NATURALISTIC STUDY ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED BY SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF Naturalistic Study On Communication Strategy Used By Second Semester Students In Speaking Class Of English Education Department Of Muhammadiyah University
NATURALISTIC STUDY ON COMMUNICATION STRATEGY
USED BY SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF MUHAMMADIYAH
UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
DINI INGE ANGGRANTASARI
A 320 120 247
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
MOTTO
If the chance never comes, builds it.
Do the best, God will do the rest.
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Her beloved father who gives strength to me,
,“Nasrudin”, and
Her beloved mother who cares me with her full love,
,“Sri Lestari”.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, first and foremost, my gratitude goes to Alloh
SWT for the blessing and inspiration leading the research paper entitled “Naturalistic
Study on Communication Strategy Used by Second Semester Students in Speaking
Class of English Education Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta”.
However, there are many forms of help gratefully received from particular individual.
On this good opportunity, the writer wishes to reveal her special gratitude to:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, Dean of School of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D, Head of English Department, for approving
this research,
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum., the first consultant who gives guidance,
advice, suggestions, information and correction, from the beginning of
preparation of writing research paper up to completion of it,
4. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D, the second consultant who gives her guidance,
advice, sugesstion, and careful correction to improve the research paper,
5. Drs. Djoko Srijono, M.Hum., the third examiner who gives her suggestion
and careful correction to improve the research paper,
6. Nur Hidayat, S.Pd. M.Pd, as the academic advisor,
7. Mr. Fitri Kurniawan, S.Pd., the lecturer of Speaking II class who allows and
welcomes her to conduct a research in his class. “Thank you very much.” And
unforgettable thanks to the students of Speaking II class H and I who help her
in getting the data,
8. All lecturers of English Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta who have taught her many things,
9. Her beloved family: my father, Nasrudin, my mother, Sri Lestari, my granny,
Kasmi, and my beloved brothers; Fahrudin Yoga Dwinata and Miftakhur
vii
Rozak. “Thank you very much for the motivation, support and prays for the
writer throughout her entire study,”
10. Her friends in Konsultasi Skripsi’s group: Dewi Novitasari, Rannisa Elly
Fathin, and Nurul Hikmah. “Thank you so much for the friendship, I can
learn many things from, you,”
11. Her partner Dwi Pangeti and Dita Kurniati, S.Pd who always accompany her
to eat dinner,
12. Her friends in English Department: Puji Puu, Arum, Umi, Yulinda, Rana,
Encus, Nurma, Dewi, Yunita, Dennis, Cynthia, and everybody who couldn’t
be mentioned one by one. “Thank you so much,”
13. Her friends Mega Platina and Nova who accompany her during conduct the
observation. ”Thank you for your cooperation.”
14. Her beloved brothers and sisters: Dwi Indaryanti, S.Pd., Arif Purnomo,
Muhammad Nur Arifin, Ratih Chandra Bimandari, Rikiana Setiani, S.H..
“Thanks for the friendship and now being relationship inter-family,”
15. Her sisters in “Kost Patriot Putri”: Mbak Dian, Mbak Tyagita, Mbak Anis,
Mbak Trias, Mbak Yesi, Desy, Heni, Linda, Dina, Asha, Rahma, Maudy,
Hayyina. “Thanks for being her second family.”
The last, her thanks are addressed to the readers who are willing to read the
research paper. The writer realizes that the research paper is still far from being perfect.
