Effects of Temperature Change on Activity and Survival of Selected Tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella)
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON
ACTIVITY AND SURVIVAL OF SELECTED
TROPICAL OPHIUROIDEA (Ophiomastix annulosa,
Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata)
AND ASTEROIDEA (Fromia milleporella)
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2012
ISSUES RELATED TO THIS THESIS AND THE SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
With this I declare that this thesis with title “Effects of Temperature
Change on Activity and Survival of Selected Tropical Ophiuroidea
(Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata)
and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella)” is my own work under the direction of an
advisory committee. It has not yet been presented in any form to any Education
institution. The sources of information which is published or not yet published by
other researchers have been mentioned and listed in the references of this
thesis.
Bogor, February 2012
Dian Respati Widianari
NIM. C551090181
ABSTRAK
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI. Efek Perubahan Suhu Pada Aktifitas dan
Ketahanan Hidup Ophiuroidea Tropis (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna
incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) dan Asteroidea Tropis (Fromia milleporella)
yang Dipilih. Dibimbing oleh NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI dan KAREN VON
JUTERZENKA
Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim
terjadi pada 30 tahun terakhir hal tersebut ikut mengubah suhu di udara dan
perairan laut. Organisme di seluruh area, khususnya organisme laut, merupakan
hewan yang sensitif terhadap perubahan suhu. Mereka mempunyai kapasitas
tertentu untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan lingkungan. Jika organisme
ini tidak mampu beradaptasi dengan perubahan lingkungan, mereka bisa mati.
Faktor stres utama yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah suhu, dan salinitas
sebagai stres lainnya untuk perbandingan. Dengan menggunakan
Echinodermata tropis yang dipilih, kapasitas suhu dan salinitas dari organisme ini
diujikan melalui simulasi perubahan lingkungan di laboratorium. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi batasan suhu (dibandingkan dengan
batas bawah salinitas), aktifitas, dan memperkirakan dampak dari stres suhu dan
salinitas pada Ophiuroidea tropis (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna
incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) dan Asteroidea tropis (Fromia milleporella).
Kecepatan perubahan (meningkat atau menurun) suhu mungkin akan
mempengaruhi tingkat ketahanan hidup organisme tersebut. Perbedaan
kecepatan perubahan suhu (setiap jam dan setiap hari) diteliti untuk melihat
apakah ada perbedaan batas suhu dimana organisme tersebut dapat hidup
(kapasitas dan adaptasi) dan efeknya pada organisme tersebut (Ophiuroidea.dan
Asteroidea). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di “Marine Habitat Lab”, Fakultas
Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor; mulai bulan Desember
2010 sampai November 2011. Batas atas suhu (peningkatan setiap jam) untuk
spesies Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata,
dan Fromia milleporella adalah 36,5 0C and 37,0 0C, 37,2 0C, 40,5 0C, dan 35,8
0
C dan 35,0 0C (secara berurutan). Batas atas suhu (peningkatan setiap hari)
untuk spesies Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, dan Fromia
milleporella adalah 35,0 0C, 34,0 0C, dan 33,0 0C (secara berurutan). Batas
bawah suhu (penurunan setiap jam) untuk spesies Ophiomastix annulosa adalah
12,8 0C. Batas bawah salinitas (penurunan setiap jam) untuk spesies
Ophiomastix annulosa dan Ophiocoma cf. dentata adalah 20.5 and 13 (secara
berurutan). Jendela suhu (percobaan setiap jam) dari spesies ini adalah antara
12,8-37 0C. Dari hasil tersebut, dapat disumsikan bahwa spesies Ophiuroidea
dan Asteroidea lebih dapat menyesuaikan diri dan bertahan hidup pada
perubahan lingkungan yang cepat daripada pada perubahan lingkungan yang
lambat; selama oksigen tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup.
Kata kunci: suhu, salinitas, aktifitas, ketahanan hidup, Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea
ABSTRACT
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI. Effects of Temperature Change on Activity and
Survival of Selected Tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna
incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella). Under
direction of NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI and KAREN VON JUTERZENKA
It is widely accepted that global warming and climate change are have
occured over the past 30 years and it changed the temperature in the air and in
marine waters. Organisms in all areas, in this case in marine, are quite sensitive
to temperature changes. They have a certain capacity to cope with the changing
environment. If these organisms cannot adapt to environmental changes, they
could die. The main stress factor that was being used in this research is
temperature, and salinity as another stressor for comparison. Using selected
tropical Echinoderms, the thermal and salinity capacity of these organisms was
tested through simulation of environmental changes in lab. The objectives of this
study are to identify the temperature limit (in comparison to lower salinity limit),
activity, and assess the impact of temperature and salinity stress for selected
tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata,
Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella). The velocity of
changes (increase or decrease) in temperature might also affect the survival of
the organisms. Different velocities (hourly and daily)of temperature change were
investigated to see if there was any difference in temperature limit (the
organisms’ capacity and adaptation) and the effects to these organisms
(Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea). This experiment was conducted in Marine Habitat
Lab, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University
(IPB); from December 2010-November 2011. The upper thermal limit (hourly
increase) for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf.
dentata, and Fromia milleporella was 36.5 0C and 37 0C, 37.2 0C, 40.5 0C, and
35.8 0C and 35.0 0C (respectively). The upper thermal limit (daily increase) for
Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, and Fromia milleporella was
35.0 0C, 34.0 0C, and 33.0 0C (respectively). The lower thermal limit (hourly
decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa was 12.8 0C. Lower salinity limit (hourly
decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa and Ophiocoma cf. dentata was 20.5 and 13
(respectively). The thermal window for Ophiomastix annulosa (hourly experiment)
was between 12.8-37.0 0C. From the result, it can be assumed that these
ophiuroids and asteroids species can acclimatize and survive to more rapid
changing environment than slow changing environment; as long as the oxygen is
available in sufficient amount.
Keywords: temperature, salinity, activity, survival, Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea
SUMMARY
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI. Effects Of Temperature Change On Activity and
Survival of Selected Tropical Subtidal Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa,
Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia
milleporella). Under direction of NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI and KAREN VON
JUTERZENKA.
It is widely known and accepted that global warming and climate change
has happened during the last decades. One aspect that affected by global
warming and climate change is temperature rise (warming) because of raised
CO2 levels. This changing of temperature and climate, also affects the marine
environment, where the temperature of seawater is rising. When this happens it
could cause problems to marine organisms because the ability of each marine
species or organisms to resist environmental change is different and
geographically uneven. In order to assess the effects to marine organisms, we
need to have collaborative research. The present study is conducted as part of a
collaboration with British Antarctic Survey (BAS), for latitudinal comparison of
marine invertebrates. Based on previous research, sea temperature in polar and
tropic usually vary over 1-3 0C annually and tropical and polar ectotherms
organisms showed similar sensitivity to temperature change.
Tropical areas, especially Indonesia, show very high biodiversity both in
terrestrial and marine environment. Echinoderms species are found in all marine
areas at all latitude. They live from intertidal to abyssal zones and from polar to
tropics, so that it could fit in the frame project of British Antarctic Survey (BAS).
There are many Echinoderms species in tropical marine environment.
Echinoderms are spiny marine organisms, which consist of class Asteroidea,
Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea, and Concentricycloidea.
Echinoderms in nature can act as scavenger, deposit feeder, suspension feeder,
or predator.
This research will use selected tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix
annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata) from subtidal and ophiuroids from intertidal
(Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and asteroids (Fromia milleporella) which live in subtidal
areas and can be kept in the lab during acclimation periods and experiments.
Subtidal environments are more stable area than intertidal areas in terms of
condition and these ophiuroids and asteroids are possible to keep in the lab. The
survival rate of the organisms in the lab or in environment depend on their
sensitivity and ability to adapt with changing condition of the environment or new
environment. The reason for choosing subtidal species is because in general,
intertidal species are “tougher” (more tolerance) than subtidal species because
intertidal species have to deal with a constantly changing environment. So,
intertidal species are less suitable for this experiment and within the project‟s
frame, but can still be use as comparison.
There are many stressors and factors in the marine environment, such as
temperature, salinity, light, oxygen, food availability, competition, sediment load,
etc. This warming experiment was measured in isolation from those factors,
except temperature and/or salinity. Temperature was the main stressor in this
experiment, and salinity as a comparison to see whether these organisms
respond similarly to temperature stress or not. The objectives of this study are to
identify the temperature (in comparison to lower salinity limit), activity, and assess
the impact of temperature and salinity stress for selected tropical Ophiuroidea
and Asteroidea. The velocities of changes (increase or decrease) in temperature
might also affect the survival of the organisms. Different velocities (hourly and
daily) in temperature change were investigated to see if there was any difference
in temperature limit (the organisms‟ capacity and adaptation) and the effects to
these organisms (Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea).
