AIRBORNE POLLUTANTS EMITTED FROM FLARING, THEIR DISPERSION AND IMPACTS ON AMBIENT AIR
d
e
10vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
LI
a t u r a l S c ie n c e a n d E n v ir o n m e n t vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW
Edited by
Miss Du Li
- P R E F A C E kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Dear Distinguished Delegates and Guests,
The Organizing Com m ittee warm ly welcom es our distinguished delegates and guests to
the 2014 International Conference on Natural Science and Environm ent (ICNSE 2014) held
on April 4-5, 2014 in Dubai, UAE.
ICNSE 2014 are sponsored by Asia-Pacific Chem ical, BiologicalvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
& Environm ental
Engineering Society (APCBEES), and supported by APCBEESM em bers and scholars from
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This proceeding records the fully refereed papers presented at the conference. The m ain
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W e would like to thank the program chairs, organization staff, and the m em bers of the
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W e are grateful to all those who have contributed to the success of ICNSE 2014. W e hope
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W e hope you have a unique, rewarding and enjoyable week at ICNSE 2014 in Dubai, UAE.
W ith our warmest regards,
The Organizing Committees
April 4-5, 2014
Dubai, UAE.
Organizing CommitteeskjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
Conference
Chairs
Dr. Saji Baby, Environm ental
GEO Environm ental
M anager (Research
Consultation,
Prof. Bogdan Zygm unt,
and Consultation) vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
& Principal Scientist,
Kuwait
Gdansk Univeristy of Technology,
Poland
Program Chair
& Research, Bhopal, INDIA
Parul Rishi, National Institute of Technical Teachers'Training
(2011 )
Prof. Chihhao Fan, M ing Chi University of Technology,
Assoc. Pro. Chi-Chung
Peng, Departm ent
Taiwan
of Biotechnology,
National Form osa
University,
Taiwan
Dr. PIYUSH M ALAVIYA,
University of Jam m u, India
KUM ARESAN LOGANATHAN,
POST DOCTORAL
RESEARCHER,
Taiwan
Contact Chair
Tracy Yang, Asia-Pacific
Chem ical,
Biological & Environm ental
Engineering
Society
Technical Com m ittee
W itawat Jangiam , Departm ent
of Chem ical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering,
Burapha
University, Thailand
Farzana Siddique, PM AS Arid Agriculture
Dr. Pradeep Balkrishna
university,
Pathak, Civil Engineering
Rawalpindi,
Departm ent
Pakistan
- University of Aveiro, Portugal
l.irn Hwee San, School of Physics, Universiti Sains M alaysia (USM ), 11800 Penang, M alaysia
Ham idreza Kam alan, Islam ic Azad University-Pardis
Dr. Nalini Sankararam akrishnan,
Branch, Iran
Centre for Environm ental
Sciences and Engineering,
Kanpur, INDIA
UM ER RASHID, UNIVERSITI
TEKNOLOGI
PETRONAS,
M ALAYSIA
liT
S. LAYA, BITS PILANI, DUBAI CAM PUS,
UAE
Rachain, Suranaree
University of Technology,
Ranjani Am arakoon,
University of Sri Jayawardenapura,
Se Jong Kim , Sangju Persim m on
Prof. Dr ASHA ARORA,
Experim ent
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Station, Korea
Deptt. of Botany & Biotechnology,
B.N.P.G.Girls
College, Udaipur,
India
SUJA GEORGE, M ALAVIYA
NATIONAL
INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
JAIPUR,
INDIA
T a b le o f C o n t e n t s vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Nesting Strategy in the Green Turtle,edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
C h e lo n ia m y d a s , during High and Low Nesting
Peaks at Ras Al-Hadd, Oman
M ahm oud,
1. Y a , A l-B a h r y , S N ., A l-M u s h a r a ji,
S .K ., A l-A m r i,
1.S.
Environmental Effects and Health Risks due to Overuse of Underground Water in Arid
6
Regions
A l-M u s h a r a ji, S K .,
M a h m o u d , kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1. Y , A l-B a h r y , S N .
Soil Quality Appraisal in the Rural and Urban Areas of Thiruvananthapuram
District,
12
Kerala, South India
L a k s h m y , K .S a n d J a y a , D . S
Carbon Obtained from the Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires as a Cheap Adsorbent for Lead Ion
18
Removal from Water
M e r c e d e h M a le k z a d e h ,
S a e e d T a g h v a e i-G a n ja li,
S a m ir a S h a r ifp o u r -K a lu
Airborne Pollutants Emitted from Flaring, Their Dispersion and Impacts on Ambient Air
A r ie fS a b d o
23
Yuw ono
Oil Removal from Produced Water Using Surfactant Modified Eggshell
M u h a m m a d , 1. M , E l-N a fa ty ,
U . A ., A b d u ls a la m ,
S , M a k a r ji,
28
Y 1., LKJIHGFEDCBA
Ib ra h im , M
Impact of Technology Transfer on Industrial Risk Management: The Case of the Textile
41
Industry in Algeria
M ARREF Souad, BAH M ED
L y lia , B E N O U D J IT
A z e d d in e ,
L O N D IC H E
H onri
Establishing an Environmental Behavior Pattern for the Green Education of College
Students: Using Emerging Contaminants
47
as an Example
T a i-Y i Y u a n d T a i-K u e i Y u
The Effect ofInfrared Light Exposure on B r a s s ic a r a p a Biomass
52
A ndrew H uang
Use of Factor Analysis to Evaluate the Water Quality of Gala Lake National Park (Edirne,
Turkey)
C e m T o k a tlt, E s e n g u l K o s e , O z g u r E m iro g lu , A r z u C ic e k
58
Utilising Physical Model for Design Assessment: Proposed Alterations of Ba tu Dam,
63
MalaysiaedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
S a ifu l B a h r i H ., M o h d K a m a r u l H u d a S ; M o h d F a u z i M .
