peralatan
komunikasi
tanpa
wayar
jelas
memerlukan
penyelidikan
untuk
menghasilkan antena segi tiga. Antena bow-tie dengan tampalan cincin berpecah
resonator adalah berasaskan reka bentuk dua antena segi tiga. Antenna mikrojalur
bow-tie adalah gabungan dua segi tiga yang dipadankan dalam satu substrat dengan
tampalan cincin berpecah resonator. Di dalam projek ini antena bow-tie dengan
tampalan cincin berpecah resonator telah direka bentuk untuk aplikasi rangkaian
kawasan setempat (LAN) di mana frekuensi pengendaliannya adalah pada frekuensi
2.4 GHz. Projek ini juga telah dibahagikan kepada beberapa bahagian. Pertama
adalah reka bentuk antena menggunakan perisian gelombang mikro yang melibatkan
pertimbangan penyepadanan galangan dengan mikrostrip. Kedua adalah simulasi
bertujuan melihat perubahan kehilangan kembali dan bentuk sinaran antena
berkenaan. Akhir sekali projek ini diteruskan dengan proses fabrikasi antena dan
seterusnya perbandingan antara keputusan simulasi dan fabrikasi.
ix
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
I
II
CONTENTS
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE
i
REPORT STATUS VERIFICATION
ii
STUDENT’S DECLARATION
iii
SUPERVISIOR DECLARATION
iv
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
CONTENT
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF TABLES
xiv
LIST OF ABBREVAIATION
xv
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Introduction on a Rectenna
1
1.2 Objectives
3
1.3 Problems Statement
4
1.4 Project Scope
4
1.5 Methodology
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
7
2.1 Overview of Antenna
2.2 Bow-Tie Antenna
7
8
x
III
2.3 Split Ring Resonator (SRR)
10
2.4 Complementary Split ring Resonator
12
2.5 Antenna Parameter
13
2.5.1
Gain
14
2.5.2
Input Impedance
15
2.5.3
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
16
2.5.4 Directivity
17
2.5.5 Bandwidth
17
2.5.6 Polarization
18
2.5.7 Radiation Pattern and 3dB Beamwidth
20
2.5.8 Antenna Efficiency
20
METHODOLOGY
22
3.1 Software
23
3.2 Materials
24
3.2.1 Photoresist Board
24
3.2.2 SMA Connector
24
3.2.3 SMA Adapter
25
3.3 Equipment
25
3.3.1 Network Analyzer
25
3.32
Signal Generator
25
3.33
RF Cable
26
3.34
Horn Antenna
26
3.4 Design Specifications
27
3.5 Antenna Design
28
3.6 Antenna Design Simulation Process
31
3.6.1 Normal Bow-Tie Patch Antenna
31
3.6.2 Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with CSRR Design
34
3.6.3 Preparing The Layout
34
3.6.4 Etching Process
35
3.6.5 Measurement Procedure
36
xi
IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
39
4.1 Normal Bow-Tie Patch Antenna Design
39
4.1.1 Characteristic of Antenna(Return Loss)
40
4.1.2 Bandwidth
42
4.1.3 Surface Current
43
4.1.4 Directivity and Gain
44
4.1.5 Radiation Pattern
44
Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with Complementary Split
45
Ring Resonator Design
4.2
V
4.2.1
Characteristic of Antenna(Return Loss)
46
4.2.2
Bandwidth
48
4.2.3
Surface Current
48
4.2.4
Directivity and Gain
49
4.2.5
Radiation Pattern
50
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
51
5.1 Conclusion
51
5.2 Recommendation
52
REFERENCES
53
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Titles
Pages
3.1
FR4 Board Parameter
24
3.2
Design specification
27
3.3
Characteristics of Antenna
29
4.1
Dimension of Normal Bow-Tie Patch Antenna Design
40
4.2
Dimension of Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with CSRR Design
45
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1.1
Titles
A simplified representation of a system for transmission and
pages
2
reception
1.2
Bow-tie antenna
3
1.3
Split ring resonator structure of the antenna design
3
1.4
Flow Chart for the Antenna Project
6
2.1
Structures of SRR tube
10
2.2
Pendry’s SRR and the equivalent circuit
11
2.3
Complementary split ring structure and equivalent circuit
13
2.4
Thevenin equivalent of an Antenna
15
2.5
Types of Polarization
19
2.6
Antenna reference terminals
21
3.1
CST microwave studio software
23
3.2
Corel DRAW 12 software
23
3.3
Photoresist board
24
3.4
SMA connecter
24
3.5
SMA adapter
25
3.6
Network Analyzer
25
3.7
Signal Generator
25
3.8
RF Cable
26
3.9
Horn Antenna
27
3.10
Dimension of Bow-tie Patch Antenna
28
3.11
Substrate Design
32
3.12
Ground Design
32
xiv
3.13
Patch Design
32
3.14
Waveguide port design
33
3.15
Transient Solver Parameters
33
3.16
Normal Bow-Tie Patch Antenna
33
3.17
Bow-Tie Patch Antenna with CSRR Design
34
3.18
Antenna in UV Exposure Machine
35
3.19
Circuit Developer Chemical
35
3.20
Etching Machine
36
3.21
Drying Process
36
3.22
Calibration Setup and Antenna Measurement
37
3.23
Measurement Equipment
37
3.24
During Antenna Measurement
38
4.1
Layout of Antenna
39
4.2
Structure of Antenna
39
4.3
Return Loss by Simulation, Measurement
41
4.4
Bandwidth
43
4.5
Surface Current
43
4.6
Gain of Antenna
