Morphological Characteristics Of "Teuweul Omas" (Trigona Sp.: Hymenoptera) From West Java

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
"TEUWEUL OMAS" (Trigona sp.: HYMENOPTERA)
FROM WEST JAVA

ADE EFIN

DEPARTEMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR
2015

PERNYATAAN MENGENAI SKRIPSI DAN
SUMBER INFORMASI SERTA PELIMPAHAN HAK CIPTA
Dengan ini saya menyatakan bahwa skripsi berjudul Morphological
Characteristics of "Teuweul Omas" (Trigona sp.: Hymenoptera) from West Java
adalah benar karya saya dengan arahan dari dosen pembimbing dan belum
diajukan dalam bentuk apa pun kepada perguruan tinggi mana pun. Sumber
informasi yang berasal atau dikutip dari karya yang diterbitkan maupun tidak
diterbitkan dari penulis lain telah disebutkan dalam teks dan dicantumkan dalam
Daftar Pustaka di bagian akhir skripsi ini.

Dengan ini saya melimpahkan hak cipta dari karya tulis saya kepada Institut
Pertanian Bogor.
Bogor, September 2015
Ade Efin
NIM G34110068

ABSTRACT
ADE EFIN. Morphological Characteristics of "Teuweul Omas" (Trigona sp.:
Hymenoptera) from West Java. Supervised by TRI ATMOWIDI and TARUNI
SRI PRAWASTI.
Stingless bees (Meliponini: Apidae) are eusocial insect with a highly
organized system. Stingless bees are characterized by complex communication,
permanent colonies, and has division of caste (queen, males, and workers).
Trigona belong to stingless bees. In this research, we described morphological
characteristics of "teuweul omas" (Trigona sp.) collected from Ciomas, Serang,
Banten Province. Identification of specimen based on morphological characters
and morphometric study, such as body length, characteristics of the head, thorax,
wings, and legs. Morphological characteristics of worker “teuweul omas” are
4.445±0.072 mm body length, 1.911±0.019 mm head width, mesoscutum with
distinct hair bands (well banded) separated by glabrous interspaces area, with

plumose frontal hairs, and black metasoma, legs, and hairs on the frontal. Based
on morphological characteristics of the body, "teuweul omas" was grouped in the
genus Trigona, subgenus Tetragonula, and iridipennis group.
Keywords: Morphological character, morphometric, stingless bee, Tetragonula

ABSTRAK
ADE EFIN. Karakteristik Morfologi "Teuweul Omas" (Trigona sp.:
Hymenoptera) dari Jawa Barat. Dibimbing oleh TRI ATMOWIDI dan
TARUNI SRI PRAWASTI.
Stingless bees (Meliponini: Apidae) merupakan serangga eusosial dengan
sistem yang sangat terorganisir. Stingless bees ditandai dengan adanya
komunikasi yang kompleks, koloni yang permanen, dan terdapat pembagian tugas
di dalam kasta (ratu, jantan, dan pekerja). Trigona termasuk ke dalam stingless
bees. Dalam penelitian ini, dideskripsikan morfologi “teuweul omas” (Trigona
sp.) yang dikoleksi dari Ciomas, Serang, Provinsi Banten. Identifikasi spesimen
dilakukan berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan studi morfometrik, yang meliputi
pengukuran panjang tubuh, karakteristik kepala, thoraks, sayap, dan tungkai.
Karakteristik morfologi dari "teuweul omas" pekerja adalah memiliki panjang
tubuh 4.445±0.072 mm, lebar kepala 1.911±0.019 mm, mesoscutum dengan pola
pita rambut yang jelas (well banded) yang dipisahkan oleh daerah glabrous

interspaces, rambut-rambut pada bagian frontal plumose, memiliki metasoma,
tungkai, rambut pada bagian frontal berwarna gelap. Berdasarkan karakteristik
morfologi tubuh, “teuweul omas” termasuk ke dalam genus Trigona, subgenus
Tetragonula, dan kelompok iridipennis.
Kata kunci: Karakter morfologi, morfometrik, stingless bee, Tetragonula