Bukit Bunuh, Malaysia for Possible Meteorite Impact Study Using 2-D Electrical
Resistivity
M a r k J in m in , R o s li S a a d , M o k h ta r
68
S a id in
Determination of Some Ionic Surfactants in Aquatic Environment by Ion
73
Chromatography
E w a O lk o w s k a , Z a n e ta P o lk o w s k a ,
Bogdan
Zygm unt
Statistical Analysis of Long Term Temporal Trends of Precipitation and Temperature in
78
Wainganga Sub-basin, India
A run K um ar T axak , A . R . M urum kar,
D .S . A r y a
Richness, Abundance and Diveristy ofInsect
Species Associated with the Galls of Two
84
Varieties of S y z y g iu m g u in e e n s e in the Amurum Forest Reserve, Nigeria
M w a n s a t, kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
G. S, G w o m , G. T , C h a s k d a , A .A
Recuperation of Silver from Wastewater of Miroiterie ofThenia
N a im a G h e m m it-D o u la c h e ,
N a s s im a
(Algeria)
M o r s li, N a d ia S lim a n i
Water Loss from Soil and Water Absorbing Geocomposite
K r z y s z to J LKJIHGFEDCBA
L e jc u s , J o la n ta D q b r o w s k a ,
90
D a n ie l G a r lik o w s k i,
96
L eszek K ordas
Detection of Cavities and Weak Zones underneath the Break Pressure Tanks at
102
An-Nuwfaliyah, Libya
F a th i A . S w a id a n d K h a le d
E lm a h is h i
Analysis of Drought Conditions for Sindh Province: January - July (2012)
B u s h r a K h a lid , M in h a N a s e e r , S id r a S h a h b a z
109
K h a n , A y e s h a K h a lid , Q a is e r S u lta n a
Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water of Malkhed Lake, Dist. Amravati,
Maharashtra, India
115
D r . S h a m a l D o ifo d e a n d D r . S u r e s h R e w a tk a r
Reuse of Olive Cake as Low Cost Adsorbent to Eliminate Co (11) from Water Media
M A A c k a c h a a n d M A F a r ja lla h
120
Study of the Insects Diversity in MorzokedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
127
M o h a m e d A li K o te la
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Determination
in Some Samples of Bottled Water
from Misurata, Libya: Correlation with Some Physiochemical
F a tm a
S.
133
Parameters
E ld u r r a t, Ib r a h im
M A l.a s s a w i,
A b d u ls a la m
A . E m s im ir ,
a n d N w a r a A . M o fta h
Prospects of Green-Roofs in Bangladesh and Asian Practices
141
M a h m u d A m in , M d . N a jiu r R a h m a n , M o s to fa N a jm u s S a k ib
Investigation of the Veterinary Drug Adsorption Characteristics
by Live Activated Sludge
150
S e r p i/ S a v c t
Wetland Cultivation (Gardening) and Rural Household Food Security: Evidence from
156
Zimbabwe
T a r u v in g a A a n d M u s h u n je
A
Adsorption Study of Bio-degradable
Natural Sorbents for Remediation of Water from
162
Crude Oil
Is a m A . H . A l Z u b a id y ,
U m a im a h Z a fJ a r ,.N a w s h a d
V a r u g h e s e ,. R a n ia A h m e d ,.A m m a r a
C how dhury,
N a d ia M u s ta fa ,
S h a h id .R a s h id A li A lh a r m o u d i,.E lr o n
Vandhana
E dgar G om es
Novel Desulfurization Process of Heavy Fuel oil Using Surfactant
168
Is a m A l Z u b a id y , G n e i L u b n a M a r ja n , H ib a C h e k k a th , Z e in a b H a m a d , A r e e j A r e f H a s s ib a ,
L in a Y o u s s e f E l C h e ik h , J a w a r ia
S a if
FTIR and XRD Characterized Portland Cement Stabilised Lead Contaminated
M H a s s a n , J M K h a tib , P S
Soil
173
of Currently Used Pesticides in Fruits and
179
M a n g a t, P H E
Multiresidue Methods for Determination
G a r d in e r
Vegetables Using QuEChERS Technique
M a r e k B iz iu k a n d J o la n la
S to c k a
Heating Indoor Swimming Pool Using Solar Energy with Evacuated Collectors
185
A hm ad A boushi and A beer A bu R aed
A Study of the Effect of Building Designs on Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaption
(Case Study of lIT Roorkee)
R e p a u l K a n ji, S o n a m S a h u , R o b in A g a r w a l
191
Architecture Based on the Model Compatible with Olgay Climate for Tabriz-IranedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC
197
H a s s a n S a tta r i S a r b a n g h o li
a n d S a h a r T o o /a n
A Comparative Study between Art Nouveau and Bionic
201
S a h a r T o o /a n a n d H a s s a n S a tta r i S a r b a n g h o li
Antibacterial Activity and Total Flavonoid of M a u li B a n a n a s Stem
206
M a h a r a n i L a illy z a A p r ia s a r i, LKJIHGFEDCBA
Is k a n d a r, E k o S u h a r to n o
Estimation of above Ground Biomass of Trees in BITS-PILANI, Dubai Campus
V iv in K a rth ik ; M o h a m e d
E b r a h im ,
D r . G e e th a
Diversity of Blue-Green Algae (N o s to c a le s and P s e u d a n a b a e n a le s )
Kerala, South India
B in o y T T h o m a s a n d J o s e p h
A te le r ix a lg ir u s
211
of the Tropical Soils,
219
G eorge R ay
Ectoparasites of El-Kala National Park (Algeria)
225
F a r id a B e c ir , M 'b a re k C h e to u i, Id ir B ita m a n d Z ih a d B o u s la m a
Author Index
231
Available
online at www.scienccdircct.com
SciVerse ScienceDirectDCBA
ELSEVIER
APCBEE
APCBEE
P r o c e d ia
ProcediakjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
00 (2014) OOO--DOO
www.elsevier.com/locate/proccdia
2014 International Conference on Natural Science and Environment (ICNSE 2014)
A ir b o r n e P o llu t a n t s E m it t e d f r o m F la r in g , T h e ir D is p e r s io n
and
I m p a c t s o n A m b ie n t A ir
Arief Sabdo Yuwono":"edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
n
D e p t. o f C iv il a n d E n v ir o n m e n ta l
E n g in e e r in g ,
B o g o r A g r ic u ltu r a l
U n iv e r s ily
(IP B ), P O B o x 2 2 0 B o g o r
1 6 0 0 2 , In d o n e s ia
Abstract
Airborne primary pollutants, i.e. sulphur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02) and carbon monoxideLKJIHGFEDCBA
(C O ) generated
by
waste gas flaring and their dispersion in ambient air were assessed. The calculated amount of the generated pollutants was
based on input of the flared waste gases and emission
factors according
to standards
compiled
by United State
Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA).
The dispersion of the emitted pollutants in ambient air was developed by
using Gaussian Dispersion Model and supported by wind speed data compiled by Indonesian
Agency for Meteorology,
Climatology and Geophysics
(BMKG).