Therefore supportive criticism and suggestion are really welcomed and badly needed
to make this research paper better.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta,
May 2016
Dini Inge Anggrantasari
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
page
TITLE .........................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL...............................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE .........................................................................................................iii
TESTIMONY.............................................................................................................iv
MOTTO .....................................................................................................................v
DEDICATION ...........................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................ix
SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................xii
RINGKASAN .......................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................1
A. Background of the Study ..............................................................1
B. Problem Statement .......................................................................4
C. Limitation of the Study.................................................................4
D. Objectives of the Study ................................................................4
E. Significance of the Study .............................................................4
F. Research Paper Organization .......................................................5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .........................................6
A. Previous Study..............................................................................6
B. Communicative Competence .......................................................12
1. Grammatical Competence ......................................................13
2. Sociolinguistic Competence ...................................................13
3. Discourse Competence ...........................................................13
4. Strategic Competence .............................................................13
C. Communication Strategy ..............................................................14
D. Taxonomy of Communication Strategy .......................................15
1. Tarone’s Taxonomy ................................................................15
2. Faerch & Kasper’s Taxonomy ................................................17
3. Bialystok’s Taxonomy ............................................................18
ix
4. Dornyei & Scott’s Taxonomy.................................................18
5. Celce-Murcia’s Taxonomy .....................................................20
E. Theoretical Framework ................................................................21
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ...................................................................23
A. Type of the Research ....................................................................23
B. Subject of the Study .....................................................................24
C. Object of the Study .......................................................................24
D. Data and Data Source ...................................................................24
E. Method of Collecting Data ...........................................................25
F. Technique for Analyzing Data .....................................................26
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ..................................28
A. Research Finding ..........................................................................28
1. Types of Communication Strategies ............................................28
a. Avoidance or Reduction Strategies ........................................28
1) Topic Avoidance ..............................................................28
2) Message Abandonment ....................................................29
b. Achievement or Compensatory Strategies .............................30
1) Approximation..................................................................30
2) Non-linguistic Means .......................................................31
3) Restructuring ....................................................................32
4) Word Coinage...................................................................33
5) Literal Translation ............................................................34
6) Retrieval ...........................................................................35
c. Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies ........................................35
1) Filler, Hesitation Device and Gambit ...............................36
2) Self and Other Repetition .................................................38
d. Self-monitoring Strategies ......................................................39
1) Self-initiated Repair .........................................................39
2) Rephrasing ........................................................................40
e. Interactional Strategies ...........................................................40
1) Repetition Request ...........................................................41
x
2) Appeals for Help ..............................................................41
2. Frequency of Communication Strategies .....................................43
3. Dominant Types of Communication Strategies ...........................44
B. Discussion of the Finding .............................................................45
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION ...................................................................................50
A. Conclusion ....................................................................................50
B. Pedagogical Implication ...............................................................51
C. Suggestion ....................................................................................52
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xi
SUMMARY
Dini Inge Anggrantasari. A 320 120 247. NATURALISTIC STUDY ON
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED BY SECOND SEMESTER
STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY
OF SURAKARTA. Research Paper. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2016.
This research aims at describing the communication strategies used by the
second semester students in Speaking class of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. The study is also as a reference for the better problem-management in
teaching-learning process. The data contain communication strategies used by the
second semester students in Speaking class of English Education Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta in 2015/2016 academic year. There are three
sources of data in this research, namely: event, informant, and document. The writer
takes 2 classes of Speaking, with the total 38 students as the subject of the research.
The writer uses qualitative method in analyzing the data. The data are based on CelceMurcia’s taxonomy of communication strategies. The result of this study shows that
there are five types with fourteen subtypes of communication strategies, the most
dominant types of communication strategies used by second semester students in
Speaking class is fillers 31,05%, and the rarely type of communication strategies used
by students are topic avoidance, word coinage, literal translation, self-initiated repair
0,53%. The result above implies that teaching communication strategies are needed
for students who still have limited knowledge in the target language. To maintain
student’s communication, communication strategies as an object in Speaking class
make the students aware when they communicate with the others.
Keywords: communication strategies, speaking.
xii
RINGKASAN
Dini Inge Anggrantasari. A 320 120 247. NATURALISTIC STUDY ON
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED BY SECOND SEMESTER
STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY
OF SURAKARTA. Research Paper. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2016.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan strategi komunikasi yang
digunakan oleh mahasiswa semester dua di kelas Speaking di Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Penelitian ini juga sebagai acuan untuk manajemen
permasalahan di dalam proses pembelajaran. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah strategi
komunikasi yang digunakan mahasiswa semester dua di kelas Speaking Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta tahun 2015/2016.
Ada tiga sumber data dalam penelitian ini, yakni: peristiwa, informan, dan dokumen.
Penulis menggunakan 2 kelas Speaking, dengan jumlah 38 mahasiswa sebagai subjek
penelitian. Penulis menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif untuk menganalisis data. Data
berdasarkan taksonomi strategi komunikasi dari Celce-Murcia. Hasil dari penelitian
ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 5 tipe dengan 14 sub-tipe stratgei komunikasi, dengan tipe
strategi komunikasi paling dominan digunakan mahasiswa semester dua di kelas
Speaking adalah fillers dengan 31,05%, dan tipe strategi komunikasi yang jarang
digunakan adalah topic avoidance, word coinage, literal translation, self-initiated
repair dengan 0,53%. Hasil tersebut menyatakan bahwa pengajaran strategi
komunikasi diperlukan untuk mahasiswa yang masih kekurangan pengetahuan di
sasaran bahasa. Untuk membantu komunikasi yang dilakukan mahasiswa, strategi
komunikasi sebagai mata kuliah dalam kelas Speaking akan membuat mereka tahu
ketika mereka berkomunikasi dengan orang lain.
Kata Kunci: strategi komunikasi, speaking.
xiii
USED BY SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF MUHAMMADIYAH
UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
RESEARCH PAPER
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Getting Bachelor Degree of Education
in English Department
by
DINI INGE ANGGRANTASARI
A 320 120 247
SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2016
MOTTO
If the chance never comes, builds it.