44
4.7
Polar View Radiation Pattern of Antenna
45
4.8
Layout of Antenna
45
4.9
Structure of Antenna
45
4.10
Return Loss by Simulation, Measurement
46
4.11
Bandwidth
48
4.12
Surface Current
49
4.13
Gain of Antenna
49
4.14
Polar View Radiation Pattern of Antenna
50
4.15
Position Polar Horn Antenna x E plane Patch Antenna
50
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
WLAN
-Wireless Local Area Network
WiMAX
-Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
RFID
- Radio Frequency Identification
FR4
-Flame Retardant 4
RF
-Radio Frequency
PDA
-Personal Digital Assistant
SMA
-Sub Miniature Version A
PCB
-Printed Circuit Board
CST
-Computer Simulation Technology
UV
-Ultra Violet
HPBW
-Half Power Beamwidth
FNBW
-First Null Beamwidth
CP
-Circular Polarization
SWR
- Standing Wave Ratio
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will give an overview concerning the project as project
background, project objective, project scope, project methodology and summary of
the project. This chapter will additionally clarify briefly the overall project progress
from beginning until the project is complete.
1.1
Introduction
Due to the development of wireless technology very fast, the broadband
antenna technology has devised small antenna and power are necessarily used in
many applications of communication such as Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
for 2400MHz, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) for
2500 MHz to 2800MHz, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) for 2450 MHz
frequency range and others [1]. On the other hand, consumption requirement of small
antenna which is very high for mobile phone users, PDA, laptop and notebook are
incorporated with WI-Fi technologies to connect.
Antenna as a device designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic energy,
matching these sources of energy and the space as shows in Figure 1.1. However, an
antenna is an important instrument in wireless communication systems used to
transport electromagnetic energy from the transmitting source to the antenna or from
2
the antenna to the receiver, it also often called radiant systems. A good antenna
design is an antenna that can fulfill system requirements and improve overall system
performance [2]. The original information is changed, for example through some
kind of modulation and treatment, and still conveyed or guided by a cable to the
antenna.
Antenna
Space
Cable
Transmitter
Receiver
Figure 1.1: A simplified representation of a system for transmission and reception
In the future communication system, there will be a lot of demand to improve
antenna performance due to increasing users, demand for higher speed in information
transfer and the improvement in communication system technology. High bandwidth
is one of the performance parameter because much wider bandwidth antenna will be
needed when the frequency ranges is increasing than the originally required.
This project is focusing on designing a bow-tie patch antenna with
complementary split ring resonator to increase gain and reduce the size of the
antenna compare to the existing patch antenna without complementary split ring
resonator structure [3]. A bow-tie antenna is based on a bi-triangular sheet of metal
with the feed at its vertex as shows in Figure 1.2. This type of antenna is utilized
extensively in many applications such as ground penetrating radar and mobile
station. Bow-tie antennas have many advantages such as low profile, high radiation
efficiency, ease of manufacturing and low fabrication cost [4]. Comparison between
the bow-tie and fractal antenna shows that the bow-tie antenna has a wider
bandwidth, higher gain, lower front-to-back ratio, lower cross-polarization level and
smaller in size [5].
3
Figure 1.2: Bow-tie antenna
Split ring resonators (SRRs) structure is used to produce the negative
permittivity or/and negative permeability as shows in Figure 1.3. This structure can
be applied in many applications such as antenna, filter and microwave absorber. In
1999 by Pendry is the first man to develop a split ring resonator-base artificial
negative magnetic permeability medium [1]. In the year of 2000, there was the first
left hand medium (LHM) was developed with both negative permittivity and
permeability by combining this structure with the array of strip wires (SW) [6].
Figure 1.3: Split ring resonator structure of the antenna design
1.2
Objectives
The objectives of this project are to design bow–tie antenna with a new
structure of split ring resonator at 2.4 GHz for wireless LAN application. Besides
that, the other objective is to investigate the behavior of bow-tie antenna properties
and to analyze the characteristic impedance, return loss and radiation pattern of the
bow-tie antenna.