Result of the assessment
indicated
that all airborne
primary
pollutant
concentrations in ambient air comply with the national standard i.e. PP No. 41/1999 pertaining on Air Pollution Control.
© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.Y. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific
Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society
K eyw ords:
airborne primary .'ollutant, ambient air, dispersion, emission, flaring
1 . I n tr o d u c tio n
Generally defined, flaring is gas combustion practiced in petroleum refineries, chemical plants, natural gas
processing as well as at oil or gas production sites having oil wells, gas wells, offshore oil and gas rigs and
landfills. Waste gas is generated thereof and subsequently emitted into ambient air as a consequence of oil or
• Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-251-8627225;
fax: +62-251-8627225.
E -m a il a d d r e s s :a r ie f_ s a b d o 3 u w o n o @ y a h o o .c o .id .
23
2edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A r ie f S a b d o Y u w o n o / A P C B E E P r o c e d ia 0 0 (2 0 1 4 ) 0 0 0 -0 0 0
gas combustion during flaring process. The quantity and quality of the emitted airborne pollutants were
strongly depends on the combustion process input, i.e. oil or gas. The most important environmental
impact
issue of flaring is ambient air quality change due to the emitted waste gases into the atmosphere.
Hence,
prudent design and monitoring
of flaring process is very critical in order to ensure that the process is
environmentally safe and comply with the pertinent national as well as local (provincial
or municipal)
standards. The objective of the paper is firstly to predict the emitted primary airborne pollutants resulted from
flaring, and secondly, to predict their dispersion in the ambient air surrounding the flaring site. This is a study
case of waste gas flaring in an oil and gas company located in Natuna Islands, Republic of Indonesia.
2. Methods
Airborne pollutants in this study case were limited on three (3) main airborne parameters,
i.e. sulphur
dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02) and carbon monoxide (CO). The threshold limits of the relevant
parameters of ambient' air gas concentration
refer to national regulation namely pp No. 41/1999 pertaining on
Air Pollution Control. The quantity of the emitted pollutants released into the ambient air was calculated that
was based on the definitions and assumptions as follows:
• Gas combustion rate used to determine pollutants generation during flaring process was 0.3 MMSCFD
(million standard cubic feet per day) [Ref. Company X]
• Emission factors for S02, N02 and CO refer to US-EPA (United States Environmental
Protection Agency)
Standard, AP-42 Chapter 5, Petroleum Refineries
• Average monthly wind speed (i.e. 1.9 m/s), used to support pollutant dispersion simulation was based on
climatology data compiled during 12 years by National Agency for Meteorology,
Climatology
and
Geophysics (BM KG) of Indonesia.
• Stack height as pollutant point source was 30 m above ground level.
Pollutant dispersion
follows [I ]-[4]:
ex
z
in the ambient
air was simulated
by using Gaussian
exp[-~[L)21{exp[-~(Z -
dispersion
exp[_~(Z
model (Equation
I) as
kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
=
Q
H J2] +
+ H J2]} LKJIHGFEDCBA
( .Y .)
2 7 r0 '
0'
Y
z
U
2
0'
Y
2
0'
z
2
0'
z
On the ground level, however, the above mentioned expression of the pollutant
plume height is H, y = 0 and z = 0 becomes simpler (Equation 2) as follows:
C(x .y .z ) --
Q
U
7 r0 'y 0 ' z
e
xp[
I
---2
(1)
concentration
where the
( )2]
H
0' z
(2)
Where C(x,y,z) is concentration of gas at any point coordinate (x,y,z) [g lm 3]; Q is stack emission rate [g/s];
cry and crz are dispersion coefficient according to Pasquill-Gifford
curve [m]; U is wind speed [m/s]; y is
distance of any point along the y-axis to the centre line [m]; z is vertical distance along z-axis from centre line
[m], and H is plume height from the ground level [m].
24
A r ie f S a b d o
Yuw ono/ APC BEE
P r o e e d ia
0 0 (2 0 1 4 ) 0 0 0 -0 0 0
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
3
3. Results and Discussion
The amount of generated waste gas from flaring is presented in form of calculation sheet as shown in Table
I. Dispersions of the waste gases, i.e. S02, N02 and CO in the ambient air are presented in Fig. I, Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3. These figures were produced by using Gaussian dispersion model. Fig. I shows that the highest
concentration of S02 in the ambient air was reached at a radius of about 150 metres from the source. At this
point the ambient concentration of S02 was 285 ug/Nm ' whereas the threshold limit for this parameter
according to pp No. 41/1999 pertaining on Air Pollution Control is 365 ug/Nrrr'. The calculation result
indicated therefore that ambient concentration of sulphur dioxide (S02) was lower than that the prescribed
limit and hence comply with the regulation.
Table I. Calculation sheet of waste gas generated by flaring
Aspect
Amount of flared gas
Unit
Quantity
[MMSCFD]
03
[litre/day]
8.5* I06
S02
J
N02
CO
0.012
Emission factor"
[kg/IO litre]
0.077
0.054
Stack emission rate
[kg/day]
653.7
458.5
[ug/s]
7.6*10
6
53*10
101.9
1.2*10"
6
"= US-EPA Standard, AP-42. Chapter 5, Petroleum Refineries [5]
S02
kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
...J
--------
I
c":
'e
c"
)'0
< 0 LKJIHGFEDCBA
8
o
,gE
8
100
~ '
is
-
1-
· 200
\.J .
<
\,?
----~-~
\
r)
100
10;J
T
200
.~
300
-~-===-_ _==-=-=-
~
400
Distance
-o-----r
500
from
600
source
700
T
800
Fig. I. Dispersion of S02 in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas
7.6*106 ug/s; Average wind speed
=
900
1000
[rn]
1.9 m/s [Ref Tarempa Meteorology Station]; Stack height
=
=
0.3 MMSCFD; Stack emission rate
=
30 m).
In the environment S02 is known as one of primary air pollutants in ambient air. The gas in the air
originates from a number of sources such as coal and oil fired power plants and a lot of industrial processes
involving fossil fuel combustion [6]. Coal-fired power plants are the worst S02 polluters [7]. S02 is also
known as corrosive and poisonous gas. If the gas is released in the atmosphere then it could be converted
chemically into sulphate which is then deposited as acid rain. At high concentr tions, S02 affects breathing
and produces respiratory illness, alterations in the defences of the lungs and aggravation of exiting respiratory
and cardiovascular disease as well as produce foliar damage on trees and agricultural crops [8].
