High Rise Building Elevation Monitoring System.
HIGH RISE BUILDING ELEVATION MONITORING SYSTEM
MOHD UZAIR BIN MOHD ALI
This report is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronics) With Honours
Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Computer Engineering
Univelsiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
May 2008
b
'
ge
I
814
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKUL,Tl KEJLJRUTERAAN ELEKTRONK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMF'UTER
UI
I-
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
d
r,
"'~n
-
PROJEK SARlrANA MUDA I1
HIGH RISE BUILDING ELEVATION MONITORING
SYSTEM
: 200712008
-
Tajuk Projek
Sesi
Pengajian
Saya MOHD UZAIR BIN MOHD ALI
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Pmjek Sajana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syaratsyarat kegunaan seperti berikut
1. Laporan adalah halanilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. PeipWakaan dibenarkan mernbuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja
3.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4.
Sila tandakan (
4
):
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tennaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
1-1
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah dikmtukm oleh
organisasi~badandi mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
- U D 4
Disahkan oleh:
L$
@??
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap: JBT 4560 LORONG PERTAM,
GONG PASIR 23000, DUNGUN
~ G G A N DARUL
U
IMAN
Tarikh: .....i. .r../...~
...s
.../...c...g
.....
_I
TAN KIM SEE
hn~ymh
Fakulti Kej Elektmik dan Kej Komputer (FKEKK)
UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM),
Karung Berkunci 1200
Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melaka
"I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for the quotes as
cited in the references."
ed
................................
Signature
:..................
Author
:
Date
................................
I v /o$/o 8.......................
MOHD UZAIR B. MOHD ALI
"I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in
terms of the scope and quality for the award of the Bachelor o f Electronic
Engineering (Industrial Electronics) With Honours."
signature
...................................................
Supervisor's Name
: MR.TAN KIM SEE
Date
-
a
Dedicate to my father, my mother, my family members, my friends and my supervisor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Allah S.W.T, with His Compassion and Grace, I have managed to
complete the project with a group of knowledgeable people that made course while
doing my project a pleasant and exciting experience one. Their help and support
throughout is greatly appreciated. I would like to give the highest gratitude to my
supervisor, Mr. Tan Kim See, for his help and advice throughout the project especially
during difficult time. Not to forget, thanks to my beloved parents for their continued
encouragement and moral support.
I also wish to take this opportunity to acknowledgement to my housemate
(Azzad Firdaus, Farid, Haidy, Khairil Aizatt, Naszri,Seth, and Syed Syahmi), my fiiends
under same supervisor (Suhaimi and Intan Zura) and my classmates for their support
and assistance in this project.
ABSTRACT
This project is to study and come up with a system that can constantly monitor
the structure of a building that is always upright. Any slight change of the building
structure, either leaning to the right, left, forward or backward, it can be detected early
and send out an alarm to the authority to take the necessary precautions before a tragedy
happens. In this project, the optical technique will be used. The system developed will
provide a constant monitoring process to obtain the necessary data or information on the
building. The final task is to design a prototype transmitter and receiver system to
enable the monitoring process to take place. The objectives of this project are to
improve and generate new ideas based on the technology of optical technique in
monitoring the building. Furthermore, it is also to design a prototype of a transmitter and
receiver system that will be the main part of the project. This project requires a strong
knowledge in optical technology. Then, some knowledge on building structure will be
very usefil to implement the whole system. It is desirably hope that the development of
this monitoring system can be incorporated in new buildings so that the occupants can
be given early warning of the building not being upright anymore.
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan menghasilkan satu sistem yang boleh
berterusan memantau struktur sesebuah bangunan yang sentiasa berkeadaan tegak.