4
1.3
Problems Statement
This project is undertaken as a solution for how to increase gain and
miniaturize the size of the bow-tie patch antenna design. In applications where size,
weight, cost, performance, ease of installation, and aerodynamic profile are
constrained, low profile antennas like a bow-tie patch antenna with split ring
resonator are required. Bow-tie patch antenna inherently has narrow bandwidth (BW)
and in general is half-wavelength structures.
Meanwhile, bow-tie patch antenna with split ring resonator have several
advantages over microstrip patch antenna such as exhibit wider bandwidth, lower
dispersion and radiation loss, higher gain, lower front-to-back ratio, lower crosspolarization level and smaller in size.
1.4
Project Scope
The scope of this project involves the design, implementation and testing of
bowtie patch antenna with split ring resonator. It can be divided into 5 main phases,
which are designed the bowtie patch antenna with a new structure of complementary
split ring resonator at 2.4 GHz for wireless LAN application. The bow-tie patch
actually is the combination of imaginary image of two triangular patches which are
fabricated on a single substrate. The design of bow-tie microstrip antenna is based on
the design of triangular microstrip antenna with complementary split ring resonator.
Since the dimension of bow-tie microstrip antenna, calculation and formula will be
applied to measure the right dimension of the bow-tie patch antenna design. A bowtie patch antenna design with complementary split ring resonator will be designed,
simulated, optimization in the CST Microwave Studio software.
Next, for the fabrication of the antenna, the layout of the antennas will be
prepared. The fabrication was done by using the FR-4 substrate with dielectric
constant, r = 4.3 at a frequency of 2.4 GHz for Wireless LAN and expected return
loss better than - 10 dB. The fabrication antenna will be analyzed to verify the theory
and model that has been made. The parameter involve in this stage is return loss,
bandwidth, radiation pattern and the gain of the patch antenna.
5
1.5
Methodology
The first process in this project is the literature review. The review is to
gather the information regarding bow-tie antenna via an IEEE journal, books,
internet, journals, published work, reference books, magazine and study of the
software implementation CST Microwave Studio.
The second process is a design of bowtie patch antenna with a new structure
of complementary split ring resonator at 2.4 GHz for wireless LAN application. The
designing and calculation processes are referring to the literature reviews that have
been done in previous process. Then, the design was simulated with CST Microwave
Studio to get the return loss, bandwidth, radiation pattern and the gain of the patch
antenna. The normal bow-tie antenna is designed first then followed by a bow-tie
patch antenna with complementary split ring resonator.
After that, the layout of the antennas is prepared before being fabricated. The
simulated antenna was fabricated on FR4 board with dielectric constant, r=4.3,
tangential loss, tan
=0.019 and thickness, h=1.6mm. The fabrication process
consists of three steps which is UV exposure, developing, and etching. After
fabrication, the SMA port will be connected and soldered to the antenna for
measurement purpose.
Next, is the measurement process. The fabricated antenna parameter that will
be measured resonant frequency returns loss and bandwidth by using a network
analyzer while gain and radiation pattern is measured using the RF analyzer and horn
antenna as a transmitter. The result between simulation and measurement will be
compared and analyzed. The last step is the report writing as shows in Figure 1.4.
6
Start
Literature studies on metamaterial (split
ring resonator)
Literature studies on microstrip
patch antenna
Modeling on the existing and new structure
of split ring resonator using mathematical
formula and equivalent circuit
Modeling a microstrip patch
antenna using mathematical formula
Modeling on patch antenna
incorporated with CSRR structure
Simulation of patch antenna
incorporated with CSRR structure
No
Achieved requirement for – 10 dB in
return loss and high gain in simulation
setup
Yes
Fabrication of microstrip patch antenna incorporated of
Measurement on return loss performance of the fabricated
microstrip patch antenna incorporated of CSRR
No
Achieved the same return
loss result as simulation
Yes
Analyze raw data and writing the report
End
Figure 1.4: Flow Chart for the Antenna Project
7
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter will discuss about the fact and information about bow-tie
antenna and development of the complementary split ring resonator.
2.1
Overview of Antenna
Around the 1830s, the early examination that encompassed the coupling of
electricity and magnetism and displayed a definitive connection was that completed
by Faraday. He skidded a magnetic concerning the coils of a wire attached to a
galvanometer. In advancing the magnet, he was in result crafting a time-varying
magnetic earth, that as a consequence (from Maxwell's Equations), have to have had
a time-varying mechanical field. The coil replaced as a loop antenna and consented
the electromagnetic radiation that was consented by the galvanometer - the work of
an antenna. Interestingly, the believed of electromagnetic waves had not even been
believed up at this point.