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
"TEUWEUL OMAS" (Trigona sp.: HYMENOPTERA)
FROM WEST JAVA

ADE EFIN

An Undergraduate Thesis
Intended to Acquire Bachelor Degree
In Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES
BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
BOGOR

2015

Undergraduate Thesis Title

: Morpholo,ical Characteristics of "Teuweul Omas"

Name

: Ade Ein

NIM

: G34110068

(rigona sp.: Hymenoptera) rom West Java

Approved by

Dra Taruni Sr1 Prawasti, MSi

Dr Tri Atmowidi, MSi

Supervisor II

Supervisor I

Acknowledged by

Dr Ir Iman Rusmana, MSi
Head of Department Biology

Pass Date:

1 7 SEP 2015

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
All praise to Allah SWT for all the hope and gift I've got this far. The
research titled Morphological Characteristics of "Teuweul Omas" (Trigona sp.:
Hymenoptera) from West Java. The research was conducted from February to
April 2015.

Deepest acknowledgements to Dr Tri Atmowidi, MSi and Dra Taruni Sri
Prawasti, MSi as my supervisor for their advice and supervisions. Special
acknowledgement to Prof Alex Hartana as examiner for the advice. Special
acknowledgements addressed to Mr Gregori Garnadi Hambali, Prof Siti Salmah
from Andalas University in Padang, Prof Charles D. Michener from the
University of Kansas, Mr Abu Hassan Jalil from Malaysia, Dr Claus Rasmussen
from the Aarhus University in Denmark, Dr Hans Bänziger from the Chiang Mai
University in Thailand, Dr Karuppasamy Vijayakumar from India, members of
the facebook group "Wisma Klanceng" and "Indo-Malayan Stingless Bees" that
have helped during data collection. Expression of thanks are also addressed to My
Father Azar (Alm.), My Mom Nadhiroh, Ella Susiani, Vida Yusnia, M.
Romadhon for all the prayers and support, as well as to Eka Indah Umaiyah who
has given his affection and also helped during the study.
Finally, I hope this research will be helpful for all the readers.

Bogor, September 2015

Ade Efin

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLE

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

viii

LIST OF APPENDIX

viii

INTRODUCTION

1

Background

1

Objectives

1

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Methods
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

2
2
3

Results

3

Discussion

8

CONCLUSION

10

REFERENCES

11

APPENDIX

13

CURRICULUM VITAE

16

LIST OF TABLE
1 Morphometrics characters of worker “teuweul omas”

4

LIST OF FIGURES
1 Morphology of worker “teuweul omas” (side view): flagellomere (a),
pedicel (b), scape (c), clypeus (d), compound eye (e), genna (f),
mandible (g), tegula (h), mesoscutum (i), mesoscutellum (j),
propodeum (k), wings (l), trochanter (m), hind femur (n), hind tibia (o),
hind basitarsus (p), and metasoma (q).
2 Morphology of "teuweul omas" male (a) and worker (b).
3 Head of worker "teuweul omas": head (frontal view) taken by SEM and
flagellomere IV (indicated by arrow) (a), clypeus (Cly) and scape (Sca)
(b), and mandible with two teeths (c).
4 Head male of "teuweul omas" (frontal view).
5 Thorax of worker "teuweul omas": mesoscutum with glabrous
interspaces area (G = glabrous) (SEM image) (a), mesoscutum is a
distinct hair bands well (b), propodeum is smooth and shiny (c), and
mesoscutellum is projecting backward (d).
6 Characters of males "teuweul omas": genitalia organ (dorsal view) (a),
metasomal tergum VI (b), metasomal sternum VII (c), metasomal
sternum V (d), metasomal sternum VI (e), and hind tibia and basitarsus
(f).