Sedikit perubahan iaitu apa-apa pergerakan bangunan ke kanan, ke kiri, ke hadapan dan
ke belakang dapat dikesan awal yang boleh membawa kepada langkah penting berjagajaga sebelum sesuatu tragedi berlaku. Dalam projek ini, teknik optikal akan digunakan
sebagai satu teknologi pengawasan untuk mendapatkan maklumat yang diperlukan, dan
pada masa yang sarna mereka bentuk sebuah alat pemancar prototaip dan sistem
penerima. Objektif-objektif projek ini adalah diharap dapat menjana idea baru
berhubung penggunaan teknologi optikal dalam pengawasan bangunan. Selain itu,
dengan adanya prototaip sistem pemancar dan sistem penerima yang menjadi bahagian
utarna projek ini diharap dapat menjamin tahap keselamatan dan perlindungan orang
ramai dengan memberi amaran awal sekiranya perubahan kecondongan bangunan dapat
dikesan.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE
i
REPORT STATUS VALIDATION FORM
ii
DECLARATION
iii
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
CONTENTS
ix
TABLE LIST
xiii
FIGURES LIST
XN
SYMBOL, SHORT FORM & TERM LIST
xvi
APPENDIX LIST
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT
1.2
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
13
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.4
SCOPE OF WORK
1.5
METHODOLOGY
1.6
REPORT STRUCTURE
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2.2
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
23
OPTICAL WIRELESS LINK BUDGET
7
2.3.1 Optic losses
2.3.2 Space loss
2.3.3 Effect of the atmosphere
2.3.4 Detector noise
2.4
INFRARED RADIATION
2.4.1 Part of Infrared
2.4.2 Different region in the infrared
2.4.3 Telecommunication bands in the infrared
2.4.4 Heat
2.4.5 Applications
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3.2
COMPONENT SELECTION
3.2.1 Relay
3.2.2 IR Receiver
3.2.3 IR LED
3.2.4 LM555 Timer
33
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND CONSTRUCTION
3.3.1 Designing Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
3.3.2 Etching Process
3.3.3 Drilling Process
23
3.4
3.3.4
Mounting Component on PCB
34
3.3.5
Soldering Process
36
3.3.6 Testing
37
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
38
HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
4.1
INTRODUCTION
4.2
THE TRANSMITTER SECTION
43
4.1.1
Circuit construction
4.2.2
Circuit operation
4.2.3
Schematic diagram of circuit
4.2.4
Circuit parts
4.2.5
PCB layout
39
THE RECEIVER BOARD
4.3.1
Circuit construction
4.3.2
Circuit operation
4.3.3
Schematic diagram of circuit
4.3.4
Circuit parts
4.3.5
PCB layout
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
48
5.1
RESULTS
49
.5.2
ANALYSIS
49
5.2.1
Analysis of the type IR Receiver that will
be used
50
5.2.2 Analysis the sensing distance requirement
between transmitter and receiver circuit
52
xii
5.2.3 Analysis the project operation of building
53
leaning
53
DISCUSSION
59
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
CONCLUSION
5.2
SUGGESTION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
xiii
TABLE LIST
TITLE
PAGE
Example of a 2.5 Gbls, 2km link budget with and without tracking
13
Wavelength range for bands in the infrared
21
Mounting Component in PCB
34
Transmitter Part List
43
Receiver Part List
46
Comparisons of 2 lead pin IR receiver and 3 lead pin IR Receiver
50
Electro-optical characteristic
52
Analyses of project result
58
FIGURE LIST
TITLE
PAGE
Process Flow Chart
5
References Structure
8
Normal Building
9
Leaning of Building (1)
9
Leaning of Building (2)
10
Electromagnetic Spectrum Image
17
Project Flow Chart
24
Relay
25
IR Receiver
26
Sensing Distance of Transmitter and Receiver
26
IR LED
27
Operation of IR LED
27
LM555 Timer IC
28
Transmitter Schematic in ExpressSCH
30
Receiver Schematic in ExpressSCH
30
Transmitter Design in ExpressSCH
31
Receiver Design in ExpressPCB
31
Soldering Joint
37
IR Transmitter modules
40
Transmitter schematic
42
Transmitter PCB layout
43
IR Receiver modules
44
Receiver schematic
Receiver PCB layout
2 lead pin IR Receiver
3 lead pin IR Receiver
The positions of IR Receiver
Sensing distance between transmitter and receiver
Overview of IR Transmitter module
Overview of IR Receiver module
Prototype of building
Building in an upright position
The leaning of building in forward position