Do the best, God will do the rest.
v
DEDICATION
This research paper is dedicated to:
Her beloved father who gives strength to me,
,“Nasrudin”, and
Her beloved mother who cares me with her full love,
,“Sri Lestari”.
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Alhamdulillahirobbil’alamin, first and foremost, my gratitude goes to Alloh
SWT for the blessing and inspiration leading the research paper entitled “Naturalistic
Study on Communication Strategy Used by Second Semester Students in Speaking
Class of English Education Department of Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta”.
However, there are many forms of help gratefully received from particular individual.
On this good opportunity, the writer wishes to reveal her special gratitude to:
1. Prof. Dr. Harun Joko Prayitno, Dean of School of Teacher Training and
Education Faculty,
2. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D, Head of English Department, for approving
this research,
3. Prof. Dr. Endang Fauziati, M.Hum., the first consultant who gives guidance,
advice, suggestions, information and correction, from the beginning of
preparation of writing research paper up to completion of it,
4. Mauly Halwat Hikmat, Ph.D, the second consultant who gives her guidance,
advice, sugesstion, and careful correction to improve the research paper,
5. Drs. Djoko Srijono, M.Hum., the third examiner who gives her suggestion
and careful correction to improve the research paper,
6. Nur Hidayat, S.Pd. M.Pd, as the academic advisor,
7. Mr. Fitri Kurniawan, S.Pd., the lecturer of Speaking II class who allows and
welcomes her to conduct a research in his class. “Thank you very much.” And
unforgettable thanks to the students of Speaking II class H and I who help her
in getting the data,
8. All lecturers of English Department of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta who have taught her many things,
9. Her beloved family: my father, Nasrudin, my mother, Sri Lestari, my granny,
Kasmi, and my beloved brothers; Fahrudin Yoga Dwinata and Miftakhur
vii
Rozak. “Thank you very much for the motivation, support and prays for the
writer throughout her entire study,”
10. Her friends in Konsultasi Skripsi’s group: Dewi Novitasari, Rannisa Elly
Fathin, and Nurul Hikmah. “Thank you so much for the friendship, I can
learn many things from, you,”
11. Her partner Dwi Pangeti and Dita Kurniati, S.Pd who always accompany her
to eat dinner,
12. Her friends in English Department: Puji Puu, Arum, Umi, Yulinda, Rana,
Encus, Nurma, Dewi, Yunita, Dennis, Cynthia, and everybody who couldn’t
be mentioned one by one. “Thank you so much,”
13. Her friends Mega Platina and Nova who accompany her during conduct the
observation. ”Thank you for your cooperation.”
14. Her beloved brothers and sisters: Dwi Indaryanti, S.Pd., Arif Purnomo,
Muhammad Nur Arifin, Ratih Chandra Bimandari, Rikiana Setiani, S.H..
“Thanks for the friendship and now being relationship inter-family,”
15. Her sisters in “Kost Patriot Putri”: Mbak Dian, Mbak Tyagita, Mbak Anis,
Mbak Trias, Mbak Yesi, Desy, Heni, Linda, Dina, Asha, Rahma, Maudy,
Hayyina. “Thanks for being her second family.”
The last, her thanks are addressed to the readers who are willing to read the
research paper. The writer realizes that the research paper is still far from being perfect.
Therefore supportive criticism and suggestion are really welcomed and badly needed
to make this research paper better.
Wassalamu’alaikum Warohmatullohi Wabarokatuh
Surakarta,
May 2016
Dini Inge Anggrantasari
viii
TABLE OF CONTENT
page
TITLE .........................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL...............................................................................................................ii
ACCEPTANCE .........................................................................................................iii
TESTIMONY.............................................................................................................iv
MOTTO .....................................................................................................................v
DEDICATION ...........................................................................................................vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ............................................................................................vii
TABLE OF CONTENT .............................................................................................ix
SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................xii
RINGKASAN .......................................................................................................... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................1
A. Background of the Study ..............................................................1
B. Problem Statement .......................................................................4
C. Limitation of the Study.................................................................4
D. Objectives of the Study ................................................................4
E. Significance of the Study .............................................................4
F. Research Paper Organization .......................................................5
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .........................................6
A. Previous Study..............................................................................6
B. Communicative Competence .......................................................12
1. Grammatical Competence ......................................................13
2. Sociolinguistic Competence ...................................................13
3. Discourse Competence ...........................................................13
4. Strategic Competence .............................................................13
C. Communication Strategy ..............................................................14
D. Taxonomy of Communication Strategy .......................................15
1. Tarone’s Taxonomy ................................................................15
2. Faerch & Kasper’s Taxonomy ................................................17
3. Bialystok’s Taxonomy ............................................................18
ix
4. Dornyei & Scott’s Taxonomy.................................................18
5. Celce-Murcia’s Taxonomy .....................................................20
E. Theoretical Framework ................................................................21
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD ...................................................................23
A. Type of the Research ....................................................................23