25
4edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A r ie f S a b d a .Y u w o n o /
APCBEE
P r o c e d ia
0 0 (2 0 1 4 )
ooo-ooo
Fig. 2 shows the dispersion of N02 in ambient air that was resulted from waste gas flaring. The highest
3
J .lg IN m which was reached at a distance ofkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
± 145 m from the source.
ambient concentration of N02 was 200LKJIHGFEDCBA
On the other site however, the threshold limit of this parameter is 150 J .lg IN m 3 according to pp No. 4111999.
Hence, the condition does not comply with the national standard. An appropriate solution such as stack height
change is accordingly necessary to manage the environmental
impact of the flaring. However, in area at a
distance of more than 190 m from the source, the ambient concentration
of N02 has been lower than the
pertinent standard.
The environmental impact of N02 release in the ambient air [8] showed that if the gas is inhaled, it can
irritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza. Secondly, continued or
frequent exposure to high concentrations
causes increased incidence of acute respiratory disease in children.
N02 is also an important precursor of both ozone and acidic precipitation and may affect both terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystem. Another research finding [9] showed that decrement in lung function indices associated
with increasing concentrations of particulate matter and N02•
Fig. 3 shows the carbon monoxide (CO) dispersion in the ambient air as caused by waste gas flaring. It
indicates that the highest ambient concentration
takes place at a distance of about 150 m from the source at a
concentration level merely 44 J .lg IN m 3 • If the standard for the relevant parameter according to pp No. 41/1999
is 10,000 ug/Nrrr', then the whole surrounding areas of the flare comply with the pertinent national standard.
N 02
~----..
1-,,1
'"
c
'E
100
c'"
1l
E
,g
0
s
c
1il
· 100
(5
10_
-200
-
100
~
~--~~-
T'"
200
300
400
-,
500
Distance
600
from source
700
~ -,
800
900
1000
Im )
Fig. 2. Dispersion of N02 in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas = 0.3 MMSCFD;
= 1.9 m/s [Ref. Tarernpa Meteorology Station]; Stack height = 30 m).
5.3*106 ug/s; Average wind speed
co
200 I
I
'"
c
~ ,)
I
1"
100
~
c
s
,gE
o
1lc
~
-100
i
-
(5
I
_
-200
I
--
..J
c-}
100
r
200
-:f~~~300
-
400
Distance
500
from
600
source
26
[rn]
700
800
900
1000
Stack emission rate =
A r ie f S a b d ti
Yuw ono/ APC BEE
P r o c e d ia
0 0 (2 0 1 4 ) 0 0 0 -0 0 0
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJI
5
Fig. 3. Dispersion of CO in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gaskjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
= 0.3 MMSCFD;
Stack emission rate =
1.2*10· ug/s; Average wind speed
=
= 30
1.9 m/s [Ref Tarempa Meteorology Station]; Stack height
m).
It has adverse effects on human health, replacing oxygen in the bloodstream and forming carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) [10]. If the percentage ofCO-Hb exceeds about 2 per cent, health is temporary impaired,
and this level occurs in people engaged in heavy physical activity if the ambient CO level is greater than
about 30 ppm (:::: 35,000 ug/Nrn ') [3]. The health threat is most serious for people who suffer from
cardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or peripheral vascular disease. Exposures to elevated
CO concentration are associated with impairment of visual perception, work performance of complex tasks
[8].DCBA
4 . C o n c lu s io n
The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are as follows:
• The emitted primary airborne pollutants from waste gas flaring with input as much as 0.3 MMSCFD are
7.6* I06 ug/s (S02), 5.3* 106 ug/s (N02) and 1.2* 106 ug/s (CO) .
• Airborne pollutants were dispersed in ambient air and comply with the national standard after radius of285
m from the source for S02 parameter and after 190 m for N02. For CO parameter, all of surrounding area
complies with the standard.
A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts
The author would like to express gratitude to all colleagues in Environmental
Laboratory, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural
research support.
Engineering Section and
University (lPB) for the
R e fe r e n c e s
[I] Peavy, H.S., Rowe, D.R., and Tchobanoglous,
G. 1985. Environmental
Engineering.
McGraw
- Hill International
Editions.
McGraw- Hill, Inc. Singapore.
[2] De Nevers, N. 1995. Air Pollution Control Engineering.
[3] Kiely, G. 1997. Environmental
[4] LaGrega, M., Buckingham,
Engineering.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
P., and Evans,
Book Co. International
Edition.
International Editions. Singapore.
l.C .
2001. Hazardous
Waste Management.
Agency (US-EPA).
1998. Emission
McGraw-Hill
International
Edition.
McGraw-Hill Co, Inc. Singapore.
[5] US Environmental
Protection
Factor Documentation
for AP-42. Chapter
5, Petroleum
Refineries.
[6)
Ladou, J. 2007. Current Occupational
and Environmental
[7] Lin, S-L and Lin, KH. 2007. The Valuation
Adaptation of Impact Pathway Approach in Taiwan.
[8]
Moeller, DW. 2005. Environmental
Medicine
41h
ed. McGraw-Hilllnternational
of Health Effects Caused by Stationary
E n v ir o n .
M o n it. A s s e s s .
Edition. USA.
Sources-Related
S02 Emissions: The
131: 163-176.
Health. 3,d ed. Harvard University Press. Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
USA.
[9] Lagorio, S., Forastiere, F., Pistelli, R., lavarone, I., Michelozzi, P., Fano, V., Marconi, A., Ziemacki, G and Ostro, BD. 2006. Air
pollution and lung function among susceptible
adult subjects: a panel study. Environmental
Health: A Global Access Science Source.
5:11.
[10] Gossselin, NH, Brunet, RC. And Carrier, G. 2009. Determination
exposures to carbon monoxide.
In h a la tio n
T o x ic o lo g y ,
21 (13): 1077-1091.
27
of carboxy-haemoglobin
in humans
following
low-level
e
10vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
LI
a t u r a l S c ie n c e a n d E n v ir o n m e n t vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXW
Edited by
Miss Du Li
- P R E F A C E kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Dear Distinguished Delegates and Guests,
The Organizing Com m ittee warm ly welcom es our distinguished delegates and guests to
the 2014 International Conference on Natural Science and Environm ent (ICNSE 2014) held
on April 4-5, 2014 in Dubai, UAE.