The leaning of building in right position
The leaning of building in left position
The leaning of building in backward position
SYMBOL, SHORT FORM & TERM LIST
AC
Alternative Current
AM
Amplitude Modulation
CIE
International Commission on Illumination
CUL
Canadian Underwriters Laboratories
dB
Decibels
DC
Direct Current
EM1
Electromagnetic Interference
rb
Output Frequency
FIR
Far infrared
FLIR
Forward-looking infiared
FSO
Free Space Optics
GND
Ground
HgCdTe
Mercury Cadmium Telluride
Hz
Hertz
IC
Integrated Circuit
InGaAs
Indium Gallium Arsenide
InSb
Indium Antimonide
IIR
Intermediate infrared
IPC
Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuit
IR
Infra Red
LED
Light Emitting Diode
LWIR
Long-wave infrared
MWIR
Mid-wave infrared
NIR
Near infrared
NC
Normally Close
NO
Normally Open
NPN
Not Pointing In
PbSe
Lead Selenide
PCB
Printed Circuit Board
PIC
Programmable Interface Controller/Pn>grarnmableIntelligent Computer
PNP
Points in Proudly
PR
Receiver Power
PT
rad
Transmitted Optical Power
Radian
R&D
Research and Development
RX
Receiver
SR
Receiver Sensitivity
SWIR
Short-wave infiated
THIGH
Time (output high)
TLOW
Time (output low)
TRX
Transceiver
TX
Transmitter
TTL
Transistor-Transistor Logic
TUV
Tuvalu(IS0 Country Code)
UL
Underwriter Laboratories
UV
Ultraviolet
VCC
Common-collector Voltage
VLWIR
Very-long wave infrared
'IR
Receiver Optics
'Is
Fraction of Transmitted Power Collected by the Receiver
'IT
Transmitter Optics
APPENDIX LIST
NO
TITLE
A
Infrared Emitting Diode datasheet
63
B
Micro Embedded Intiared Receiver Module datasheet
65
C
LM555 Timer IC datasheet
68
D
Relay datasheet
78
PAGE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
Incidents of tall buildings collapsing do happen and the trend of going for high
rise buildings either for ofice or domestic spaces is on the rise as the major activities
happen in the upmarket areas where land is scarce. As such, tall buildings keep popping
up. Minus earthquake, a building does not collapse out of the blue. Due to
indiscriminate development and lack of stringent enforcement, a lot of unnoticed
happenings to the earth at the buildings and surrounding areas take place. This earth
movement weakens the foundation of the buildings and over time, buildings can
collapse especially those on the slopes without any warning.
This project is to study and come up with a system that can constantly monitor
the structure of a building is always upright. Any slight change of the building's
elevation, either leaning to the right, left, forward or backward can be detected early and
can alarm the authority to take the necessary precautions before a tragedy happens. In
this project, optical technique will be used. A prototype transmitter and receiver system
will be designed for the purpose.
1.2
PROJECT OaJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to improve and generate new ideas based on the
optical technology. The main objective is to design a system that can determine the
upright of the building whether it is the same or a change is observed such as it is
leaning to the left, right, forward or backward. If the building is found to be no longer
upright, an alarm can be sent out to the building management or the occupants in the
buildings to vacate the premise. Basically, it is a system to monitor the stability of the
buildings especially for sky scrappers in the city. This project, if successfblly developed,
can be recommended to all tall buildings and probably can prevent loss of lives.
13
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The major problems that must be considered in order to achieve the objectives of
this project are the development and design of a system based on optical technology. A
sound understanding on the principles and application of optical techniques is of
paramount important. Once the data is received by the optical detector, it has to be
interpreted, computed and relayed to the control unit. The control unit can then activate
and send an alarm to notify all the occupants of the building. This automatic system will
be a much better system instead of depending on manual observation. It can operate
throughout the day, 24 hours a day without the help of guards.