This research was conducted in Marine Habitat Lab, Faculty of Fisheries
and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (FPIK-IPB) between
December 2010-November 2011. The organisms and materials used were the
organisms (selected tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna
incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella)),
seawater (from Teluk Jakarta and filtered in Gelanggang Samudera, Ancol,
Jakarta), freshwater, data sheets, thermometer (alcohol and digital thermometer),
refractometer, thermocycler with jacket tank (special designed by British Antarctic
Survey (BAS)), fresh shrimps (as food), digital balance, caliper, camera,
adjustable water heater, water filter, ammonia strips, pH strips, nitrite and nitrate
strips.
To select the organisms, a trial was done with several selected tropical
Echinoderms species from class Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea, Echinoidea, and
Holothuroidea. The organisms were recieved from CV. Dinar and acclimated after
arriving in the lab for about 5-10 days. The size of the organisms should be
suitable to be put into the thermocycler (inner tank size 75 x 40 x 32 cm) and
control tank (size 75 x 40 x 41 cm). The size of ophiuroids, it could be up to 5 cm
for central disk diameter; asteroids, could be up to 10 cm in diameter;
holothuroids, the length could be up to 10 cm (live specimen, measure
underwater); echinoids, the disc diameter could be up to 3 cm (measuring
method based on Peck et al., 2009a). The number of the organisms was between
3-20 organisms for each species. From the acclimation phase, the organisms that
proved to be strong enough (low mortality, normal behavior) to be kept in the lab
were organisms from class Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea. The number of the
organisms that was being observed in these experiments were between 10-20
organisms for each species (total of organisms in experiment and control). Test
of feeding and handling the organisms was done in this phase.
Species verification (identification) was done with frozen samples, since it
was impossible to do identification with live specimens. Species identification was
done to ensure that the species name was correct based on given information
from CV. Dinar. Species were identified using stereomicroscope and identification
key by Clark and Rowe (1971).
A pilot study was performed before the main experiment was conducted.
The pilot study tested the response parameters (e.g. righting or turning response,
activity), to determine how to measure when organisms were not responding
anymore (for ophiuroids, the turning response; and for the asteroids, attachment
capability and turning response) (Peck et.al., 2008; Peck et al., 2009a; Peck et
al., 2009b). From the pilot study we tried to turn the organisms when they looked
weak and were not attach to the tank wall (already at bottom of experimental
tank). During upper thermal limit experiments, the ophiuroids loosened their arms
and were weak; the asteroids lost their attachment capability. During lower
thermal limit and salinity limit experiments, the ophiuroids curled their arms and
became stiff (pers. obs.).
Several experiments were done: hourly upper thermal limit, hourly lower
thermal limit, daily upper thermal limit, and hourly decrease salinity stress. During
hourly experiment, the stressors were changed every hour (temperature and
salinity. During daily experiment the stressor was changed every day at the same
time (hour). All the changes of stressors (temperature and salinity) and what
happened to the organisms was noted. The sign for the organisms (ophiuroids
and asteroids) not responding anymore was the turning or righting response
(Peck et.al., 2008). The wet weight and size (central disk size of ophiuroids and
diameter of asteroids) of all the organisms was measured (from experiment and
control) (Peck et al., 2009a). Repeat experiments verified that the upper thermal
limit of these organisms were more or less at the same temperature limit and also
to verify that the setting of this experiment was right. The repetition experiment
was conducted to verify the first experiment or because the number of individuals
was not enough in the first experiment.
The annual temperature in tropic is between 27-29 0C in surface layer
(upper 10 m) (Stewart, 2008). The annual temperature in Antarctic (polar)
seawater is between -1.8 0C and +1.8 0C (Peck et al., 2009b).The upper thermal
limit (hourly increase) for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata,
Ophiocoma cf. dentata, and Fromia milleporella was 36.5 0C and 37 0C, 37.2 0C,
40.5 0C, and 35.8 0C and 35.0 0C (respectively). The upper thermal limit (daily
increase) for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, and Fromia
milleporella was 35.0 0C, 34.0 0C, and 33.0 0C (respectively). The lower thermal
limit (hourly decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa was 12.8 0C. Lower salinity limit
(hourly decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa and Ophiocoma cf. dentata was 20.5
and 13. The thermal window for Ophiomastix annulosa (hourly experiment) was
between 12.8-37.0 0C. At the end of (a) upper thermal limit experiment (hourly
increase), the ophiuroid‟s arms were straight and loose; and the asteroids lost
their attachment capability; (b) upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase),
the ophiuroids showed wounded discs, autotomy, and some of them were dead;
the asteroids were showed white spot or wounded arm tips then died; (c) lower
thermal limit experiments (hourly decrease) and lower salinity limits (hourly
decrease), the ophiuroid‟s arms were curled and stiff. The conclusion from the
results were (1) it could be seen that intertidal species have wider range of
temperature and salinity limits (on hourly increase temperature and hourly
decrease salinity); (2) it can be assumed that these ophiuroids and asteroids
species acclimatize and survive to more rapid changing environment than slow
changing environment; as long as the oxygen is available in sufficient amount. At
slower rates of environmental (temperature) changes (monthly to yearly)
acclimation and other processes such as rate of utilization of stored reserves
become important in dictating survival. Relevant rates of warming during climate
change (annual, decadal, or longer), adaptation and ecological mechanisms are
major factors dictating survival (Peck et al., 2009a).
Copyright © 2012 Bogor Agricultural University
Copyright is Protected by Law
It is a prohibited to cite all or part of this thesis without referring to and mentioning
the source. Citation only permitted for the sake of education, research, scientific
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It is prohibited to republish and reproduce all or part of this thesis without the
writer permission from Bogor Agricultural University.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON
ACTIVITY AND SURVIVAL OF SELECTED
TROPICAL OPHIUROIDEA (Ophiomastix annulosa,
Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata)
AND ASTEROIDEA (Fromia milleporella)
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI
Thesis
as one of the requirements for achieving
Master of Science degree in
Marine Science Program
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2012
Outside Committee Examiner on Thesis Examination:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Dedi Soedharma, DEA
Title
Name
NIM
: Effect of temperature change on activity and survival of selected
tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiomastix
annulosa, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia
milleporella)
: Dian Repati Widianari
: C551090181
Approved by
Advisory Commiteee
Dr. Ir. Neviaty P. Zamani, M.Sc.
(Head)
Dr. Karen von Juterzenka
(Member)
Known by
Head of Marine Science Program
Dean of Graduate School
Dr. Ir. Neviaty P. Zamani, M.Sc.
Dr. Ir. Dahrul Syah, M.Sc.Agr.
Date of Examination:
January 17th 2012
Date of Graduation:
February 10th 2012
PREFACE
The ocean is occupying 70% of the earth „s surface. There are still lots of
mystery underwater that could be or need to be revealed one day by the scientist.
Based on many journals, books, and studies, many scientists said that the global
climate change is happening during the last decades. And it affects the entire
world including the live organisms that live on earth (terrestrial and marine). The
air, terrestrial, and marine area are connected to each other. Each of them try to
keep adjusting to each other to make everything as balance as possible if
something happen (e.g. global climate change or global warming). But there
might be something “gone and replace” if the imbalance happen for long duration.
For example, the animals from tropics move to higher latitude if the temperature
in tropics is getting higher. The problem is what will happen to the polar animals.
Where will they go?
Focus of this thesis is to identify some of the tropic marine species
temperature limit and identify whether there is any difference in temperature limit
if the temperature changing rapidly or in a slower rate in nature. As the result, the
author hope that this study could give a glimpse of what will happen if the global
climate change happen for the next years.
Hope thesis could be useful to give some pictures to keep our world a
better place; and many parties and scientists could give positive advice and
suggestions this imperfect thesis.
Bogor, February 2012
Dian Respati Widianari
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author want to say thank you to all the parties who supports and help,
so that this research and thesis can be done.
1.
Parents (Djarot Soedarsono and Sri Ulfah Hartati) and all the family who
patiently supports, inspires, motivate, help, and pray for keep reminding to do
the best, on time, always learn, humble, and work hard and smart for the
better and the best to reach the goals.
2.
Dr. Ir. Neviaty Putri Zamani, M.Sc. as the head of advisory committee and
head of Marine Science Program who patiently give support, advice, help,
and time through finishing of this thesis.
3.
Dr. Karen Von Juterzenka as member of advisory committee who gave a
lot of support, help, time, advice, new experience (for me), and share
knowledge and fun through finishing of this thesis.
4.
Dr. Simon Anthony Morley as project coordinator from British Antarctic
Survey (BAS) who gave the opportunity to join their project and broaden my
knowledge, experience, and network.
5.
Prof. Lloyd S. Peck and Dr. Melody S. Clark as project funding from
British Antarctic Survey (BAS) that makes this project works.