ICNSE 2014 are sponsored by Asia-Pacific Chem ical, BiologicalvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
& Environm ental
Engineering Society (APCBEES), and supported by APCBEESM em bers and scholars from
universities all round the world. If you have attended a conference sponsored by APCBEES
before, you are aware that the conferences together report the results of research efforts
in a broad range of Natural Science and Environm ent. These conferences are aim ed at
discussing with all of you the wide range of problem s encountered in present and future
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com m unity scientists so that researchers from around the world can present their
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This proceeding records the fully refereed papers presented at the conference. The m ain
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num ber of fields that interact in-depth through discussions with their peers from around
the world. Both inward research; core areas of Natural Science and Environm ent and
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The conference has solicited and gathered technical research subm issions related to all
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The high quality of the program - guaranteed by the presence of an unparalleled num ber
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W e would like to thank the program chairs, organization staff, and the m em bers of the
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Chem ical, Biological & Environm ental Engineering Society, for their wonderful editorial
service to this proceeding.
W e are grateful to all those who have contributed to the success of ICNSE 2014. W e hope
that all participants and other interested readers benefit scientifically from the proceedings
and also find it stimulating in the process. Finally, we would like to wish you success in your
technical presentations and social networking.
W e hope you have a unique, rewarding and enjoyable week at ICNSE 2014 in Dubai, UAE.
W ith our warmest regards,
The Organizing Committees
April 4-5, 2014
Dubai, UAE.
Organizing CommitteeskjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFE
Conference
Chairs
Dr. Saji Baby, Environm ental
GEO Environm ental
M anager (Research
Consultation,
Prof. Bogdan Zygm unt,
and Consultation) vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
& Principal Scientist,
Kuwait
Gdansk Univeristy of Technology,
Poland
Program Chair
& Research, Bhopal, INDIA
Parul Rishi, National Institute of Technical Teachers'Training
(2011 )
Prof. Chihhao Fan, M ing Chi University of Technology,
Assoc. Pro. Chi-Chung
Peng, Departm ent
Taiwan
of Biotechnology,
National Form osa
University,
Taiwan
Dr. PIYUSH M ALAVIYA,
University of Jam m u, India
KUM ARESAN LOGANATHAN,
POST DOCTORAL
RESEARCHER,
Taiwan
Contact Chair
Tracy Yang, Asia-Pacific
Chem ical,
Biological & Environm ental
Engineering
Society
Technical Com m ittee
W itawat Jangiam , Departm ent
of Chem ical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering,
Burapha
University, Thailand
Farzana Siddique, PM AS Arid Agriculture
Dr. Pradeep Balkrishna
university,
Pathak, Civil Engineering
Rawalpindi,
Departm ent
Pakistan
- University of Aveiro, Portugal
l.irn Hwee San, School of Physics, Universiti Sains M alaysia (USM ), 11800 Penang, M alaysia
Ham idreza Kam alan, Islam ic Azad University-Pardis
Dr. Nalini Sankararam akrishnan,
Branch, Iran
Centre for Environm ental
Sciences and Engineering,
Kanpur, INDIA
UM ER RASHID, UNIVERSITI
TEKNOLOGI
PETRONAS,
M ALAYSIA
liT
S. LAYA, BITS PILANI, DUBAI CAM PUS,
UAE
Rachain, Suranaree
University of Technology,
Ranjani Am arakoon,
University of Sri Jayawardenapura,
Se Jong Kim , Sangju Persim m on
Prof. Dr ASHA ARORA,
Experim ent
Thailand
Sri Lanka
Station, Korea
Deptt. of Botany & Biotechnology,
B.N.P.G.Girls
College, Udaipur,
India
SUJA GEORGE, M ALAVIYA
NATIONAL
INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
JAIPUR,
INDIA
T a b le o f C o n t e n t s vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Nesting Strategy in the Green Turtle,edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
C h e lo n ia m y d a s , during High and Low Nesting
Peaks at Ras Al-Hadd, Oman
M ahm oud,
1. Y a , A l-B a h r y , S N ., A l-M u s h a r a ji,
S .K ., A l-A m r i,
1.S.
Environmental Effects and Health Risks due to Overuse of Underground Water in Arid
6
Regions
A l-M u s h a r a ji, S K .,
M a h m o u d , kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
1. Y , A l-B a h r y , S N .
Soil Quality Appraisal in the Rural and Urban Areas of Thiruvananthapuram
District,
12
Kerala, South India
L a k s h m y , K .S a n d J a y a , D . S
Carbon Obtained from the Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires as a Cheap Adsorbent for Lead Ion
18
Removal from Water
M e r c e d e h M a le k z a d e h ,
S a e e d T a g h v a e i-G a n ja li,
S a m ir a S h a r ifp o u r -K a lu
Airborne Pollutants Emitted from Flaring, Their Dispersion and Impacts on Ambient Air
A r ie fS a b d o
23
Yuw ono
Oil Removal from Produced Water Using Surfactant Modified Eggshell
M u h a m m a d , 1. M , E l-N a fa ty ,
U . A ., A b d u ls a la m ,
S , M a k a r ji,
28
Y 1., LKJIHGFEDCBA
Ib ra h im , M
Impact of Technology Transfer on Industrial Risk Management: The Case of the Textile
41
Industry in Algeria
M ARREF Souad, BAH M ED
L y lia , B E N O U D J IT
A z e d d in e ,
L O N D IC H E
H onri
Establishing an Environmental Behavior Pattern for the Green Education of College
Students: Using Emerging Contaminants
47
as an Example
T a i-Y i Y u a n d T a i-K u e i Y u
The Effect ofInfrared Light Exposure on B r a s s ic a r a p a Biomass
52
A ndrew H uang
Use of Factor Analysis to Evaluate the Water Quality of Gala Lake National Park (Edirne,
Turkey)
C e m T o k a tlt, E s e n g u l K o s e , O z g u r E m iro g lu , A r z u C ic e k
58
Utilising Physical Model for Design Assessment: Proposed Alterations of Ba tu Dam,
63
MalaysiaedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
S a ifu l B a h r i H ., M o h d K a m a r u l H u d a S ; M o h d F a u z i M .