1.4
SCOPE OF WORK
The scopes of this project will include:
1.
Development of a model to simulate as a tall building structure to
achieve the test the hnctionality of the project.
ii.
Sourcing for suitable and practical optical transmitter and receiver
circuits to be used for the project.
iii.
Conduct analysis, observations and data interpretation for the
information control unit.
iv.
Verify the fbnctionality of the system.
v.
In depth study on the subject matter such as theoretical engineering
principles and application.
vi.
Design and development of the complete system.
1.5
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
From the initial proposed idea to the final completion of the project, various
actions and processes have to be done. A specific schedule has to be drawn up as a guide
and check to ensure that the various scope of work is completed in time. The various
methods and processes include:
i.
Meet with the supervisor in order to understand the main idea of the
proposed project and to acquire suggestions and ideas on the
development and design of the project.
ii.
Gather information from different sources such as journal and the
established website.
iii.
Design Gantt chart for proper planning and execution of tasks to be
undertaken.
iv.
Literature review by reading up publications, thesis and articles by
distinguished writers in optical principles and applications.
v.
Design the prototype (Components and parts identification/specifications/
procurement)
vi.
Testing of prototype for functionality, diagnosis, and installation.
vii.
Preparation and presentation of technical report
I
Does literature reviews
1
Choosing the suitable circuit
I
Built circuit boards and
assembling of component parts
4
+
I
Test the circuit (receiver and
1
Diagnose and
transmitter)
Trouble-shootin@
A
No
IR LED is transmitting
I
Any of 4 position IRR detector
sense the transmitter
LED and buzzer get the response
I
I
I
Result taken
I
Submit technical report
I
Figure 1.1: Process Flow Chart
1.6
REPORT STRUCTURE
The report is divided into six chapters where the first chapter is about the overall
introduction of the project. It consists of the introduction of the project, objectives of
this project, problem statement and all the necessary scopes of work regarding the
project and methodology of the project which is put in practice throughout this project.
The second chapter is about literature review, initial findings, he study on the theory and
procedures that can be used in the project. The third chapter is mostly about the
methodology of the project that is about the process of the project, PCB development,
system composition and structures and methods of incorporation of the circuits and
system. The fourth chapter is concerning the hardware development, involving the
prototype circuit design and development. The fifth chapter covers the results and
analysis of the implemented system and to justify the functionality of every section to
meet the objectives. The last chapter deals on the conclusion of the project, suggestions
and future improvement on the project.
MOHD UZAIR BIN MOHD ALI
This report is submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the
Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Industrial Electronics) With Honours
Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Computer Engineering
Univelsiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
May 2008
b
'
ge
I
814
UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
FAKUL,Tl KEJLJRUTERAAN ELEKTRONK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMF'UTER
UI
I-
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN
d
r,
"'~n
-
PROJEK SARlrANA MUDA I1
HIGH RISE BUILDING ELEVATION MONITORING
SYSTEM
: 200712008
-
Tajuk Projek
Sesi
Pengajian
Saya MOHD UZAIR BIN MOHD ALI
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan Laporan Pmjek Sajana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syaratsyarat kegunaan seperti berikut
1. Laporan adalah halanilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.
2. PeipWakaan dibenarkan mernbuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja
3.
Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi
pengajian tinggi.
4.
Sila tandakan (
4
):
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang tennaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)
1-1
(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah dikmtukm oleh
organisasi~badandi mana penyelidikan dijalankan)
- U D 4
Disahkan oleh:
L$
@??
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
Alamat Tetap: JBT 4560 LORONG PERTAM,
GONG PASIR 23000, DUNGUN
~ G G A N DARUL
U
IMAN
Tarikh: .....i. .r../...~
...s
.../...c...g
.....
_I
TAN KIM SEE
hn~ymh
Fakulti Kej Elektmik dan Kej Komputer (FKEKK)
UniversitiTeknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM),
Karung Berkunci 1200
Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melaka
"I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for the quotes as
cited in the references."
ed
................................
Signature
:..................
Author
:
Date
................................