6.
Prof. Dr. Ir. Dedi Soedharma, DEA as outside examiner committee who
help a lot giving advise thoroughly through this thesis so that this thesis can
be better.
7.
Dr. Ir. Etty Riani, M.Si. as seminar moderator and examiner who give time
in supporting and positive comment during the seminar.
8.
Friends in Marine Science Program class 2009 Bogor Agricultural
University (Pak Johanis Lekalete, Bang Lumban Nauli Lumban Toruan,
Pak Kapten Khoirol Iman Fatoni, Pak Ahmad Zamroni, Mbak Emmy
Syafitri, Kaharudin, Mbak Anna Ida Sunaryo Purwiyanto (for all the listening,
help, and many moments together), Yuliana Fitri Syamsuni (my runningmate), Heidi Retnoningtyas, Citra Satrya Utama Dewi, Yulianto Suteja,
Mardiansyah (Yayan), Muhammad Reza Cordova (younger brother), Maria
Ulfah (for all the logistic things you help to provide it), Muliari (Ayi), Wahyu
Ai‟din Hidayat)
9.
Friends in Marine Habitat Lab and Marine Science and Technology
(MST) Training Course (Dr. Michael K. Schmid, Agung Prasatya Siregar,
Bang Ramadian Bachtiar, Caroline Wendling, Mereike Huhn, Nurina Ayu,
Rebecca Mueller, Giannina Hattich, Titan, Andhita Triwahyuni, Shelly
Tutupoho, Dwito Indrawan, Olivier Yonathan, Fitriah Anggraeni, Fadilah
Rahmawati (for helping and accompanying study and do the assignments))
thank you for all the good times, laugh, advise, critics, info, support, and help
during we study together.
10. Yasser Ahmed and family, thank you for all the pray, help, time, support,
energy, spirit, nice discussion you gave to help finishing this thesis and so
many other things in life.
11. Dondy Arafat, thank you for helping in providing seawater to the lab.
12. CV. Dinar (Pak Dody, Mbak Desyi, Pak Ngurah, and all the crews), thank
you for helping in providing marine organisms, some info about it, and
handling marine organisms.
13. All parties and everybody who not yet mentioned, thank you for all supports,
help, and time through finishing this thesis.
BIOGRAPHY
The author was born in Jakarta on December 8th 1983 as a single
daughter from Djarot Soedarsono and Sri Ulfah Hartati. The elementary school
was finished in Kuntum Wijaya Kusuma Elementary School, Jakarta, in 1995.
Then the author continued to 102 Public Junior High School, Jakarta, and
finished in 1998. The high school was finished in 2001 in Gonzaga College High
School, Jakarta. After that, the author continued her study in Diponegoro
University, Semarang, Central Java, from August 2001 until December 2006; and
do research titled “Pengaruh Keberadaan Substrat dan Ukuran Biota yang
Berbeda Terhadap Konsumsi Oksigen Bintang Laut Protoreaster nodosus”. On
March to June 2009, the author joined Marine Science and Technology (MST)
training course held by Deutch Academischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) and
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Then
the author registered as Master degree student in Bogor Agricultural University
(IPB) on August 2009.
During did and finishing the Master, the author was selected as project
assistant in Thermal Limit Project by British Antarctic Survey (BAS). With this
project the author, learn how to do research about thermal limit of marine
organisms, using new equipments, and attending Association for Tropical Biology
and Conservation (ATBC) conference in Bali on July 2010. To finish her Master
degree study, the author do a research and writing thesis titled “Effect of
temperature change on activity and survival of selected tropical Ophiuroidea
(Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and
Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella)”.
CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... xxvii
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... xxix
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. xxxiii
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Hypothesis ................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Objectives ................................................................................................. 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 3
2.1. Climate Change and Variation .................................................................. 3
2.2. Role of Temperature and Salinity .............................................................. 4
2.3. Intertidal .................................................................................................... 5
2.4. Subtidal ..................................................................................................... 5
2.5. Echinoderm............................................................................................... 6
2.5.1. Ophiuroidea .................................................................................... 6
2.5.1.1. Ophiomastix annulosa ........................................................ 6
2.5.1.2. Ophiarachna incrassata ...................................................... 8
2.5.1.3. Ophiocoma dentata ............................................................ 9
2.5.2. Asteroidea: Fromia milleporella .................................................... 10
3. RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................ 13
3.1. Time and Location .................................................................................. 13
3.2. Materials ................................................................................................. 13
3.3. Methods .................................................................................................. 15
3.3.1. Selecting the organisms ............................................................... 15
3.3.2. Receiving organisms and acclimation ........................................... 16
3.3.3. Feeding ........................................................................................ 17
3.3.4. Water quality control and water exchange .................................... 17
3.3.5. Species verification ....................................................................... 17
3.3.6. Preparation ................................................................................... 18
3.3.7. Temperature limit experiments ..................................................... 18
3.3.7.1. General setup ................................................................... 18
3.3.7.2. Pilot study ......................................................................... 20
3.3.7.3. Performance and control .................................................. 20
xxv
3.3.8. Salinity stress experiment ............................................................. 20
3.3.8.1. General setup ................................................................... 20
3.3.8.2. Pilot study ......................................................................... 21
3.3.8.3. Performance and control .................................................. 22
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................... 25
4.1. Results .................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1. Species verification ....................................................................... 25
4.1.2. Thermal limit and salinity stress experiment.................................. 25
4.1.2.1. Upper thermal limit (hourly increase) ................................ 26
4.1.2.1.1. Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid) .............. 26
4.1.2.1.2. Ophiarachna incrassata (green ophiuroid) ....... 30
4.1.2.1.3. Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black Ophiuroid) .......... 32
4.1.2.1.4. Fromia milleporella (red starfish) ...................... 35
4.1.2.2. Upper thermal limit (daily increase)................................... 38
4.1.2.2.1. Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid) .............. 38
4.1.2.2.2. Ophiarachna incrassata (green Ophiuroids) ..... 40
4.1.2.3. Lower thermal limit (hourly decrease) ............................... 44
4.1.2.4. Lower salinity limit (hourly decrease) ................................ 46
4.1.2.4.1. Ophiomastix annulosa (red opiuroids) .............. 46
4.1.2.4.2. Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black ophiuroids) ......... 50
4.2. Discussion .............................................................................................. 53
4.2.1. Thermal limit ................................................................................. 53
4.2.2. Rate of changing temperature ...................................................... 54
4.2.3. Thermal window ........................................................................... 58
4.2.4. Lower salinity limit (hourly decrease) ............................................ 58
4.2.5. Condition of the organisms ........................................................... 59
5. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTION ................................................................... 65
5.1. Summary ................................................................................................ 65
5.2. Suggestion .............................................................................................. 65
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 67
WEBSITE REFERENCES ................................................................................. 69
xxvi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1. Materials that were used in this study. .......................................................... 13
2. Temperature and salinity limit of selected tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix
annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf.dentata) and Asteroidea
(Fromia milleporella)..................................................................................... 25
3. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on April 19th
2011. ............................................................................................................ 27
4. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (red ophiuroid) (repeat). Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on
April 27th 2011. ............................................................................................. 29
5. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Ophiarachna
incrassata (green ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on
December 13th 2010. .................................................................................... 31
6. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Ophiocoma
cf.dentata (black ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-20:00 on October
31st 2011. ..................................................................................................... 33
7. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Fromia milleporella
(red starfish). Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on March 22nd 2011. .... 35
8. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Fromia milleporella
(red starfish) (repeat). Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on May 4th 2011.
..................................................................................................................... 37
9. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done on July 13th-22nd 2011. ...... 39
10. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of Ophiarachna
incrassata (green ophiuroid). Experiment was done on December 14th-22nd
2010. ............................................................................................................ 41
11. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of Fromia milleporella
(Red Starfish). Experiment was done on May 6th-12th 2011. ......................... 43
12. Data of lower thermal limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 06:00-20:00 on September
22nd 2011. .................................................................................................... 45
13. Data of lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (Red Opiuroids). Experiment was done at 05:00-21:00 on
November 8th 2011. ...................................................................................... 47
14. Data of lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiocoma
cf.dentata (Black Opiuroids). Experiment was done at 05:00-04:00 (the next
day) on November 10th-11th 2011. ................................................................ 50
xxvii
15. Data of thermal limit from other tropic species (Morley, Widianari, Juterzenka
unpubl. and prep.). ....................................................................................... 54
16. Photos of the organisms during and/or after experiments. ........................... 59
xxviii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1. Mean global temperature, 1886-1994 (Castro and Huber, 2007). ................... 3
2. Mean global temperature relative to 1961-1990. Recent thermometer
measurements and past temperatures estimated from tree rings, ice cores,
corals, and historical records. The light brown shading indicates the range of
uncertainty. Even with this uncertainty, 1998 was the warmest year in a
millennium (Castro and Huber, 2007). ............................................................ 4
3. The major subdivisions of the marine environment are based on distance from
land, water depth, and whether the organisms are benthic or pelagic.