7 Wing and legs of worker "teuweul omas": stigma testaceous to fuscous;
the number of hamuli is consistently five (a), WL2 (distance between
M-Cu bifurcation and basal tip of marginal cell) (b), HTL (hind tibia
length) (c), hind femur, trochanter, tibia and basitarsus (d), and hind
basitarsus has disc (e).
8 Nest structure of "teuweul omas": nest entrance (a), interior of the nest:
honey pots b1), pollen storage b2), eggs storages b3) (b), and two types
of brood cells: cluster c4) and semicomb c5) (c). (Figure a-b = nest in
the natural habitat, c = nest after move in the box).

3
3

5
5

6

6

7

7

APPENDIX
1 Ratio of several characters of worker “teuweul omas”

15

INTRODUCTION
Background
Stingless bees belong to the tribe Meliponini, family Apidae and subfamily
Apinae (Michener 2007). Stingless bees are eusocial insects that living together in
a colony with a highly organized system. They develop complex communication,
build permanent colonies, and maintain a division of caste (i.e., queen, males, and
workers). The queen has a different morphology with the workers. The queen
body size is larger than males and the workers, and the workers are generally
smaller than the males. In the world, stingless bees consist of more than 500
species (Michener 2013). Stingless bees have strong mandibles to defend and
protect the colony from predators. Mandibles are used to bite their predators. They
use propolis (also called bee-glue) to build the beehives and to protect againts
pathogens. Stingless bees are important pollinators in various plant species (Slaa
et al. 2006).
Trigona is one genus of stingless bees. Trigona is known as "klanceng or
lanceng" in Java, "galo-galo" in Sumatra, "kelulut" in Borneo, and "ketape or
emmu" in Sulawesi. Genus Trigona distributed in the neotropical regions (from
Mexico to Argentina), Indo-Australian regions (India, Sri Lanka, Taiwan,
Solomon Islands, the southern part of Indonesia, and New Guinea), and
Australian region in latitude 34oS (Michener 2007). Nest of most Trigona species
are in the hollow of trees or human houses, particularly eaves, and pillars of
wooden houses (Sakagami 1983), bamboos (Starr and Sakagami 1987), and in the
ant nest (Sakagami et al. 1989).
Studies of Trigona has been reported previously, such as activity T.
laeviceps in polyculture and monoculture plantation (Guntoro 2013), effect of
shade management on Trigona (Putra 2013), and flying activity of Trigona
laeviceps (Wati 2013). Stingless bee (Trigona sp.) collected from Banten Province,
was known as “teuweul omas”. “Teuweul” mean stingless bee (Sundanese) and
“omas” mean collected from Ciomas area, in Banten Province. Until now, the
specimen has not been identified. In this study, we described morphological
characteristics of “teuweul omas” (Trigona sp.) collected from Banten Province.
Objectives
The objectives of this research was to observe the morphological
characteristics of "teuweul omas" (Trigona sp.) collected from Banten Province.

2

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Research Methods
Sampling Methods. This study was carried out in February to April 2015.
Samples of "teuweul omas" were obtained from an apiary owned by Gregori
Garnadi Hambali in Baranangsiang Indah, Bogor, West Java (6°36'49.3" S,
106°49'29.2" E; 329 m a.s.l.). The colonies were taken from Banten Province.
Samples of bees (n = 30 individuals of worker and 2 individuals of male) were
taken from the colony and then preserved in 70% ethanol solution for
morphometric measurement and identification process. Identification and
measurement morphometrics were performed in the Laboratory of Biosystematics
and Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural
Science, Bogor Agricultural University.
Specimen Identification. Bee specimens were identified based on
morphological characters and morphometric measurements as described by
Sakagami (1978), Sakagami and Inoue (1987), and Sakagami et al. (1990).
Morphometric measurements were performed using a stereo microscope Nikon
Model C-LEDS mounted with Optilab viewer and Image Raster software.
Morphometric measurement of Trigona sp. consist of body length (BL),
maximum head width (HW) (Sakagami 1978), head length, clypeus length, lower
and upper interocular distance, interantennal distance, antennocellar distance,
antennocular distance (modification of Michener 2007), length and width of eyes
(EL and EW), maximum and lower interorbital distances (MOD and LOD),
interocellar distance (IOD), ocellocular distance (OOD), maximum width of gena
(GW), minimum malar length (ML), length and width of flagellomere IV (FL and
FW) (Sakagami 1978), length and width of mandible teeth, length and width of
mesoscutum (Rasmussen 2013), length of fore wing including tegula (WL1),
distance between M-Cu bifurcation and basal tip of marginal cell (WL2)
(Sakagami 1978), length and width of fore wing, length and width of hind wing,
hamuli number (Klakasikorn et al. 2005), hind tibia length (HTL), maximum
width of hind tibia and hind basitarsus (HTW and HBW) (Sakagami 1978), femur
length and hind basitarsus (Klakasikorn et al. 2005).
Data Analysis. Morphological characters of Trigona sp. worker were
described including head, thorax, abdomen, wings, and legs. Morphological
characters of male Trigona sp. and nest structure also were decribed.