B. Subject of the Study .....................................................................24
C. Object of the Study .......................................................................24
D. Data and Data Source ...................................................................24
E. Method of Collecting Data ...........................................................25
F. Technique for Analyzing Data .....................................................26
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION ..................................28
A. Research Finding ..........................................................................28
1. Types of Communication Strategies ............................................28
a. Avoidance or Reduction Strategies ........................................28
1) Topic Avoidance ..............................................................28
2) Message Abandonment ....................................................29
b. Achievement or Compensatory Strategies .............................30
1) Approximation..................................................................30
2) Non-linguistic Means .......................................................31
3) Restructuring ....................................................................32
4) Word Coinage...................................................................33
5) Literal Translation ............................................................34
6) Retrieval ...........................................................................35
c. Stalling or Time-gaining Strategies ........................................35
1) Filler, Hesitation Device and Gambit ...............................36
2) Self and Other Repetition .................................................38
d. Self-monitoring Strategies ......................................................39
1) Self-initiated Repair .........................................................39
2) Rephrasing ........................................................................40
e. Interactional Strategies ...........................................................40
1) Repetition Request ...........................................................41
x
2) Appeals for Help ..............................................................41
2. Frequency of Communication Strategies .....................................43
3. Dominant Types of Communication Strategies ...........................44
B. Discussion of the Finding .............................................................45
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION, PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATION, AND
SUGGESTION ...................................................................................50
A. Conclusion ....................................................................................50
B. Pedagogical Implication ...............................................................51
C. Suggestion ....................................................................................52
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
xi
SUMMARY
Dini Inge Anggrantasari. A 320 120 247. NATURALISTIC STUDY ON
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED BY SECOND SEMESTER
STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY
OF SURAKARTA. Research Paper. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2016.
This research aims at describing the communication strategies used by the
second semester students in Speaking class of Muhammadiyah University of
Surakarta. The study is also as a reference for the better problem-management in
teaching-learning process. The data contain communication strategies used by the
second semester students in Speaking class of English Education Department of
Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta in 2015/2016 academic year. There are three
sources of data in this research, namely: event, informant, and document. The writer
takes 2 classes of Speaking, with the total 38 students as the subject of the research.
The writer uses qualitative method in analyzing the data. The data are based on CelceMurcia’s taxonomy of communication strategies. The result of this study shows that
there are five types with fourteen subtypes of communication strategies, the most
dominant types of communication strategies used by second semester students in
Speaking class is fillers 31,05%, and the rarely type of communication strategies used
by students are topic avoidance, word coinage, literal translation, self-initiated repair
0,53%. The result above implies that teaching communication strategies are needed
for students who still have limited knowledge in the target language. To maintain
student’s communication, communication strategies as an object in Speaking class
make the students aware when they communicate with the others.
Keywords: communication strategies, speaking.
xii
RINGKASAN
Dini Inge Anggrantasari. A 320 120 247. NATURALISTIC STUDY ON
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY USED BY SECOND SEMESTER
STUDENTS IN SPEAKING CLASS OF MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY
OF SURAKARTA. Research Paper. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta.
2016.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan strategi komunikasi yang
digunakan oleh mahasiswa semester dua di kelas Speaking di Universitas
Muhammadiyah Surakarta. Penelitian ini juga sebagai acuan untuk manajemen
permasalahan di dalam proses pembelajaran. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah strategi
komunikasi yang digunakan mahasiswa semester dua di kelas Speaking Program Studi
Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta tahun 2015/2016.
Ada tiga sumber data dalam penelitian ini, yakni: peristiwa, informan, dan dokumen.
Penulis menggunakan 2 kelas Speaking, dengan jumlah 38 mahasiswa sebagai subjek
penelitian. Penulis menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif untuk menganalisis data. Data
berdasarkan taksonomi strategi komunikasi dari Celce-Murcia. Hasil dari penelitian
ini menunjukkan bahwa ada 5 tipe dengan 14 sub-tipe stratgei komunikasi, dengan tipe
strategi komunikasi paling dominan digunakan mahasiswa semester dua di kelas
Speaking adalah fillers dengan 31,05%, dan tipe strategi komunikasi yang jarang
digunakan adalah topic avoidance, word coinage, literal translation, self-initiated
repair dengan 0,53%. Hasil tersebut menyatakan bahwa pengajaran strategi
komunikasi diperlukan untuk mahasiswa yang masih kekurangan pengetahuan di
sasaran bahasa. Untuk membantu komunikasi yang dilakukan mahasiswa, strategi
komunikasi sebagai mata kuliah dalam kelas Speaking akan membuat mereka tahu
ketika mereka berkomunikasi dengan orang lain.
Kata Kunci: strategi komunikasi, speaking.
xiii