kimia lingkungan

Environment al Engineering

Environmental Chemist ry I
Supriyant o

Environment al Engineering

Introduction of Environmental Chemistry I

Environment al Engineering

Reference
• Environmental Chemist ry, Sevent h Edit ion,
1994 by Stanley E. M anahan

• Journal relat ed environmental chemist ry

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Syllabus
• Introduction

• Aquatic Chemistry
– Basic Principles
– Oxidat ion-Reduct ion
– Phase Interact ions
– Aquat ic M icrobial Biochemist ry
– Water Pollut ion
– Water Treat ment
• M id Test

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Syllabus
• Atmospheric Chemistry
– Basic Principles
– Part icles in t he at mosphere
– Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutant s
– Organic Air Pollutant s
– Photochemical Smog
– The Endangered Global At mosphere


• Final Test

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Evaluat ion





Presence
Task
M id Test
Final Test

Environment al Engineering

ENVIRONM ENTAL SCIENCE
• Environmental science is t he science of t he
complex int eract ions t hat occur among t he

t errest rial, at mospheric, aquat ic, living, and
ant hropological environment s.

• Environmental science has evolved int o ecology.
• Ecology is t he st udy of environmental fact ors t hat
affect organisms and how organisms int eract w it h
t hese fact ors and w it h each ot her.

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ENVIRONM ENTAL CHEM ISTRY & ENVIRONM ENTAL
BIOCHEM ISTRY

• Environmental chemistry is t he st udy of t he
sources, react ions, t ransport , effect s, and
fat es of chemical species in wat er, soil, air, and
living environment s and t he effect of
t echnology t hereon.

• Environmental biochemistry is t he st udy t hat

deals specifically w it h t he effect s of
environmental chemical species on life.

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• A relat ed area, toxicological chemistry, is t he
chemist ry of t oxic substances w it h emphasis
upon t heir int eract ions w it h biologic t issue
and living organisms.

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WATER, AIR, EARTH, LIFE, AND TECHNOLOGY

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• Water and The hydrosphere
– Water is an essent ial part of all living systems and
is t he medium from w hich life evolved and in
w hich life exist s.


• Air and The atmosphere
– The at mosphere serves a vital protect ive funct ion,
absorbing harmful ult raviolet radiat ion from t he
sun and stabilizing Eart h’s temperat ure.

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• Earth and The geosphere
– The most important part of t he geosphere for life
on eart h is soil formed by t he disintegrat ive
weat hering act ion of physical, geochemical, and
biological processes on rock.

• Life and The biosphere
– As living beings, t he ult imate concern of humans
w it h t heir environment is t he interact ion of t he
environment w it h life.

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• The Anthrosphere and Technology
– The survival of humankind and of t he planet t hat
support s it now requires t hat t he established twoway interaction bet ween science and technology
become a three-way relationship including
environmental protect ion.

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THE BIOSPHERE
• There is a st rong int erconnect ion bet ween t he
biosphere and t he ant hrosphere.

• Humans depend upon t he biosphere for food,
fuel, and raw mat erials.

• It is t he responsibilit y of humankind t o make
such changes int elligent ly and t o prot ect and
nurt ure t he biosphere


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ECOLOGY
• An understanding of ecology is essent ial in t he
management of modern industrialized societies
in ways t hat are compat ible w it h environmental
preservation and enhancement .

• Applied ecology deals w it h predict ing t he
impact s of technology and development and
making recommendat ions such t hat t hese
act ivit ies w ill have minimum adverse impact , or
even positive impact, on ecosyst ems.

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ENERGY AND CYCLES OF ENERGY
• Biogeochemical cycles (biological, geological,
and chemical) on Eart h are driven by energy from
t he sun.


• During t he last t wo cent uries, enormous human
impact on energy utilization has result ed in many
of t he environmental problems now facing
humankind.

• Therefore, it w ill be necessary t o move t oward
t he ut ilizat ion of alt ernat e renewable energy
sources, including solar energy and biomass.

Environment al Engineering

M ATTER AND CYCLES OF M ATTER

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Environment al Engineering

• M at erials cycles may be divided bet ween
endogenic cycles and exogenic cycles.


• Endogenic cycles involve subsurface rocks of
various kinds.

• Exogenic cycles occur on Eart h’s surface and
usually have an at mospheric component .

Environment al Engineering

Environment al Engineering

• Biogeochemical cycles can be described as
elemental cycles involving nutrient elements
such as carbon, nit rogen, oxygen, phosphorus,
and sulfur.

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Environment al Engineering

HUM AN IM PACT AND POLLUTION
• The demands of increasing population
coupled w it h the desire of most people for a
higher mat erial standard of living are result ing
in worldw ide pollution on a massive scale .

• Environmental pollut ion can be divided
among t he cat egories of water, air, and land
pollution.

• All t hree of t hese areas are linked.

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Environment al Engineering

• For example, some gases emitt ed t o t he
at mosphere can be convert ed t o st rong acids
by at mospheric chemical processes, fall t o t he
eart h as acid rain, and pollut e wat er w it h
acidit y.

• Improperly discarded hazardous wast es can
leach int o groundwat er t hat is event ually
released as pollut ed wat er int o st reams.

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TECHNOLOGY
• Some of t he major ways in w hich modern
technology has cont ribut ed t o environmental
alteration and pollution are t he follow ing:

– Agricultural practices t hat have resulted in
intensive cult ivat ion of land, drainage of wet lands,
irrigat ion of arid lands, and applicat ion of
insect icides and herbicides.

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– M anufacturing of huge quant it ies of indust rial
product s t hat consumes vast amount s of raw
materials and produces large quant it ies of air
pollutant s, water pollutant s, and hazardous waste
by-product s.

– Extraction and product ion of minerals and ot her
raw materials w it h accompanying environmental
disrupt ion and pollut ion.

Environment al Engineering

– Energy product ion and ut ilizat ion w it h
environmental effect s t hat include disrupt ion of
soil by mining, pollut ion of water by release of
salt -water from pet roleum product ion, and
emission of air pollutant s such as acid-rainforming sulfur dioxide.

– M odern transportation pract ices, part icularly
reliance on t he automobile, t hat cause scarring of
land surfaces from road const ruct ion, emission of
air pollutant s, and great ly increased demands for
fossil fuel resources.

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Environment al Engineering

• There are numerous ways in w hich t echnology
can be applied t o minimize environmental
impact .
– Use of state-of-the-art computerized control to
achieve maximum energy efficiency, maximum
ut ilizat ion of raw materials, and minimum product ion
of pollutant by-product s.

– Use of materials that minimize pollution problems,
for example heat -resistant materials t hat enable use
of high temperat ures for efficient t hermal processes.

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– Applicat ion of processes and materials t hat
enable maximum materials recycling and
minimum waste product product ion, for example,
advanced membrane processes for wastewater
t reat ment to enable water recycling.

– Applicat ion of advanced biotechnologies such as
in t he biological t reat ment of wastes.

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– Use of best available catalysts for efficient
synt hesis.

– Use of lasers for precision machining and
processing to minimize waste product ion.