3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results
Characteristics of “Teuweul Omas”
Body of workers “teuweul omas” are predominantly black (Figure 1), and
average body length is 4.445±0.072 mm (Table 1). Body of male is predominantly
dark (Figure 2), hind tibia with not plumose hairs, abdomen is blackish brown,
trochanter is darker, and scape is ferruginous. Male body length is 4.764-4.811
mm, WL1 is 4.353-4.435 mm, WL2 is 1.212-1.283 mm, HTL is 1.462-1.472 mm,
HTW is 0.482 mm, and has 5 hamuli in their wings.

Figure 1 Morphology of worker “teuweul omas” (side view): flagellomere (a),
pedicel (b), scape (c), clypeus (d), compound eye (e), genna (f),
mandible (g), tegula (h), mesoscutum (i), mesoscutellum (j),
propodeum (k), wings (l), trochanter (m), hind femur (n), hind tibia
(o), hind basitarsus (p), and metasoma (q).

Figure 2 Morphology of "teuweul omas" male (a) and worker (b).

4
Table 1 Morphometrics characters of worker “teuweul omas”.
Length (mm)
Max Mean
SD
Body Length (BL)
4,588 4,445 0,072
Head Length
1,600 1,558 0,013
Head Width (HW)
1,959 1,911 0,019
Mandible Length
0,763 0,738 0,009
Mandible Width
0,266 0,245 0,012
Clypeus Length
0,488 0,482 0,001
Lower Interocular Distance
1,005 0,979 0,009
Upper Interocular Distance
1,174 1,124 0,037
Eye Width (EW)
0,495 0,470 0,008
Eye Length (EL)
1,304 1,302 0,005
Maximum Interorbital Distance (MOD)
1,336 1,305 0,008
Lower Interorbital Distance (LOD)
1,020 1,010 0,006
Interantennal Distance
0,196 0,193 0,003
Interocellar Distance (IOD)
0,381 0,376 0,001
Ocellocular Distance (OOD)
0,285 0,281 0,001
Antennocellar Distance
0,768 0,763 0,006
Antennocular Distance
0,316 0,308 0,005
Gena Width (GW)
0,308 0,282 0,009
Length of Flagellomere IV (FL)
0,121 0,120
0
Width of Flagellomere IV (FW)
0,141 0,140
0
Malar Length (ML)
0,048 0,047
0
Mesoscutum Length
1,028 0,985 0,016
MesoscutumWidth
1,218 1,212 0,007
WL1
4,635 4,481 0,068
WL2
1,327 1,307 0,006
Fore Wing Length
4,424 4,265 0,081
Fore Wing Width
1,582 1,493 0,056
Hind Wing Length
2,941 2,855 0,053
Hind Wing Width
0,788 0,732 0,040
Hamuli Number
5
Hind Femur Length
1,201 1,266 1,239 0,018
Hind Tibia Width (HTW)
0,527 0,623 0,581 0,021
Hind Tibia Length (HTL)
1,703 1,773 1,730 0,019
Hind Basitarsus Width (HTB)
0,316 0,346 0,324 0,007
Hind Basitarsus Length
0,638 0,688 0,668 0,013
Note: min = minimum, max = maximum, SD = standart of deviation
Body Characters