Bukit Bunuh, Malaysia for Possible Meteorite Impact Study Using 2-D Electrical
Resistivity
M a r k J in m in , R o s li S a a d , M o k h ta r
68
S a id in
Determination of Some Ionic Surfactants in Aquatic Environment by Ion
73
Chromatography
E w a O lk o w s k a , Z a n e ta P o lk o w s k a ,
Bogdan
Zygm unt
Statistical Analysis of Long Term Temporal Trends of Precipitation and Temperature in
78
Wainganga Sub-basin, India
A run K um ar T axak , A . R . M urum kar,
D .S . A r y a
Richness, Abundance and Diveristy ofInsect
Species Associated with the Galls of Two
84
Varieties of S y z y g iu m g u in e e n s e in the Amurum Forest Reserve, Nigeria
M w a n s a t, kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
G. S, G w o m , G. T , C h a s k d a , A .A
Recuperation of Silver from Wastewater of Miroiterie ofThenia
N a im a G h e m m it-D o u la c h e ,
N a s s im a
(Algeria)
M o r s li, N a d ia S lim a n i
Water Loss from Soil and Water Absorbing Geocomposite
K r z y s z to J LKJIHGFEDCBA
L e jc u s , J o la n ta D q b r o w s k a ,
90
D a n ie l G a r lik o w s k i,
96
L eszek K ordas
Detection of Cavities and Weak Zones underneath the Break Pressure Tanks at
102
An-Nuwfaliyah, Libya
F a th i A . S w a id a n d K h a le d
E lm a h is h i
Analysis of Drought Conditions for Sindh Province: January - July (2012)
B u s h r a K h a lid , M in h a N a s e e r , S id r a S h a h b a z
109
K h a n , A y e s h a K h a lid , Q a is e r S u lta n a
Physicochemical Analysis of Ground Water of Malkhed Lake, Dist. Amravati,
Maharashtra, India
115
D r . S h a m a l D o ifo d e a n d D r . S u r e s h R e w a tk a r
Reuse of Olive Cake as Low Cost Adsorbent to Eliminate Co (11) from Water Media
M A A c k a c h a a n d M A F a r ja lla h
120
Study of the Insects Diversity in MorzokedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
127
M o h a m e d A li K o te la
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Determination
in Some Samples of Bottled Water
from Misurata, Libya: Correlation with Some Physiochemical
F a tm a
S.
133
Parameters
E ld u r r a t, Ib r a h im
M A l.a s s a w i,
A b d u ls a la m
A . E m s im ir ,
a n d N w a r a A . M o fta h
Prospects of Green-Roofs in Bangladesh and Asian Practices
141
M a h m u d A m in , M d . N a jiu r R a h m a n , M o s to fa N a jm u s S a k ib
Investigation of the Veterinary Drug Adsorption Characteristics
by Live Activated Sludge
150
S e r p i/ S a v c t
Wetland Cultivation (Gardening) and Rural Household Food Security: Evidence from
156
Zimbabwe
T a r u v in g a A a n d M u s h u n je
A
Adsorption Study of Bio-degradable
Natural Sorbents for Remediation of Water from
162
Crude Oil
Is a m A . H . A l Z u b a id y ,
U m a im a h Z a fJ a r ,.N a w s h a d
V a r u g h e s e ,. R a n ia A h m e d ,.A m m a r a
C how dhury,
N a d ia M u s ta fa ,
S h a h id .R a s h id A li A lh a r m o u d i,.E lr o n
Vandhana
E dgar G om es
Novel Desulfurization Process of Heavy Fuel oil Using Surfactant
168
Is a m A l Z u b a id y , G n e i L u b n a M a r ja n , H ib a C h e k k a th , Z e in a b H a m a d , A r e e j A r e f H a s s ib a ,
L in a Y o u s s e f E l C h e ik h , J a w a r ia
S a if
FTIR and XRD Characterized Portland Cement Stabilised Lead Contaminated
M H a s s a n , J M K h a tib , P S
Soil
173
of Currently Used Pesticides in Fruits and
179
M a n g a t, P H E
Multiresidue Methods for Determination
G a r d in e r
Vegetables Using QuEChERS Technique
M a r e k B iz iu k a n d J o la n la
S to c k a
Heating Indoor Swimming Pool Using Solar Energy with Evacuated Collectors
185
A hm ad A boushi and A beer A bu R aed
A Study of the Effect of Building Designs on Climate Change: Mitigation and Adaption
(Case Study of lIT Roorkee)
R e p a u l K a n ji, S o n a m S a h u , R o b in A g a r w a l
191
Architecture Based on the Model Compatible with Olgay Climate for Tabriz-IranedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC
197
H a s s a n S a tta r i S a r b a n g h o li
a n d S a h a r T o o /a n
A Comparative Study between Art Nouveau and Bionic
201
S a h a r T o o /a n a n d H a s s a n S a tta r i S a r b a n g h o li
Antibacterial Activity and Total Flavonoid of M a u li B a n a n a s Stem
206
M a h a r a n i L a illy z a A p r ia s a r i, LKJIHGFEDCBA
Is k a n d a r, E k o S u h a r to n o
Estimation of above Ground Biomass of Trees in BITS-PILANI, Dubai Campus
V iv in K a rth ik ; M o h a m e d
E b r a h im ,
D r . G e e th a
Diversity of Blue-Green Algae (N o s to c a le s and P s e u d a n a b a e n a le s )
Kerala, South India
B in o y T T h o m a s a n d J o s e p h
A te le r ix a lg ir u s
211
of the Tropical Soils,
219
G eorge R ay
Ectoparasites of El-Kala National Park (Algeria)
225
F a r id a B e c ir , M 'b a re k C h e to u i, Id ir B ita m a n d Z ih a d B o u s la m a
Author Index
231
Available
online at www.scienccdircct.com
SciVerse ScienceDirectDCBA
ELSEVIER
APCBEE
APCBEE
P r o c e d ia
ProcediakjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
00 (2014) OOO--DOO
www.elsevier.com/locate/proccdia
2014 International Conference on Natural Science and Environment (ICNSE 2014)
A ir b o r n e P o llu t a n t s E m it t e d f r o m F la r in g , T h e ir D is p e r s io n
and
I m p a c t s o n A m b ie n t A ir
Arief Sabdo Yuwono":"edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
n
D e p t. o f C iv il a n d E n v ir o n m e n ta l
E n g in e e r in g ,
B o g o r A g r ic u ltu r a l
U n iv e r s ily
(IP B ), P O B o x 2 2 0 B o g o r
1 6 0 0 2 , In d o n e s ia
Abstract
Airborne primary pollutants, i.e. sulphur dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02) and carbon monoxideLKJIHGFEDCBA
(C O ) generated
by
waste gas flaring and their dispersion in ambient air were assessed. The calculated amount of the generated pollutants was
based on input of the flared waste gases and emission
factors according
to standards
compiled
by United State
Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA).
