Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university
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Teaching English Grammar
.Communicatively in an Indonesian University
by
Bahagia Tarigan
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MA by Research Thesis
Department of Communication, Language and Cultural Studies,
Victoria University of Technology, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
January, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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ABSTRACT
The research reported on in this thesis is motivated by concern about the current level of
student outcomes in English language teaching and learning in Indonesia, specifically in
the higher education sector. The aim of the research is to investigate how effectively the
expression ofEnglish tense and aspect are acquired during the process of learning
English as a foreign language within the classroom. Specifically, the research compares
the level and usage ofEnglish tense and aspect forms by two separate groups of students
exposed to two different teaching methods. The first ofthese teaching method is that
currently used within a Diploma ofEnglish program at an Indonesianuniversity, whereas
the second is one developed by the researcher that includes activities based on the
principles ofthe communicativeapproach to languageteaching.
Using a set of speciallydeveloped language development assessmenttasks which require
students to demonstrate their proficiency in using English in a variety of tasks with
differing levels offocus on grammatical form and differing levels ofcontextualisation of
meaning and practice the research investigates how the learners'tense and aspect use
changes over time and is affected by the teaching process. The research design combines
cross-sectional and longitudinal measures oflearner performance and involves
comparisonof performance of21 students randomly assigned to one or other of two
teaching methods, the current method (control group) and the alternative communicative
grammar method (experimental group). The students undertake the tasks on four separate
occasions; pre-test, mid-test (part way through the six week teaching intervention), posttest and delayed post-test (4 weeks after the completion ofthe teaching intervention).
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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In addition to data on the performance of the two groups in the language development
assessment tasks a number of lessons within each teaching method were recorded and are
analysed using the Spada and Frohlich's 'Communicative Orientation to Language
Teaching'Scheme.
The research reveals a number of important findings, including:
[;I
Differences in teaching methods
[;I
Evidence ofoverall marginally superior improvement in performance over time by
the experimental group
[;I
Evidence that the experimental group is advantaged in contexts which provide
opportunities for more spontaneous and extended communication. The experimental
group is more adventurous and less inhibited in spontaneous production and more
advanced in range oftenses and aspects used
[;I
Evidence that the control group has a higher level of accuracy in their second
language production in the marking of 3n1 person -S in the simple present tense and in
the choice of functionally appropriate tenses
[;I
Support for general development trends in tense/aspect acquisition as found in earlier
studies
The study provides preliminary, but, nevertheless, important support for the potential
benefits of a more communicatively focussed approach to the teaching and learning of
second language grammar. Discussion concludes with consideration of future research
that could extend the findings of this study.
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Teaching English Grammar
.Communicatively in an Indonesian University
by
Bahagia Tarigan
PERI'USTAKAA N
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MA by Research Thesis
Department of Communication, Language and Cultural Studies,
Victoria University of Technology, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
January, 2001
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ABSTRACT
The research reported on in this thesis is motivated by concern about the current level of
student outcomes in English language teaching and learning in Indonesia, specifically in
the higher education sector. The aim of the research is to investigate how effectively the
expression ofEnglish tense and aspect are acquired during the process of learning
English as a foreign language within the classroom. Specifically, the research compares
the level and usage ofEnglish tense and aspect forms by two separate groups of students
exposed to two different teaching methods. The first ofthese teaching method is that
currently used within a Diploma ofEnglish program at an Indonesianuniversity, whereas
the second is one developed by the researcher that includes activities based on the
principles ofthe communicativeapproach to languageteaching.
Using a set of speciallydeveloped language development assessmenttasks which require
students to demonstrate their proficiency in using English in a variety of tasks with
differing levels offocus on grammatical form and differing levels ofcontextualisation of
meaning and practice the research investigates how the learners'tense and aspect use
changes over time and is affected by the teaching process. The research design combines
cross-sectional and longitudinal measures oflearner performance and involves
comparisonof performance of21 students randomly assigned to one or other of two
teaching methods, the current method (control group) and the alternative communicative
grammar method (experimental group). The students undertake the tasks on four separate
occasions; pre-test, mid-test (part way through the six week teaching intervention), posttest and delayed post-test (4 weeks after the completion ofthe teaching intervention).
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In addition to data on the performance of the two groups in the language development
assessment tasks a number of lessons within each teaching method were recorded and are
analysed using the Spada and Frohlich's 'Communicative Orientation to Language
Teaching'Scheme.
The research reveals a number of important findings, including:
[;I
Differences in teaching methods
[;I
Evidence ofoverall marginally superior improvement in performance over time by
the experimental group
[;I
Evidence that the experimental group is advantaged in contexts which provide
opportunities for more spontaneous and extended communication. The experimental
group is more adventurous and less inhibited in spontaneous production and more
advanced in range oftenses and aspects used
[;I
Evidence that the control group has a higher level of accuracy in their second
language production in the marking of 3n1 person -S in the simple present tense and in
the choice of functionally appropriate tenses
[;I
Support for general development trends in tense/aspect acquisition as found in earlier
studies
The study provides preliminary, but, nevertheless, important support for the potential
benefits of a more communicatively focussed approach to the teaching and learning of
second language grammar. Discussion concludes with consideration of future research
that could extend the findings of this study.
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
USU e-Repository © 2008
Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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Bahagia Tarigaran : Teaching English grammar communicatively in an Indonesian university, 2001
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