Min
4,305
1,541
1,872
0,723
0,221
0,482
0,965
1,015
0,460
1,287
1,291
0,995
0,191
0,376
0,280
0,738
0,301
0,273
0,120
0,140
0,047
0,958
1,204
4,305
1,300
4,070
1,339
2,703
0,664

Head width of worker “teuweul omas” is 1.911±0.019 mm, clypeus blackish
brown to black with covered by hairs silver to dark brown (Figure 3b). Clypeus
hairs on frontal and anterior part of the head are composed of plumose hairs and
ocellar area with simple hairs. Scape or antenna base is testaceous (brick red,
brownish red or brownish yellow) to ferruginous (rust-colored, reddish brown).
Antennae with 10 flagellomere, dark brown to black color. Malar space is shorter
than flagellomere width. Length of flagellomere IV is shorter than their width
(Figure 3a). Width of genna is narrower than width of the eye and mandible with
two teeths (Figure 3c).

5

Figure 3 Head of worker "teuweul omas": head (frontal view) taken by SEM
and flagellomere IV (indicated by arrow) (a), clypeus (Cly) and scape
(Sca) (b), and mandible with two teeths (c).
Male of “teuweul omas” are characterized by scape is ferruginous, and
flagellomere is eleven segments (Figure 4). Morphometrics of male “teuweul
omas” are HW is 1.802-1.837 mm, EL is 1.295-1.304 mm, FL is 0.181 mm, FW
is 0.156-0.161 mm, MOD is 1.120-1.140 mm, and LOD is 0.748-0.753 mm.

11 Flagellomere

Figure 4 Head male of "teuweul omas" (frontal view).
The most striking character of mesoscutum of thorax is a distinct hair bands
well separated by glabrous interspaces area (Figure 5a and 5b). Color of hairs on
the mesoscutellum fringe is testaceous to ferruginous with admixture of dark
bristles. Tegula is blackish brown to black, mesoscutellum is projecting backward
(Figure 5d), and mid of propodeum is smooth and shiny (Figure 5c).

6

Figure

5 Thorax of worker "teuweul omas": mesoscutum with glabrous
interspaces area (G = glabrous) (SEM image) (a), mesoscutum is a
distinct hair bands well (b), propodeum is smooth and shiny (c),
and mesoscutellum is projecting backward (d).

Characteristics of male "teuweul omas" (Figure 6) also supposed that
“teuweul omas” belong to iridipennis group.

Figure 6 Characters of males "teuweul omas": genitalia organ (dorsal view)
(a), metasomal tergum VI (b), metasomal sternum VII (c),
metasomal sternum V (d), metasomal sternum VI (e), and hind tibia
and basitarsus (f).
Anterior veins and stigma of worker “teuweul omas” are testaceous to
fuscous (dark brown, approaching black). The number of hamuli is consistently
five (Figure 7a). Length of fore wing including tegula is 4.481±0.068 mm and
distance between M-Cu bifurcation and basal tip of marginal cell is 1.307±0.006
mm (Figure 7b).
Hind tibia length of worker “teuweul omas” is 1.730±0.019 mm (Figure 7c)
and the trochanter is testaceous. Femur, hind tibia, and hind basitarsus are
blackish brown to black (Figure 7d). Hind tibia is consistently with plumose hairs
and hind basitarsus has disc (Figure 7e). Hairs on the fringe of hind tibia and hind
basitarsus is brown to black.