The dispersion of the emitted pollutants in ambient air was developed by
using Gaussian Dispersion Model and supported by wind speed data compiled by Indonesian
Agency for Meteorology,
Climatology and Geophysics
(BMKG).
Result of the assessment
indicated
that all airborne
primary
pollutant
concentrations in ambient air comply with the national standard i.e. PP No. 41/1999 pertaining on Air Pollution Control.
© 2014 Published by Elsevier B.Y. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of Asia-Pacific
Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society
K eyw ords:
airborne primary .'ollutant, ambient air, dispersion, emission, flaring
1 . I n tr o d u c tio n
Generally defined, flaring is gas combustion practiced in petroleum refineries, chemical plants, natural gas
processing as well as at oil or gas production sites having oil wells, gas wells, offshore oil and gas rigs and
landfills. Waste gas is generated thereof and subsequently emitted into ambient air as a consequence of oil or
• Corresponding author. Tel.: +62-251-8627225;
fax: +62-251-8627225.
E -m a il a d d r e s s :a r ie f_ s a b d o 3 u w o n o @ y a h o o .c o .id .
23
2edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A r ie f S a b d o Y u w o n o / A P C B E E P r o c e d ia 0 0 (2 0 1 4 ) 0 0 0 -0 0 0
gas combustion during flaring process. The quantity and quality of the emitted airborne pollutants were
strongly depends on the combustion process input, i.e. oil or gas. The most important environmental
impact
issue of flaring is ambient air quality change due to the emitted waste gases into the atmosphere.
Hence,
prudent design and monitoring
of flaring process is very critical in order to ensure that the process is
environmentally safe and comply with the pertinent national as well as local (provincial
or municipal)
standards. The objective of the paper is firstly to predict the emitted primary airborne pollutants resulted from
flaring, and secondly, to predict their dispersion in the ambient air surrounding the flaring site. This is a study
case of waste gas flaring in an oil and gas company located in Natuna Islands, Republic of Indonesia.
2. Methods
Airborne pollutants in this study case were limited on three (3) main airborne parameters,
i.e. sulphur
dioxide (S02), nitrogen dioxide (N02) and carbon monoxide (CO). The threshold limits of the relevant
parameters of ambient' air gas concentration
refer to national regulation namely pp No. 41/1999 pertaining on
Air Pollution Control. The quantity of the emitted pollutants released into the ambient air was calculated that
was based on the definitions and assumptions as follows:
• Gas combustion rate used to determine pollutants generation during flaring process was 0.3 MMSCFD
(million standard cubic feet per day) [Ref. Company X]
• Emission factors for S02, N02 and CO refer to US-EPA (United States Environmental
Protection Agency)
Standard, AP-42 Chapter 5, Petroleum Refineries
• Average monthly wind speed (i.e. 1.9 m/s), used to support pollutant dispersion simulation was based on
climatology data compiled during 12 years by National Agency for Meteorology,
Climatology
and
Geophysics (BM KG) of Indonesia.
• Stack height as pollutant point source was 30 m above ground level.
Pollutant dispersion
follows [I ]-[4]:
ex
z
in the ambient
air was simulated
by using Gaussian
exp[-~[L)21{exp[-~(Z -
dispersion
exp[_~(Z
model (Equation
I) as
kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
=
Q
H J2] +
+ H J2]} LKJIHGFEDCBA
( .Y .)
2 7 r0 '
0'
Y
z
U
2
0'
Y
2
0'
z
2
0'
z
On the ground level, however, the above mentioned expression of the pollutant
plume height is H, y = 0 and z = 0 becomes simpler (Equation 2) as follows:
C(x .y .z ) --
Q
U
7 r0 'y 0 ' z
e
xp[
I
---2
(1)
concentration
where the
( )2]
H
0' z
(2)
Where C(x,y,z) is concentration of gas at any point coordinate (x,y,z) [g lm 3]; Q is stack emission rate [g/s];
cry and crz are dispersion coefficient according to Pasquill-Gifford
curve [m]; U is wind speed [m/s]; y is
distance of any point along the y-axis to the centre line [m]; z is vertical distance along z-axis from centre line
[m], and H is plume height from the ground level [m].
24
A r ie f S a b d o
Yuw ono/ APC BEE
P r o e e d ia
0 0 (2 0 1 4 ) 0 0 0 -0 0 0
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
3
3. Results and Discussion
The amount of generated waste gas from flaring is presented in form of calculation sheet as shown in Table
I. Dispersions of the waste gases, i.e. S02, N02 and CO in the ambient air are presented in Fig. I, Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3. These figures were produced by using Gaussian dispersion model. Fig. I shows that the highest
concentration of S02 in the ambient air was reached at a radius of about 150 metres from the source. At this
point the ambient concentration of S02 was 285 ug/Nm ' whereas the threshold limit for this parameter
according to pp No. 41/1999 pertaining on Air Pollution Control is 365 ug/Nrrr'. The calculation result
indicated therefore that ambient concentration of sulphur dioxide (S02) was lower than that the prescribed
limit and hence comply with the regulation.
Table I. Calculation sheet of waste gas generated by flaring
Aspect
Amount of flared gas
Unit
Quantity
[MMSCFD]
03
[litre/day]
8.5* I06
S02
J
N02
CO
0.012
Emission factor"
[kg/IO litre]
0.077
0.054
Stack emission rate
[kg/day]
653.7
458.5
[ug/s]
7.6*10
6
53*10
101.9
1.2*10"
6
"= US-EPA Standard, AP-42. Chapter 5, Petroleum Refineries [5]
S02
kjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
...J
--------
I
c":
'e
c"
)'0
< 0 LKJIHGFEDCBA
8
o
,gE
8
100
~ '
is
-
1-
· 200
\.J .
<
\,?
----~-~
\
r)
100
10;J
T
200
.~
300
-~-===-_ _==-=-=-
~
400
Distance
-o-----r
500
from
600
source
700
T
800
Fig. I. Dispersion of S02 in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas
7.6*106 ug/s; Average wind speed
=
900
1000
[rn]
1.9 m/s [Ref Tarempa Meteorology Station]; Stack height
=
=
0.3 MMSCFD; Stack emission rate
=
30 m).