Description of subtidal zone (pink color) (modified from Castro and Huber,
2007). ............................................................................................................. 5
4. Picture of Ophiomastix annulosa (A: [7]; B: [3]; C: [1]). ................................... 7
5. Picture of Ophiarachna incrassata (A: [9]; B: [2]). .......................................... 8
6. Picture of Ophiocoma dentata (A, B: [4]). ...................................................... 10
7. Eye spot dan tentacles on the arm tip of a starfish, Protoreaster nodosus
(Pisano, 2004). ............................................................................................. 11
8. Picture of Fromia milleporella ([6]). ............................................................... 11
9. Methodology scheme. ................................................................................... 16
10. Design of thermocycler tank for temperature limit experiment. ..................... 19
11. Condition in salinity decrease experiment tank. The ruler is attach to the wall
inside the experiment tank............................................................................ 21
12. Sketch of waterflow during trial with milk. Fixed line shows the surface
current; dashed line shows the bottom current; point 1-7 are the points where
milk was dropped. The slowest current among 7 points was at point 3. The
other points (point 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7) are faster than point 3.............................. 22
13. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00
on April 19th 2011. ........................................................................................ 28
14. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on April 19th 2011............................... 28
15. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid) (repeat). Experiment was done at
05:00-16:00 on April 27th 2011. .................................................................... 29
xxix
16. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid) (repeat),
accumulatively. Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on April 27th 2011...... 30
17. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Ophiarachna incrassata (green ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:0016:00 on December 13th 2010. ..................................................................... 31
18. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Ophiarachna incrassata (green ophiuroid),
accumulatively. Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on December 13th 2010.
..................................................................................................................... 32
19. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-20:00
on October 31st 2011. ................................................................................... 34
20. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black ophiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-20:00 on October 31st 2011. ........................ 34
21. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Fromia milleporella (red starfish). Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on
March 22nd 2011. .......................................................................................... 36
22. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Fromia milleporella (red starfish), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on March 22nd 2011. .......................... 36
23. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Fromia milleporella (red starfish) (repeat). Experiment was done at 05:0014:00 on May 4th 2011. ................................................................................. 37
24. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Fromia milleporella (red starfish) (repeat), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on May 4th 2011. ................................ 38
25. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of
Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done on July 13th-22nd
2011. ............................................................................................................ 39
26. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(daily increase) of Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done on July 13th-22nd 2011................................................ 40
27. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit (daily increase) experiment of
Ophiarachna incrassata (Green Ophiuroids). Experiment was done on
December 14th-22nd 2010. ............................................................................ 41
28. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(daily increase) of Ophiarachna incrassata (green ophiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done on December 14th-22nd 2010...................................... 42
xxx
29. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of
Fromia milleporella (red starfish). Experiment was done on May 6th-12th 2011.
..................................................................................................................... 43
30. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(daily increase) of Fromia milleporella (red starfish), accumulatively.
Experiment was done on May 6th-12th 2011. ................................................. 44
31. Temperature rise during lower thermal limit (hourly decrease) experiment of
Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 06:00-20:00
on September 22nd 2011. ............................................................................. 45
32. Number of not responding organisms from lower thermal limit (hourly
decrease) experiment of Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid),
accumulatively. Experiment was done at 06:00-20:00 on September 22nd
2011. ............................................................................................................ 46
33. Lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiomastix annulosa
(red opiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-21:00 on November 8th 2011. 48
34. Number of not response organisms from lower salinity limit experiment
(hourly decrease) of Ophiomastix annulosa (red Opiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-21:00 on November 8th 2011. ...................... 49
35. Temperature during lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of
Ophiomasxtix annulosa (red opiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-21:00
on November 8th 2011. ................................................................................. 49
36. Lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiocoma cf.dentata
(Black Opiuroids). Experiment was done at 05:00-04:00 (the next day) on
November 10th-11th 2011. ............................................................................. 51
37. Number of not responding organisms from lower salinity limit experiment
(hourly decrease) of Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black opiuroids), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-04:00 (the next day) on November 10th-11th
2011. ............................................................................................................ 52
38. Temperature during lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of
Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black opiuroids). Experiment was done at 05:00-04:00
(the next day) on November 10th-11th 2011. ................................................. 52
39. Temperature VS size of Ophiomastix annulosa in upper and lower thermal
limit experiment (hourly and daily increase and hourly decrease). ................ 56
40. Temperature VS size of Ophiarachna incrassata in upper thermal limit
experiment (hourly and daily increase). ........................................................ 57
41. Temperature VS size of Fromia milleporella in upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly and daily increase). .......................................................................... 57
42. Temperature VS size of Ophiocoma cf. dentata in upper thermal limit
experiment (hourly and daily increase). ........................................................ 58
xxxi
43. The responses to temperature in a hypothetical organism. (Wharton, 2002).
..................................................................................................................... 64
xxxii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
1. Picture of material being used in this experiment .......................................... 73
2. Protocol hourly thermal limit experiment (upper/lower) .................................. 79
3. Protocol daily thermal limit experiment (upper) ............................................. 81
4. Protocol hourly salinity stress experiment (lower) ......................................... 83
5. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiomastix annulosa ....... 85
6. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiomastix
annulosa ...................................................................................................... 87
7. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiomastix annulosa
(repeat) ........................................................................................................ 88
8. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiomastix
annulosa (repeat) ......................................................................................... 90
9. Protocol of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Ophiomastix annulosa ......... 91
10. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Ophiomastix
annulosa ...................................................................................................... 94
11. Protocol of lower thermal limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiomastix annulosa...... 96
12. Sample data sheet of lower thermal limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiomastix
annulosa ...................................................................................................... 98
13. Protocol of lower salinity limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiomastix annulosa....... 99
14. Sample data sheet of lower salinity limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiomastix
annulosa .................................................................................................... 107
15. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiarachna incrassata .. 108
16. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiarachna
incrassata................................................................................................... 110
17. Protocol of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Ophiarachna incrassata .... 110
18. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Ophiarachna
incrassata................................................................................................... 112
19. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiocoma cf. dentata.... 113
20. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiocoma cf.
dentata ....................................................................................................... 115
21. Protocol of lower salinity limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiocoma cf. dentata .... 116
xxxiii
22. Sample data sheet of lower salinity limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiocoma cf.
dentata ....................................................................................................... 126
23. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Fromia milleporella ......... 127
24. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Fromia
milleporella ................................................................................................. 129
25. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Fromia milleporella (repeat)
................................................................................................................... 130
26. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Fromia
milleporella (repeat).................................................................................... 132
27. Protocol of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Fromia milleporella ............ 133
28. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Fromia milleporella
................................................................................................................... 137
29. Picture of ophiuroidea and asteroidea species that had been used in this
study .......................................................................................................... 138
xxxiv
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
It is widely accepted that global warming and climate change are
happening (Hulme and Hadley Center and Climatic Research Unit, School of
Environmental Science, UEA in Lovejoy and Hannah, 2005). One aspect that is
affected by global warming and climate change is temperature rise, or warming
due to increased CO2 levels. Lately many organisms, in this case marine, have
shown effects that the temperature is rising and the climate pattern is changing
(Barnes et al., 2010; Karl and Trenberth in Lovejoy and Hannah, 2005;
Tewksbury et al., 2008). Changing of temperature and climate, also affects the
marine environment, where the temperature of seawater is rising. When this
happens, it could cause problems to marine organisms because the ability of
each marine species or organisms to resist environmental change is different and
geographically uneven (Barnes et al., 2010). In order to assess the effects to
marine organisms, we need to have collaborative research (Parmesan in Lovejoy
and Hannah, 2005). The present study is conducted as part of a collaboration
with British Antarctic Survey (BAS), for latitudinal comparison on marine
invertebrates. Based on previous research, sea temperature in Antarctic and
tropic usually vary over 1-3 0C annually (Peck et al., 2010) and tropical and polar
ectotherms organisms showed sensitivity to small temperature changes (Barnes
et al., 2010).
Tropical areas, especially Indonesia, show very high biodiversity both in
terrestrial and marine environment. Echinoderm species could be found in all
marine areas. Th
ACTIVITY AND SURVIVAL OF SELECTED
TROPICAL OPHIUROIDEA (Ophiomastix annulosa,
Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata)
AND ASTEROIDEA (Fromia milleporella)
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2012
ISSUES RELATED TO THIS THESIS AND THE SOURCE OF
INFORMATION
With this I declare that this thesis with title “Effects of Temperature
Change on Activity and Survival of Selected Tropical Ophiuroidea
(Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata)
and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella)” is my own work under the direction of an
advisory committee. It has not yet been presented in any form to any Education
institution. The sources of information which is published or not yet published by
other researchers have been mentioned and listed in the references of this
thesis.