7

Figure 7 Wing and legs of worker "teuweul omas": stigma testaceous to
fuscous; the number of hamuli is consistently five (a), WL2
(distance between M-Cu bifurcation and basal tip of marginal cell)
(b), HTL (hind tibia length) (c), hind femur, trochanter, tibia and
basitarsus (d), and hind basitarsus has disc (e).
Nest Structures
Nest entrance texture of colony “teuweul omas” was wet, sticky and
brownish yellow blackish in color (Figure 8a). Interior of the nest consists of three
major components, the top is honey storage (honey pots), the middle is pollen
storage, and the bottom is eggs storage (brood cells) (Figure 8b). Brood cells
structure has two types, i.e., cluster and semicomb (Figure 8c).

Figure 8 Nest structure of "teuweul omas": nest entrance (a), interior of the
nest: honey pots b1), pollen storage b2), eggs storages b3) (b), and
two types of brood cells: cluster c4) and semicomb c5) (c). (Figure
a-b = nest in the natural habitat, c = nest after move in the box).

8
Discussion
Based on the characters that have been described, "teuweul omas" belongs
to genus Trigona and subgenus Tetragonula. Morphological characters of
"teuweul omas" described were similar with subgenus Tetragonula as that
described by Sakagami et al. (1990). Those characters are a fringe of hind tibia is
covered mostly by plumose hairs, a disc on hind basitarsus, mandible with two
teeth, the mid part of propodeum is smooth and shiny, mesoscutellum is clearly
projecting backward, and malar space shorter than half the width of flagellomere
II (Figure 3a). “Teuweul omas” characters also similar with that reported by
Sakagami (1978), there are flagellomere length is shorter than its width,
flagellomere II is slightly longer than the first segment, the number of hamuli is 5,
and the body size is relative small.
Based on morphological characters and morphometric measurements,
"teuweul omas" is similar to Trigona (Tetragonula) laeviceps and T. (T.) zucchii.
However, the body size of "teuweul omas" is larger than T. (T.) laeviceps, but
smaller than T. (T. ) zucchii. In addition, T. (T.) laeviceps and T. (T.) zucchii are
not well banded, whereas "teuweul omas" is well banded (Figure 2c). Sakagami et
al. (1990) also reported, that the surface of T. (T.) laeviceps mesoscutum is
without hairs (glabrous), and specifically in the lateral is not flashy nor visible.
The abdomen of T. (T.) laeviceps is ferruginous (Smith 1857) and the frontal hairs
are not plumose (Sakagami 1978). However, "teuweul omas" abdomen is dark and
the frontal hairs is plumose.
"Teuweul omas" also differ with T. (T.) minor, body size of "teuweul omas"
is bigger, clypeus and venation of hind wing are also different with T. (T.) minor
as was described by Klakasikorn et al. (2005). "Teuweul omas" also have bigger
body size than T. (T.) pagdeni. Tetragonula (T.) pagdeni has a silvery gray color
on anterior corbicular fringe, withish frontal hairs, and their metasoma and legs
are relatively pale. Contrary, metasoma, legs, and anterior corbicular fringe of
“teuweul omas” are dark and their frontal hairs are mainly dark.
Compared to T. (T.) hirashimai, “teuweul omas” have smaller body size.
The male genital structure of “teuweul omas” is different with T. (T.) hirashimai
(Sakagami 1978; Sakagami and Inoue 1987) and T. (T.) iridipennis (Sakagami
1978; Sakagami and Inoue 1987). However, the male genital structure of "teuweul
omas" is similar with T. (T.) minangkabau, although the other characteristics of
male body are different (Sakagami and Inoue 1985). Moreover, T. (T.)
minangkabau body size is smaller than "teuweul omas" and bicolorous.
Group of iridipennis is characterized by mesoscutum with four distinct hair
bands separated by glabrous interspaces area (Rasmussen 2013). Mesoscutum
with glabrous interspaces is the key characteristics of the iridipennis group
(Sakagami 1978; Rasmussen 2013; Vijayakumar and Jeyaraaj 2014). "Teuweul
omas" observed has four distinct hair bands on mesoscutum (Figure 5b) separated
by glabrous interspaces area (Figure 5a), and we supposed that the specimen
belongs to iridipennis group.
Nest of teuweul omas has very unique characters, i.e. wet and sticky (Figure
8a) for protect the nest from predators. Predator that trying to enter the nest, will
be trapped in outside of the entrance. Generally, Trigona has just one type of nest,
for example T. (T.) laeviceps have a nest-type cluster. "Teuweul omas" develop