In the environment S02 is known as one of primary air pollutants in ambient air. The gas in the air
originates from a number of sources such as coal and oil fired power plants and a lot of industrial processes
involving fossil fuel combustion [6]. Coal-fired power plants are the worst S02 polluters [7]. S02 is also
known as corrosive and poisonous gas. If the gas is released in the atmosphere then it could be converted
chemically into sulphate which is then deposited as acid rain. At high concentr tions, S02 affects breathing
and produces respiratory illness, alterations in the defences of the lungs and aggravation of exiting respiratory
and cardiovascular disease as well as produce foliar damage on trees and agricultural crops [8].
25
4edcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
A r ie f S a b d a .Y u w o n o /
APCBEE
P r o c e d ia
0 0 (2 0 1 4 )
ooo-ooo
Fig. 2 shows the dispersion of N02 in ambient air that was resulted from waste gas flaring. The highest
3
J .lg IN m which was reached at a distance ofkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONML
± 145 m from the source.
ambient concentration of N02 was 200LKJIHGFEDCBA
On the other site however, the threshold limit of this parameter is 150 J .lg IN m 3 according to pp No. 4111999.
Hence, the condition does not comply with the national standard. An appropriate solution such as stack height
change is accordingly necessary to manage the environmental
impact of the flaring. However, in area at a
distance of more than 190 m from the source, the ambient concentration
of N02 has been lower than the
pertinent standard.
The environmental impact of N02 release in the ambient air [8] showed that if the gas is inhaled, it can
irritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza. Secondly, continued or
frequent exposure to high concentrations
causes increased incidence of acute respiratory disease in children.
N02 is also an important precursor of both ozone and acidic precipitation and may affect both terrestrial and
aquatic ecosystem. Another research finding [9] showed that decrement in lung function indices associated
with increasing concentrations of particulate matter and N02•
Fig. 3 shows the carbon monoxide (CO) dispersion in the ambient air as caused by waste gas flaring. It
indicates that the highest ambient concentration
takes place at a distance of about 150 m from the source at a
concentration level merely 44 J .lg IN m 3 • If the standard for the relevant parameter according to pp No. 41/1999
is 10,000 ug/Nrrr', then the whole surrounding areas of the flare comply with the pertinent national standard.
N 02
~----..
1-,,1
'"
c
'E
100
c'"
1l
E
,g
0
s
c
1il
· 100
(5
10_
-200
-
100
~
~--~~-
T'"
200
300
400
-,
500
Distance
600
from source
700
~ -,
800
900
1000
Im )
Fig. 2. Dispersion of N02 in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gas = 0.3 MMSCFD;
= 1.9 m/s [Ref. Tarernpa Meteorology Station]; Stack height = 30 m).
5.3*106 ug/s; Average wind speed
co
200 I
I
'"
c
~ ,)
I
1"
100
~
c
s
,gE
o
1lc
~
-100
i
-
(5
I
_
-200
I
--
..J
c-}
100
r
200
-:f~~~300
-
400
Distance
500
from
600
source
26
[rn]
700
800
900
1000
Stack emission rate =
A r ie f S a b d ti
Yuw ono/ APC BEE
P r o c e d ia
0 0 (2 0 1 4 ) 0 0 0 -0 0 0
vutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJI
5
Fig. 3. Dispersion of CO in ambient air resulted from waste gas flaring. (Notes: Flared gaskjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLK
= 0.3 MMSCFD;
Stack emission rate =
1.2*10· ug/s; Average wind speed
=
= 30
1.9 m/s [Ref Tarempa Meteorology Station]; Stack height
m).
It has adverse effects on human health, replacing oxygen in the bloodstream and forming carboxyhemoglobin (CO-Hb) [10]. If the percentage ofCO-Hb exceeds about 2 per cent, health is temporary impaired,
and this level occurs in people engaged in heavy physical activity if the ambient CO level is greater than
about 30 ppm (:::: 35,000 ug/Nrn ') [3]. The health threat is most serious for people who suffer from
cardiovascular disease, particularly those with angina or peripheral vascular disease. Exposures to elevated
CO concentration are associated with impairment of visual perception, work performance of complex tasks
[8].DCBA
4 . C o n c lu s io n
The conclusions that can be drawn from the study are as follows:
• The emitted primary airborne pollutants from waste gas flaring with input as much as 0.3 MMSCFD are
7.6* I06 ug/s (S02), 5.3* 106 ug/s (N02) and 1.2* 106 ug/s (CO) .
• Airborne pollutants were dispersed in ambient air and comply with the national standard after radius of285
m from the source for S02 parameter and after 190 m for N02. For CO parameter, all of surrounding area
complies with the standard.
A c k n o w le d g e m e n ts
The author would like to express gratitude to all colleagues in Environmental
Laboratory, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural
research support.
Engineering Section and
University (lPB) for the
R e fe r e n c e s
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G. 1985. Environmental
Engineering.
McGraw
- Hill International
Editions.
McGraw- Hill, Inc. Singapore.
[2] De Nevers, N. 1995. Air Pollution Control Engineering.
[3] Kiely, G. 1997. Environmental
[4] LaGrega, M., Buckingham,
Engineering.
McGraw-Hill
McGraw-Hill
P., and Evans,
Book Co. International
Edition.
International Editions. Singapore.
l.C .
2001. Hazardous
Waste Management.
Agency (US-EPA).
1998. Emission
McGraw-Hill
International
Edition.
McGraw-Hill Co, Inc. Singapore.
[5] US Environmental
Protection
Factor Documentation
for AP-42. Chapter
5, Petroleum
Refineries.
[6)
Ladou, J. 2007. Current Occupational
and Environmental
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Adaptation of Impact Pathway Approach in Taiwan.
[8]
Moeller, DW. 2005. Environmental
Medicine
41h
ed. McGraw-Hilllnternational
of Health Effects Caused by Stationary
E n v ir o n .
M o n it. A s s e s s .
Edition. USA.
Sources-Related
S02 Emissions: The
131: 163-176.
Health. 3,d ed. Harvard University Press. Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
USA.
[9] Lagorio, S., Forastiere, F., Pistelli, R., lavarone, I., Michelozzi, P., Fano, V., Marconi, A., Ziemacki, G and Ostro, BD. 2006. Air
pollution and lung function among susceptible
adult subjects: a panel study. Environmental
Health: A Global Access Science Source.
5:11.
[10] Gossselin, NH, Brunet, RC. And Carrier, G. 2009. Determination
exposures to carbon monoxide.
In h a la tio n
T o x ic o lo g y ,
21 (13): 1077-1091.
27
of carboxy-haemoglobin
in humans
following
low-level