I v /o$/o 8.......................
MOHD UZAIR B. MOHD ALI
"I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in
terms of the scope and quality for the award of the Bachelor o f Electronic
Engineering (Industrial Electronics) With Honours."
signature
...................................................
Supervisor's Name
: MR.TAN KIM SEE
Date
-
a
Dedicate to my father, my mother, my family members, my friends and my supervisor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Thanks to Allah S.W.T, with His Compassion and Grace, I have managed to
complete the project with a group of knowledgeable people that made course while
doing my project a pleasant and exciting experience one. Their help and support
throughout is greatly appreciated. I would like to give the highest gratitude to my
supervisor, Mr. Tan Kim See, for his help and advice throughout the project especially
during difficult time. Not to forget, thanks to my beloved parents for their continued
encouragement and moral support.
I also wish to take this opportunity to acknowledgement to my housemate
(Azzad Firdaus, Farid, Haidy, Khairil Aizatt, Naszri,Seth, and Syed Syahmi), my fiiends
under same supervisor (Suhaimi and Intan Zura) and my classmates for their support
and assistance in this project.
ABSTRACT
This project is to study and come up with a system that can constantly monitor
the structure of a building that is always upright. Any slight change of the building
structure, either leaning to the right, left, forward or backward, it can be detected early
and send out an alarm to the authority to take the necessary precautions before a tragedy
happens. In this project, the optical technique will be used. The system developed will
provide a constant monitoring process to obtain the necessary data or information on the
building. The final task is to design a prototype transmitter and receiver system to
enable the monitoring process to take place. The objectives of this project are to
improve and generate new ideas based on the technology of optical technique in
monitoring the building. Furthermore, it is also to design a prototype of a transmitter and
receiver system that will be the main part of the project. This project requires a strong
knowledge in optical technology. Then, some knowledge on building structure will be
very usefil to implement the whole system. It is desirably hope that the development of
this monitoring system can be incorporated in new buildings so that the occupants can
be given early warning of the building not being upright anymore.
ABSTRAK
Projek ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan menghasilkan satu sistem yang boleh
berterusan memantau struktur sesebuah bangunan yang sentiasa berkeadaan tegak.
Sedikit perubahan iaitu apa-apa pergerakan bangunan ke kanan, ke kiri, ke hadapan dan
ke belakang dapat dikesan awal yang boleh membawa kepada langkah penting berjagajaga sebelum sesuatu tragedi berlaku. Dalam projek ini, teknik optikal akan digunakan
sebagai satu teknologi pengawasan untuk mendapatkan maklumat yang diperlukan, dan
pada masa yang sarna mereka bentuk sebuah alat pemancar prototaip dan sistem
penerima. Objektif-objektif projek ini adalah diharap dapat menjana idea baru
berhubung penggunaan teknologi optikal dalam pengawasan bangunan. Selain itu,
dengan adanya prototaip sistem pemancar dan sistem penerima yang menjadi bahagian
utarna projek ini diharap dapat menjamin tahap keselamatan dan perlindungan orang
ramai dengan memberi amaran awal sekiranya perubahan kecondongan bangunan dapat
dikesan.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
PROJECT TITLE
i
REPORT STATUS VALIDATION FORM
ii
DECLARATION
iii
DEDICATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
vi
ABSTRACT
vii
ABSTRAK
viii
CONTENTS
ix
TABLE LIST
xiii
FIGURES LIST
XN
SYMBOL, SHORT FORM & TERM LIST
xvi
APPENDIX LIST
xviii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT
1.2
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
13
PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.4