9
two types of brood cell structures, i.e. cluster and semicomb (Figure 8c).
Semicomb nest resembles a comb shape but irregular. Sakagami et al. (1983)
reported that the structure of nest entrance in stingless bees can not be used as the
benchmark for the identification of species. This is due to the entrance of the hive
can change according the situation and condition of the environment. Sakagami
(1978) also reported that the main difficulty in the identification of Tetragonula is
that there are not typical characteristics that can be relied upon as differentiator
between worker bees. As a result, the classification must depend on the size,
proportion, coloration, and pilosity (associated with hair). The characters
sometimes are difficult or often impossible to be observed. Morphological
characters are not fully able to identify the species correctly, it needs additional
data, such as molecular analysis data to identify at species level. Based on ratio of
WL2/HW, HTL/HW, HTL/WL2, EL/MOD, LOD/MOD, IOD/OOD, GW/EW,
ML/FW, FLFW, HTW/HTL, and HBW/HTW (Appendix 1), we supposed that
"teuweul omas" belongs to the genus Trigona, subgenus Tetragonula, and
iridipennis group.

10

CONCLUSION
Characteristics of worker "teuweul omas" are predominantly black,
4.445±0.072 mm body length, and 1.911±0.019 mm head width, and mesoscutum
have four distinct hair bands separated by glabrous interspaces area.
Characteristics of male "teuweul omas" is different from male other species. Nest
entrance texture of colony “teuweul omas” was wet and sticky. Brood cells
structure has two types, i.e., cluster and semicomb. Based on the morphological
characters and morphometric measurements, "teuweul omas" belong to genus
Trigona, subgenus Tetragonula, and iridipennis group. Molecular analyzes is
needed to identify to species level the exact species of "teuweul omas".

11

REFERENCES
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polikultur dan monokultur pala (Myristica fragrans) [skripsi]. Bogor (ID):
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APPENDIX

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15
Appendix 1 Ratio of several characters of worker “teuweul omas”.
Ratio of characters
Minimum*
Maximum*
Mean
SD
WL2/HW
0,668
0,695
0,684
0,006
HTL/HW
0,877
0,922
0,906
0,010
HTL/WL2
1,301
1,351
1,324
0,012
EL/MOD
0,976
1,006
0,998
0,006
LOD/MOD
0,756
0,780
0,774
0,005
IOD/OOD
1,319
1,361
1,337
0,007
GW/EW
0,574
0,643
0,600
0,020
ML/FW
0,333
0,343
0,336
0,002
FL/FW
0,851
0,864
0,857
0,002
HTW/HTL
0,305
0,357
0,336
0,013
HBW/HTW
0,520
0,628
0,558
0,022
Note: (*) Minimum and maximum value taken from measurement character ratio 30 individuals of
worker “teuweul omas”

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CURRICULUM VITAE
Writer was born in Pekalongan on 6th of May 1993 as the third child of three
from the parent Azar (Alm.) and Nadhiroh. Writer graduated from SMA
Muhammadiyah 1 Pekalongan in 2011 and continuing education S1 in the
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bogor
Agricultural University through SNMPTN Undangan. Writer also became laboratory
assistant for Vertebrate on year study 2014/2015, Avertebrate and Animal Physiology
in 2015. In 2013, writer conducted the Field Study with the title Isolasi Bakteri
Selulolitik dari Tanah di Taman Wisata Alam Telaga Warna, Bogor, Jawa Barat. In
2014, writer conducted the Field Work on PT Maya Food Industries Pekalongan with
the title Manajemen Penanganan Limbah Cair PT Maya Food Industries Pekalongan.
Writer had been a commitee in activities International Conference on Biosciences
(IcoBio) 2015 as Logistic and Transportation team.