Bogor, February 2012
Dian Respati Widianari
NIM. C551090181
ABSTRAK
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI. Efek Perubahan Suhu Pada Aktifitas dan
Ketahanan Hidup Ophiuroidea Tropis (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna
incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) dan Asteroidea Tropis (Fromia milleporella)
yang Dipilih. Dibimbing oleh NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI dan KAREN VON
JUTERZENKA
Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim
terjadi pada 30 tahun terakhir hal tersebut ikut mengubah suhu di udara dan
perairan laut. Organisme di seluruh area, khususnya organisme laut, merupakan
hewan yang sensitif terhadap perubahan suhu. Mereka mempunyai kapasitas
tertentu untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan perubahan lingkungan. Jika organisme
ini tidak mampu beradaptasi dengan perubahan lingkungan, mereka bisa mati.
Faktor stres utama yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah suhu, dan salinitas
sebagai stres lainnya untuk perbandingan. Dengan menggunakan
Echinodermata tropis yang dipilih, kapasitas suhu dan salinitas dari organisme ini
diujikan melalui simulasi perubahan lingkungan di laboratorium. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi batasan suhu (dibandingkan dengan
batas bawah salinitas), aktifitas, dan memperkirakan dampak dari stres suhu dan
salinitas pada Ophiuroidea tropis (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna
incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) dan Asteroidea tropis (Fromia milleporella).
Kecepatan perubahan (meningkat atau menurun) suhu mungkin akan
mempengaruhi tingkat ketahanan hidup organisme tersebut. Perbedaan
kecepatan perubahan suhu (setiap jam dan setiap hari) diteliti untuk melihat
apakah ada perbedaan batas suhu dimana organisme tersebut dapat hidup
(kapasitas dan adaptasi) dan efeknya pada organisme tersebut (Ophiuroidea.dan
Asteroidea). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di “Marine Habitat Lab”, Fakultas
Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor; mulai bulan Desember
2010 sampai November 2011. Batas atas suhu (peningkatan setiap jam) untuk
spesies Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata,
dan Fromia milleporella adalah 36,5 0C and 37,0 0C, 37,2 0C, 40,5 0C, dan 35,8
0
C dan 35,0 0C (secara berurutan). Batas atas suhu (peningkatan setiap hari)
untuk spesies Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, dan Fromia
milleporella adalah 35,0 0C, 34,0 0C, dan 33,0 0C (secara berurutan). Batas
bawah suhu (penurunan setiap jam) untuk spesies Ophiomastix annulosa adalah
12,8 0C. Batas bawah salinitas (penurunan setiap jam) untuk spesies
Ophiomastix annulosa dan Ophiocoma cf. dentata adalah 20.5 and 13 (secara
berurutan). Jendela suhu (percobaan setiap jam) dari spesies ini adalah antara
12,8-37 0C. Dari hasil tersebut, dapat disumsikan bahwa spesies Ophiuroidea
dan Asteroidea lebih dapat menyesuaikan diri dan bertahan hidup pada
perubahan lingkungan yang cepat daripada pada perubahan lingkungan yang
lambat; selama oksigen tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup.
Kata kunci: suhu, salinitas, aktifitas, ketahanan hidup, Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea
ABSTRACT
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI. Effects of Temperature Change on Activity and
Survival of Selected Tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna
incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella). Under
direction of NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI and KAREN VON JUTERZENKA
It is widely accepted that global warming and climate change are have
occured over the past 30 years and it changed the temperature in the air and in
marine waters. Organisms in all areas, in this case in marine, are quite sensitive
to temperature changes. They have a certain capacity to cope with the changing
environment. If these organisms cannot adapt to environmental changes, they
could die. The main stress factor that was being used in this research is
temperature, and salinity as another stressor for comparison. Using selected
tropical Echinoderms, the thermal and salinity capacity of these organisms was
tested through simulation of environmental changes in lab. The objectives of this
study are to identify the temperature limit (in comparison to lower salinity limit),
activity, and assess the impact of temperature and salinity stress for selected
tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata,
Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella). The velocity of
changes (increase or decrease) in temperature might also affect the survival of
the organisms. Different velocities (hourly and daily)of temperature change were
investigated to see if there was any difference in temperature limit (the
organisms’ capacity and adaptation) and the effects to these organisms
(Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea). This experiment was conducted in Marine Habitat
Lab, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University
(IPB); from December 2010-November 2011. The upper thermal limit (hourly
increase) for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf.
dentata, and Fromia milleporella was 36.5 0C and 37 0C, 37.2 0C, 40.5 0C, and
35.8 0C and 35.0 0C (respectively). The upper thermal limit (daily increase) for
Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, and Fromia milleporella was
35.0 0C, 34.0 0C, and 33.0 0C (respectively). The lower thermal limit (hourly
decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa was 12.8 0C. Lower salinity limit (hourly
decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa and Ophiocoma cf. dentata was 20.5 and 13
(respectively). The thermal window for Ophiomastix annulosa (hourly experiment)
was between 12.8-37.0 0C. From the result, it can be assumed that these
ophiuroids and asteroids species can acclimatize and survive to more rapid
changing environment than slow changing environment; as long as the oxygen is
available in sufficient amount.
Keywords: temperature, salinity, activity, survival, Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea
SUMMARY
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI. Effects Of Temperature Change On Activity and
Survival of Selected Tropical Subtidal Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa,
Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia
milleporella). Under direction of NEVIATY PUTRI ZAMANI and KAREN VON
JUTERZENKA.
It is widely known and accepted that global warming and climate change
has happened during the last decades. One aspect that affected by global
warming and climate change is temperature rise (warming) because of raised
CO2 levels. This changing of temperature and climate, also affects the marine
environment, where the temperature of seawater is rising. When this happens it
could cause problems to marine organisms because the ability of each marine
species or organisms to resist environmental change is different and
geographically uneven. In order to assess the effects to marine organisms, we
need to have collaborative research. The present study is conducted as part of a
collaboration with British Antarctic Survey (BAS), for latitudinal comparison of
marine invertebrates. Based on previous research, sea temperature in polar and
tropic usually vary over 1-3 0C annually and tropical and polar ectotherms
organisms showed similar sensitivity to temperature change.
Tropical areas, especially Indonesia, show very high biodiversity both in
terrestrial and marine environment. Echinoderms species are found in all marine
areas at all latitude. They live from intertidal to abyssal zones and from polar to
tropics, so that it could fit in the frame project of British Antarctic Survey (BAS).
There are many Echinoderms species in tropical marine environment.
Echinoderms are spiny marine organisms, which consist of class Asteroidea,
Echinoidea, Ophiuroidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea, and Concentricycloidea.
Echinoderms in nature can act as scavenger, deposit feeder, suspension feeder,
or predator.
This research will use selected tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix
annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata) from subtidal and ophiuroids from intertidal
(Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and asteroids (Fromia milleporella) which live in subtidal
areas and can be kept in the lab during acclimation periods and experiments.
Subtidal environments are more stable area than intertidal areas in terms of
condition and these ophiuroids and asteroids are possible to keep in the lab. The
survival rate of the organisms in the lab or in environment depend on their
sensitivity and ability to adapt with changing condition of the environment or new
environment. The reason for choosing subtidal species is because in general,
intertidal species are “tougher” (more tolerance) than subtidal species because
intertidal species have to deal with a constantly changing environment. So,
intertidal species are less suitable for this experiment and within the project‟s
frame, but can still be use as comparison.
There are many stressors and factors in the marine environment, such as
temperature, salinity, light, oxygen, food availability, competition, sediment load,
etc. This warming experiment was measured in isolation from those factors,
except temperature and/or salinity. Temperature was the main stressor in this
experiment, and salinity as a comparison to see whether these organisms
respond similarly to temperature stress or not. The objectives of this study are to
identify the temperature (in comparison to lower salinity limit), activity, and assess
the impact of temperature and salinity stress for selected tropical Ophiuroidea
and Asteroidea. The velocities of changes (increase or decrease) in temperature
might also affect the survival of the organisms. Different velocities (hourly and
daily) in temperature change were investigated to see if there was any difference
in temperature limit (the organisms‟ capacity and adaptation) and the effects to
these organisms (Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea).
This research was conducted in Marine Habitat Lab, Faculty of Fisheries
and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (FPIK-IPB) between
December 2010-November 2011. The organisms and materials used were the
organisms (selected tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna
incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella)),
seawater (from Teluk Jakarta and filtered in Gelanggang Samudera, Ancol,
Jakarta), freshwater, data sheets, thermometer (alcohol and digital thermometer),
refractometer, thermocycler with jacket tank (special designed by British Antarctic
Survey (BAS)), fresh shrimps (as food), digital balance, caliper, camera,
adjustable water heater, water filter, ammonia strips, pH strips, nitrite and nitrate
strips.