Antenna scrutiny and progress in the past hundred years as the epoch-making
examination of Ben Franklin's kite, verifying the attendance of electromagnetic
waves, has elevated in different surges. Ben Franklin's kite examination wasn't quite
an antenna, as that seized lightning discharge, that is a manage present trail whereas
the power is not transferred autonomous of the medium it travels. The human eye of
sequence receives elevated frequency electromagnetic waves. Technically the eye
8
might be categorized as an antenna; though as it can't send waves, it is truly a sensor
[7].
In the 1860s, when James Clerk Maxwell, fused electricity and magnetism
into electromagnetism, he delineated light as and proved it to be an electromagnetic
phenomenon. He forecasted the attendance of electromagnetic waves at wireless
frequencies that is at far lower frequency than light. In 1886, Maxwell was proven
right by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who lacking comprehending it himself crafted the
early ever wireless arrangement, encompassing of a transmitter and a receiver [8].
An antenna is the interface amid transmitter line and space. The frank
believed to comprehend considering antennas is that they are passive devices. It’s
because, to work, they need no supply voltage. As well that, they do neither change
nor procedure RF gesture exceptionally to amplify the power of RF signals. In the
supplementary word, an antenna merely converts an electromagnetic gesture to an
mechanical gesture at a receiver or mechanical gesture to an electromagnetic gesture
at a transmitter [9].
If they are 100 % effectual, they exude no extra manipulation than is held to
their input terminal. This is because all the power of the gesture is definitely
absorbing. An antenna can be described as a conductor utilized for exuding
electromagnetic power into space or for accumulating electromagnetic power from
space. In broadband wireless, there are countless kinds of antennas obtainable to suit
the necessities of the application. The main aspect of antenna selection is normally
gain, but equally vital criteria contain such things as beamwidth, side and rear lobe
rejection, cross-polarity isolation, and VSWR (voltage erect wave ratio).
2.2
Bow-tie Antenna
The bow-tie structure was first proposed by J. George in 1996. The bow-tie
patch actually is the combination of imaginary image of two triangular patches which
are fabricated on a single substrate [10]. A bowtie antenna was also made from a bitriangular sheet of metal with the feed at its vertex [11]. Bow tie antennas, which
basically are the limiting case of bi- triangular antennas, are attractive mainly due to
their simplicity and wideband property. A bow-tie antenna is actually a flat version
9
of bi- triangular dipole antenna. These antennas have many advantages such as low
fabrication cost, high radiation efficiency, ease of manufacturing & low profile [12].
Bow-tie microstrip antennas have come to be appealing candidates in the
present day communication scenario due to their compact nature compared to
rectangular patches. The ever rising demand for compact wireless communication
equipment explicitly necessitates research on compact antenna options and which
sparked interest of many researchers worldwide in the field of bow-tie patch
antennas. Though in the literature, only very few attempts have been made towards
the analysis of this kind antenna. The bow-tie patch antenna as a compact one and
counselled an empirical formula for the resonant frequency of this new geodesy. This
kind of antenna is utilized extensively in many applications such as ground
penetrating radar, wireless communications and mobile station.
The bow-tie antenna has a narrow bandwidth because it is an example of a
travelling wave structure; the analysis of a theoretical infinite antenna resembles that
of a transmission line. For an infinite antenna, the characteristic impedance at the
point of connection is a purpose of the cone angle only and is autonomous of the
frequency. Useful antennas have finite length and a definite resonant frequency.
Bow-tie antennas are often frequently utilized in electromagnetic interference (EMI)
assessing whichever for immunity assessing or emissions testing [13]. The main
advantages of bow-tie antennas are easy design and broadband impedance. Bow-tie
antenna has been extensively learned in wireless system due to its advantages, such
as broad impedance bandwidth, easy construction, light weight, easy to build and low
cost. Moreover, effortlessly flexible to hybrid and monolithic microwave
consolidated route fabrication method at RF and microwave frequencies. Meanwhile,
alongside the quick progress of mobile communications, the enhance of secondgeneration mobile communications to third-generation mobile communications is
becoming inevitable [14].
For instant, bow-tie antenna has a bigger bandwidth than rectangular antenna,
or wide rectangular antenna has a bigger bandwidth than narrow one. The Bowtie
patch antenna has bigger bandwidth [15], higher gain, lower front to back ratio,
lower cross polarization level and is smaller in size compared to similar rectangular
antenna. Disparate methods have been utilized to enhance the bandwidth, gain, return
loss and directivity of the bow-tie antenna, such as impedance matching technique,
imposing different resonator, reduction of radiation efficiency, slot and add the