To select the organisms, a trial was done with several selected tropical
Echinoderms species from class Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea, Echinoidea, and
Holothuroidea. The organisms were recieved from CV. Dinar and acclimated after
arriving in the lab for about 5-10 days. The size of the organisms should be
suitable to be put into the thermocycler (inner tank size 75 x 40 x 32 cm) and
control tank (size 75 x 40 x 41 cm). The size of ophiuroids, it could be up to 5 cm
for central disk diameter; asteroids, could be up to 10 cm in diameter;
holothuroids, the length could be up to 10 cm (live specimen, measure
underwater); echinoids, the disc diameter could be up to 3 cm (measuring
method based on Peck et al., 2009a). The number of the organisms was between
3-20 organisms for each species. From the acclimation phase, the organisms that
proved to be strong enough (low mortality, normal behavior) to be kept in the lab
were organisms from class Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea. The number of the
organisms that was being observed in these experiments were between 10-20
organisms for each species (total of organisms in experiment and control). Test
of feeding and handling the organisms was done in this phase.
Species verification (identification) was done with frozen samples, since it
was impossible to do identification with live specimens. Species identification was
done to ensure that the species name was correct based on given information
from CV. Dinar. Species were identified using stereomicroscope and identification
key by Clark and Rowe (1971).
A pilot study was performed before the main experiment was conducted.
The pilot study tested the response parameters (e.g. righting or turning response,
activity), to determine how to measure when organisms were not responding
anymore (for ophiuroids, the turning response; and for the asteroids, attachment
capability and turning response) (Peck et.al., 2008; Peck et al., 2009a; Peck et
al., 2009b). From the pilot study we tried to turn the organisms when they looked
weak and were not attach to the tank wall (already at bottom of experimental
tank). During upper thermal limit experiments, the ophiuroids loosened their arms
and were weak; the asteroids lost their attachment capability. During lower
thermal limit and salinity limit experiments, the ophiuroids curled their arms and
became stiff (pers. obs.).
Several experiments were done: hourly upper thermal limit, hourly lower
thermal limit, daily upper thermal limit, and hourly decrease salinity stress. During
hourly experiment, the stressors were changed every hour (temperature and
salinity. During daily experiment the stressor was changed every day at the same
time (hour). All the changes of stressors (temperature and salinity) and what
happened to the organisms was noted. The sign for the organisms (ophiuroids
and asteroids) not responding anymore was the turning or righting response
(Peck et.al., 2008). The wet weight and size (central disk size of ophiuroids and
diameter of asteroids) of all the organisms was measured (from experiment and
control) (Peck et al., 2009a). Repeat experiments verified that the upper thermal
limit of these organisms were more or less at the same temperature limit and also
to verify that the setting of this experiment was right. The repetition experiment
was conducted to verify the first experiment or because the number of individuals
was not enough in the first experiment.
The annual temperature in tropic is between 27-29 0C in surface layer
(upper 10 m) (Stewart, 2008). The annual temperature in Antarctic (polar)
seawater is between -1.8 0C and +1.8 0C (Peck et al., 2009b).The upper thermal
limit (hourly increase) for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata,
Ophiocoma cf. dentata, and Fromia milleporella was 36.5 0C and 37 0C, 37.2 0C,
40.5 0C, and 35.8 0C and 35.0 0C (respectively). The upper thermal limit (daily
increase) for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, and Fromia
milleporella was 35.0 0C, 34.0 0C, and 33.0 0C (respectively). The lower thermal
limit (hourly decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa was 12.8 0C. Lower salinity limit
(hourly decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa and Ophiocoma cf. dentata was 20.5
and 13. The thermal window for Ophiomastix annulosa (hourly experiment) was
between 12.8-37.0 0C. At the end of (a) upper thermal limit experiment (hourly
increase), the ophiuroid‟s arms were straight and loose; and the asteroids lost
their attachment capability; (b) upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase),
the ophiuroids showed wounded discs, autotomy, and some of them were dead;
the asteroids were showed white spot or wounded arm tips then died; (c) lower
thermal limit experiments (hourly decrease) and lower salinity limits (hourly
decrease), the ophiuroid‟s arms were curled and stiff. The conclusion from the
results were (1) it could be seen that intertidal species have wider range of
temperature and salinity limits (on hourly increase temperature and hourly
decrease salinity); (2) it can be assumed that these ophiuroids and asteroids
species acclimatize and survive to more rapid changing environment than slow
changing environment; as long as the oxygen is available in sufficient amount. At
slower rates of environmental (temperature) changes (monthly to yearly)
acclimation and other processes such as rate of utilization of stored reserves
become important in dictating survival. Relevant rates of warming during climate
change (annual, decadal, or longer), adaptation and ecological mechanisms are
major factors dictating survival (Peck et al., 2009a).
Copyright © 2012 Bogor Agricultural University
Copyright is Protected by Law
It is a prohibited to cite all or part of this thesis without referring to and mentioning
the source. Citation only permitted for the sake of education, research, scientific
writing, report writing, critical writing, or reviewing scientific problem. Citation
doesn’t inflict the name and honor of Bogor Agricultural University.
It is prohibited to republish and reproduce all or part of this thesis without the
writer permission from Bogor Agricultural University.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON
ACTIVITY AND SURVIVAL OF SELECTED
TROPICAL OPHIUROIDEA (Ophiomastix annulosa,
Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata)
AND ASTEROIDEA (Fromia milleporella)
DIAN RESPATI WIDIANARI
Thesis
as one of the requirements for achieving
Master of Science degree in
Marine Science Program
GRADUATE SCHOOL
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2012
Outside Committee Examiner on Thesis Examination:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Dedi Soedharma, DEA
Title
Name
NIM
: Effect of temperature change on activity and survival of selected
tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiomastix
annulosa, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia
milleporella)
: Dian Repati Widianari
: C551090181
Approved by
Advisory Commiteee
Dr. Ir. Neviaty P. Zamani, M.Sc.
(Head)
Dr. Karen von Juterzenka
(Member)
Known by
Head of Marine Science Program
Dean of Graduate School
Dr. Ir. Neviaty P. Zamani, M.Sc.
Dr. Ir. Dahrul Syah, M.Sc.Agr.
Date of Examination:
January 17th 2012
Date of Graduation:
February 10th 2012
PREFACE
The ocean is occupying 70% of the earth „s surface. There are still lots of
mystery underwater that could be or need to be revealed one day by the scientist.
Based on many journals, books, and studies, many scientists said that the global
climate change is happening during the last decades. And it affects the entire
world including the live organisms that live on earth (terrestrial and marine). The
air, terrestrial, and marine area are connected to each other. Each of them try to
keep adjusting to each other to make everything as balance as possible if
something happen (e.g. global climate change or global warming). But there
might be something “gone and replace” if the imbalance happen for long duration.
For example, the animals from tropics move to higher latitude if the temperature
in tropics is getting higher. The problem is what will happen to the polar animals.
Where will they go?
Focus of this thesis is to identify some of the tropic marine species
temperature limit and identify whether there is any difference in temperature limit
if the temperature changing rapidly or in a slower rate in nature. As the result, the
author hope that this study could give a glimpse of what will happen if the global
climate change happen for the next years.
Hope thesis could be useful to give some pictures to keep our world a
better place; and many parties and scientists could give positive advice and
suggestions this imperfect thesis.
Bogor, February 2012
Dian Respati Widianari
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author want to say thank you to all the parties who supports and help,
so that this research and thesis can be done.
1.
Parents (Djarot Soedarsono and Sri Ulfah Hartati) and all the family who
patiently supports, inspires, motivate, help, and pray for keep reminding to do
the best, on time, always learn, humble, and work hard and smart for the
better and the best to reach the goals.
2.
Dr. Ir. Neviaty Putri Zamani, M.Sc. as the head of advisory committee and
head of Marine Science Program who patiently give support, advice, help,
and time through finishing of this thesis.
3.
Dr. Karen Von Juterzenka as member of advisory committee who gave a
lot of support, help, time, advice, new experience (for me), and share
knowledge and fun through finishing of this thesis.
4.
Dr. Simon Anthony Morley as project coordinator from British Antarctic
Survey (BAS) who gave the opportunity to join their project and broaden my
knowledge, experience, and network.
5.
Prof. Lloyd S. Peck and Dr. Melody S. Clark as project funding from
British Antarctic Survey (BAS) that makes this project works.
6.
Prof. Dr. Ir. Dedi Soedharma, DEA as outside examiner committee who
help a lot giving advise thoroughly through this thesis so that this thesis can
be better.
7.
Dr. Ir. Etty Riani, M.Si. as seminar moderator and examiner who give time
in supporting and positive comment during the seminar.
8.
Friends in Marine Science Program class 2009 Bogor Agricultural
University (Pak Johanis Lekalete, Bang Lumban Nauli Lumban Toruan,
Pak Kapten Khoirol Iman Fatoni, Pak Ahmad Zamroni, Mbak Emmy
Syafitri, Kaharudin, Mbak Anna Ida Sunaryo Purwiyanto (for all the listening,
help, and many moments together), Yuliana Fitri Syamsuni (my runningmate), Heidi Retnoningtyas, Citra Satrya Utama Dewi, Yulianto Suteja,
Mardiansyah (Yayan), Muhammad Reza Cordova (younger brother), Maria
Ulfah (for all the logistic things you help to provide it), Muliari (Ayi), Wahyu
Ai‟din Hidayat)
9.
Friends in Marine Habitat Lab and Marine Science and Technology
(MST) Training Course (Dr. Michael K. Schmid, Agung Prasatya Siregar,
Bang Ramadian Bachtiar, Caroline Wendling, Mereike Huhn, Nurina Ayu,
Rebecca Mueller, Giannina Hattich, Titan, Andhita Triwahyuni, Shelly
Tutupoho, Dwito Indrawan, Olivier Yonathan, Fitriah Anggraeni, Fadilah
Rahmawati (for helping and accompanying study and do the assignments))
thank you for all the good times, laugh, advise, critics, info, support, and help
during we study together.
10. Yasser Ahmed and family, thank you for all the pray, help, time, support,
energy, spirit, nice discussion you gave to help finishing this thesis and so
many other things in life.
11. Dondy Arafat, thank you for helping in providing seawater to the lab.
12. CV. Dinar (Pak Dody, Mbak Desyi, Pak Ngurah, and all the crews), thank
you for helping in providing marine organisms, some info about it, and
handling marine organisms.
13. All parties and everybody who not yet mentioned, thank you for all supports,
help, and time through finishing this thesis.
BIOGRAPHY
The author was born in Jakarta on December 8th 1983 as a single
daughter from Djarot Soedarsono and Sri Ulfah Hartati. The elementary school
was finished in Kuntum Wijaya Kusuma Elementary School, Jakarta, in 1995.
Then the author continued to 102 Public Junior High School, Jakarta, and
finished in 1998. The high school was finished in 2001 in Gonzaga College High
School, Jakarta. After that, the author continued her study in Diponegoro
University, Semarang, Central Java, from August 2001 until December 2006; and
do research titled “Pengaruh Keberadaan Substrat dan Ukuran Biota yang
Berbeda Terhadap Konsumsi Oksigen Bintang Laut Protoreaster nodosus”. On
March to June 2009, the author joined Marine Science and Technology (MST)
training course held by Deutch Academischer Austauschdienst (DAAD) and
Bogor Agricultural University (IPB) in Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Then
the author registered as Master degree student in Bogor Agricultural University
(IPB) on August 2009.
During did and finishing the Master, the author was selected as project
assistant in Thermal Limit Project by British Antarctic Survey (BAS). With this
project the author, learn how to do research about thermal limit of marine
organisms, using new equipments, and attending Association for Tropical Biology
and Conservation (ATBC) conference in Bali on July 2010. To finish her Master
degree study, the author do a research and writing thesis titled “Effect of
temperature change on activity and survival of selected tropical Ophiuroidea
(Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and
Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella)”.
CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................... xxvii
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................... xxix
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................. xxxiii
1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background............................................................................................... 1
1.2. Hypothesis ................................................................................................ 2
1.3. Objectives ................................................................................................. 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 3
2.1. Climate Change and Variation .................................................................. 3
2.2. Role of Temperature and Salinity .............................................................. 4
2.3. Intertidal .................................................................................................... 5
2.4. Subtidal ..................................................................................................... 5
2.5. Echinoderm............................................................................................... 6
2.5.1. Ophiuroidea .................................................................................... 6
2.5.1.1. Ophiomastix annulosa ........................................................ 6
2.5.1.2. Ophiarachna incrassata ...................................................... 8
2.5.1.3. Ophiocoma dentata ............................................................ 9
2.5.2. Asteroidea: Fromia milleporella .................................................... 10
3. RESEARCH METHODS ................................................................................ 13
3.1. Time and Location .................................................................................. 13
3.2. Materials ................................................................................................. 13
3.3. Methods .................................................................................................. 15
3.3.1. Selecting the organisms ............................................................... 15
3.3.2. Receiving organisms and acclimation ........................................... 16
3.3.3. Feeding ........................................................................................ 17
3.3.4. Water quality control and water exchange .................................... 17
3.3.5. Species verification ....................................................................... 17
3.3.6. Preparation ................................................................................... 18
3.3.7. Temperature limit experiments ..................................................... 18
3.3.7.1. General setup ................................................................... 18
3.3.7.2. Pilot study ......................................................................... 20
3.3.7.3. Performance and control .................................................. 20
xxv
3.3.8. Salinity stress experiment ............................................................. 20
3.3.8.1. General setup ................................................................... 20
3.3.8.2. Pilot study ......................................................................... 21
3.3.8.3. Performance and control .................................................. 22
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................................... 25
4.1. Results .................................................................................................... 25
4.1.1. Species verification ....................................................................... 25
4.1.2. Thermal limit and salinity stress experiment.................................. 25
4.1.2.1. Upper thermal limit (hourly increase) ................................ 26
4.1.2.1.1. Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid) .............. 26
4.1.2.1.2. Ophiarachna incrassata (green ophiuroid) ....... 30
4.1.2.1.3. Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black Ophiuroid) .......... 32
4.1.2.1.4. Fromia milleporella (red starfish) ...................... 35
4.1.2.2. Upper thermal limit (daily increase)................................... 38
4.1.2.2.1. Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid) .............. 38
4.1.2.2.2. Ophiarachna incrassata (green Ophiuroids) ..... 40
4.1.2.3. Lower thermal limit (hourly decrease) ............................... 44
4.1.2.4. Lower salinity limit (hourly decrease) ................................ 46
4.1.2.4.1. Ophiomastix annulosa (red opiuroids) .............. 46
4.1.2.4.2. Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black ophiuroids) ......... 50
4.2. Discussion .............................................................................................. 53
4.2.1. Thermal limit ................................................................................. 53
4.2.2. Rate of changing temperature ...................................................... 54
4.2.3. Thermal window ........................................................................... 58
4.2.4. Lower salinity limit (hourly decrease) ............................................ 58
4.2.5. Condition of the organisms ........................................................... 59
5. SUMMARY AND SUGGESTION ................................................................... 65
5.1. Summary ................................................................................................ 65
5.2. Suggestion .............................................................................................. 65
REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 67
WEBSITE REFERENCES ................................................................................. 69
xxvi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1. Materials that were used in this study. .......................................................... 13
2. Temperature and salinity limit of selected tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix
annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf.dentata) and Asteroidea
(Fromia milleporella)..................................................................................... 25
3. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on April 19th
2011. ............................................................................................................ 27
4. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (red ophiuroid) (repeat). Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on
April 27th 2011. ............................................................................................. 29
5. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Ophiarachna
incrassata (green ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on
December 13th 2010. .................................................................................... 31
6. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Ophiocoma
cf.dentata (black ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-20:00 on October
31st 2011. ..................................................................................................... 33
7. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Fromia milleporella
(red starfish). Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on March 22nd 2011. .... 35
8. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of Fromia milleporella
(red starfish) (repeat). Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on May 4th 2011.
..................................................................................................................... 37
9. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done on July 13th-22nd 2011. ...... 39
10. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of Ophiarachna
incrassata (green ophiuroid). Experiment was done on December 14th-22nd
2010. ............................................................................................................ 41
11. Data of upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of Fromia milleporella
(Red Starfish). Experiment was done on May 6th-12th 2011. ......................... 43
12. Data of lower thermal limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 06:00-20:00 on September
22nd 2011. .................................................................................................... 45
13. Data of lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiomastix
annulosa (Red Opiuroids). Experiment was done at 05:00-21:00 on
November 8th 2011. ...................................................................................... 47
14. Data of lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiocoma
cf.dentata (Black Opiuroids). Experiment was done at 05:00-04:00 (the next
day) on November 10th-11th 2011. ................................................................ 50
xxvii
15. Data of thermal limit from other tropic species (Morley, Widianari, Juterzenka
unpubl. and prep.). ....................................................................................... 54
16. Photos of the organisms during and/or after experiments. ........................... 59
xxviii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1. Mean global temperature, 1886-1994 (Castro and Huber, 2007). ................... 3
2. Mean global temperature relative to 1961-1990. Recent thermometer
measurements and past temperatures estimated from tree rings, ice cores,
corals, and historical records. The light brown shading indicates the range of
uncertainty. Even with this uncertainty, 1998 was the warmest year in a
millennium (Castro and Huber, 2007). ............................................................ 4
3. The major subdivisions of the marine environment are based on distance from
land, water depth, and whether the organisms are benthic or pelagic.
Description of subtidal zone (pink color) (modified from Castro and Huber,
2007). ............................................................................................................. 5
4. Picture of Ophiomastix annulosa (A: [7]; B: [3]; C: [1]). ................................... 7
5. Picture of Ophiarachna incrassata (A: [9]; B: [2]). .......................................... 8
6. Picture of Ophiocoma dentata (A, B: [4]). ...................................................... 10
7. Eye spot dan tentacles on the arm tip of a starfish, Protoreaster nodosus
(Pisano, 2004). ............................................................................................. 11
8. Picture of Fromia milleporella ([6]). ............................................................... 11
9. Methodology scheme. ................................................................................... 16
10. Design of thermocycler tank for temperature limit experiment. ..................... 19
11. Condition in salinity decrease experiment tank. The ruler is attach to the wall
inside the experiment tank............................................................................ 21
12. Sketch of waterflow during trial with milk. Fixed line shows the surface
current; dashed line shows the bottom current; point 1-7 are the points where
milk was dropped. The slowest current among 7 points was at point 3. The
other points (point 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7) are faster than point 3.............................. 22
13. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00
on April 19th 2011. ........................................................................................ 28
14. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on April 19th 2011............................... 28
15. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid) (repeat). Experiment was done at
05:00-16:00 on April 27th 2011. .................................................................... 29
xxix
16. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid) (repeat),
accumulatively. Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on April 27th 2011...... 30
17. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Ophiarachna incrassata (green ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:0016:00 on December 13th 2010. ..................................................................... 31
18. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Ophiarachna incrassata (green ophiuroid),
accumulatively. Experiment was done at 05:00-16:00 on December 13th 2010.
..................................................................................................................... 32
19. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-20:00
on October 31st 2011. ................................................................................... 34
20. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black ophiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-20:00 on October 31st 2011. ........................ 34
21. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Fromia milleporella (red starfish). Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on
March 22nd 2011. .......................................................................................... 36
22. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Fromia milleporella (red starfish), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on March 22nd 2011. .......................... 36
23. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (hourly increase) of
Fromia milleporella (red starfish) (repeat). Experiment was done at 05:0014:00 on May 4th 2011. ................................................................................. 37
24. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly increase) of Fromia milleporella (red starfish) (repeat), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-14:00 on May 4th 2011. ................................ 38
25. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of
Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done on July 13th-22nd
2011. ............................................................................................................ 39
26. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(daily increase) of Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done on July 13th-22nd 2011................................................ 40
27. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit (daily increase) experiment of
Ophiarachna incrassata (Green Ophiuroids). Experiment was done on
December 14th-22nd 2010. ............................................................................ 41
28. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(daily increase) of Ophiarachna incrassata (green ophiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done on December 14th-22nd 2010...................................... 42
xxx
29. Temperature rise during upper thermal limit experiment (daily increase) of
Fromia milleporella (red starfish). Experiment was done on May 6th-12th 2011.
..................................................................................................................... 43
30. Number of not responding organisms from upper thermal limit experiment
(daily increase) of Fromia milleporella (red starfish), accumulatively.
Experiment was done on May 6th-12th 2011. ................................................. 44
31. Temperature rise during lower thermal limit (hourly decrease) experiment of
Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid). Experiment was done at 06:00-20:00
on September 22nd 2011. ............................................................................. 45
32. Number of not responding organisms from lower thermal limit (hourly
decrease) experiment of Ophiomastix annulosa (red ophiuroid),
accumulatively. Experiment was done at 06:00-20:00 on September 22nd
2011. ............................................................................................................ 46
33. Lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiomastix annulosa
(red opiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-21:00 on November 8th 2011. 48
34. Number of not response organisms from lower salinity limit experiment
(hourly decrease) of Ophiomastix annulosa (red Opiuroid), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-21:00 on November 8th 2011. ...................... 49
35. Temperature during lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of
Ophiomasxtix annulosa (red opiuroid). Experiment was done at 05:00-21:00
on November 8th 2011. ................................................................................. 49
36. Lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of Ophiocoma cf.dentata
(Black Opiuroids). Experiment was done at 05:00-04:00 (the next day) on
November 10th-11th 2011. ............................................................................. 51
37. Number of not responding organisms from lower salinity limit experiment
(hourly decrease) of Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black opiuroids), accumulatively.
Experiment was done at 05:00-04:00 (the next day) on November 10th-11th
2011. ............................................................................................................ 52
38. Temperature during lower salinity limit experiment (hourly decrease) of
Ophiocoma cf.dentata (black opiuroids). Experiment was done at 05:00-04:00
(the next day) on November 10th-11th 2011. ................................................. 52
39. Temperature VS size of Ophiomastix annulosa in upper and lower thermal
limit experiment (hourly and daily increase and hourly decrease). ................ 56
40. Temperature VS size of Ophiarachna incrassata in upper thermal limit
experiment (hourly and daily increase). ........................................................ 57
41. Temperature VS size of Fromia milleporella in upper thermal limit experiment
(hourly and daily increase). .......................................................................... 57
42. Temperature VS size of Ophiocoma cf. dentata in upper thermal limit
experiment (hourly and daily increase). ........................................................ 58
xxxi
43. The responses to temperature in a hypothetical organism. (Wharton, 2002).
..................................................................................................................... 64
xxxii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
1. Picture of material being used in this experiment .......................................... 73
2. Protocol hourly thermal limit experiment (upper/lower) .................................. 79
3. Protocol daily thermal limit experiment (upper) ............................................. 81
4. Protocol hourly salinity stress experiment (lower) ......................................... 83
5. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiomastix annulosa ....... 85
6. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiomastix
annulosa ...................................................................................................... 87
7. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiomastix annulosa
(repeat) ........................................................................................................ 88
8. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiomastix
annulosa (repeat) ......................................................................................... 90
9. Protocol of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Ophiomastix annulosa ......... 91
10. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Ophiomastix
annulosa ...................................................................................................... 94
11. Protocol of lower thermal limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiomastix annulosa...... 96
12. Sample data sheet of lower thermal limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiomastix
annulosa ...................................................................................................... 98
13. Protocol of lower salinity limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiomastix annulosa....... 99
14. Sample data sheet of lower salinity limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiomastix
annulosa .................................................................................................... 107
15. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiarachna incrassata .. 108
16. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiarachna
incrassata................................................................................................... 110
17. Protocol of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Ophiarachna incrassata .... 110
18. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Ophiarachna
incrassata................................................................................................... 112
19. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiocoma cf. dentata.... 113
20. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Ophiocoma cf.
dentata ....................................................................................................... 115
21. Protocol of lower salinity limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiocoma cf. dentata .... 116
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22. Sample data sheet of lower salinity limit (hourly decrease)-Ophiocoma cf.
dentata ....................................................................................................... 126
23. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Fromia milleporella ......... 127
24. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Fromia
milleporella ................................................................................................. 129
25. Protocol of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Fromia milleporella (repeat)
................................................................................................................... 130
26. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (hourly increase)-Fromia
milleporella (repeat).................................................................................... 132
27. Protocol of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Fromia milleporella ............ 133
28. Sample data sheet of upper thermal limit (daily increase)-Fromia milleporella
................................................................................................................... 137
29. Picture of ophiuroidea and asteroidea species that had been used in this
study .......................................................................................................... 138
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
It is widely accepted that global warming and climate change are
happening (Hulme and Hadley Center and Climatic Research Unit, School of
Environmental Science, UEA in Lovejoy and Hannah, 2005). One aspect that is
affected by global warming and climate change is temperature rise, or warming
due to increased CO2 levels. Lately many organisms, in this case marine, have
shown effects that the temperature is rising and the climate pattern is changing
(Barnes et al., 2010; Karl and Trenberth in Lovejoy and Hannah, 2005;
Tewksbury et al., 2008). Changing of temperature and climate, also affects the
marine environment, where the temperature of seawater is rising. When this
happens, it could cause problems to marine organisms because the ability of
each marine species or organisms to resist environmental change is different and
geographically uneven (Barnes et al., 2010). In order to assess the effects to
marine organisms, we need to have collaborative research (Parmesan in Lovejoy
and Hannah, 2005). The present study is conducted as part of a collaboration
with British Antarctic Survey (BAS), for latitudinal comparison on marine
invertebrates. Based on previous research, sea temperature in Antarctic and
tropic usually vary over 1-3 0C annually (Peck et al., 2010) and tropical and polar
ectotherms organisms showed sensitivity to small temperature changes (Barnes
et al., 2010).
Tropical areas, especially Indonesia, show very high biodiversity both in
terrestrial and marine environment. Echinoderm species could be found in all
marine areas. Th