SCOPE OF WORK
1.5
METHODOLOGY
1.6
REPORT STRUCTURE
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2.2
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
23
OPTICAL WIRELESS LINK BUDGET
7
2.3.1 Optic losses
2.3.2 Space loss
2.3.3 Effect of the atmosphere
2.3.4 Detector noise
2.4
INFRARED RADIATION
2.4.1 Part of Infrared
2.4.2 Different region in the infrared
2.4.3 Telecommunication bands in the infrared
2.4.4 Heat
2.4.5 Applications
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
3.1
INTRODUCTION
3.2
COMPONENT SELECTION
3.2.1 Relay
3.2.2 IR Receiver
3.2.3 IR LED
3.2.4 LM555 Timer
33
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND CONSTRUCTION
3.3.1 Designing Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
3.3.2 Etching Process
3.3.3 Drilling Process
23
3.4
3.3.4
Mounting Component on PCB
34
3.3.5
Soldering Process
36
3.3.6 Testing
37
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
38
HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT
4.1
INTRODUCTION
4.2
THE TRANSMITTER SECTION
43
4.1.1
Circuit construction
4.2.2
Circuit operation
4.2.3
Schematic diagram of circuit
4.2.4
Circuit parts
4.2.5
PCB layout
39
THE RECEIVER BOARD
4.3.1
Circuit construction
4.3.2
Circuit operation
4.3.3
Schematic diagram of circuit
4.3.4
Circuit parts
4.3.5
PCB layout
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
48
5.1
RESULTS
49
.5.2
ANALYSIS
49
5.2.1
Analysis of the type IR Receiver that will
be used
50
5.2.2 Analysis the sensing distance requirement
between transmitter and receiver circuit
52
xii
5.2.3 Analysis the project operation of building
53
leaning
53
DISCUSSION
59
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
5.1
CONCLUSION
5.2
SUGGESTION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
xiii
TABLE LIST
TITLE
PAGE
Example of a 2.5 Gbls, 2km link budget with and without tracking
13
Wavelength range for bands in the infrared
21
Mounting Component in PCB
34
Transmitter Part List
43
Receiver Part List
46
Comparisons of 2 lead pin IR receiver and 3 lead pin IR Receiver
50
Electro-optical characteristic
52
Analyses of project result
58
FIGURE LIST
TITLE
PAGE
Process Flow Chart
5
References Structure
8
Normal Building
9
Leaning of Building (1)
9
Leaning of Building (2)
10
Electromagnetic Spectrum Image
17
Project Flow Chart
24
Relay
25
IR Receiver
26
Sensing Distance of Transmitter and Receiver
26
IR LED
27
Operation of IR LED
27
LM555 Timer IC
28
Transmitter Schematic in ExpressSCH
30
Receiver Schematic in ExpressSCH
30
Transmitter Design in ExpressSCH
31
Receiver Design in ExpressPCB
31
Soldering Joint
37
IR Transmitter modules
40
Transmitter schematic
42
Transmitter PCB layout
43
IR Receiver modules
44
Receiver schematic
Receiver PCB layout
2 lead pin IR Receiver
3 lead pin IR Receiver
The positions of IR Receiver
Sensing distance between transmitter and receiver
Overview of IR Transmitter module
Overview of IR Receiver module
Prototype of building
Building in an upright position
The leaning of building in forward position
The leaning of building in right position
The leaning of building in left position
The leaning of building in backward position
SYMBOL, SHORT FORM & TERM LIST
AC
Alternative Current
AM
Amplitude Modulation
CIE
International Commission on Illumination
CUL
Canadian Underwriters Laboratories
dB
Decibels
DC
Direct Current
EM1
Electromagnetic Interference
rb
Output Frequency
FIR
Far infrared
FLIR
Forward-looking infiared
FSO
Free Space Optics
GND
Ground
HgCdTe
Mercury Cadmium Telluride
Hz
Hertz
IC
Integrated Circuit
InGaAs
Indium Gallium Arsenide
InSb
Indium Antimonide
IIR
Intermediate infrared
IPC
Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuit
IR
Infra Red
LED
Light Emitting Diode
LWIR
Long-wave infrared
MWIR
Mid-wave infrared
NIR
Near infrared
NC
Normally Close
NO
Normally Open
NPN
Not Pointing In
PbSe
Lead Selenide
PCB
Printed Circuit Board
PIC
Programmable Interface Controller/Pn>grarnmableIntelligent Computer
PNP
Points in Proudly
PR
Receiver Power
PT
rad
Transmitted Optical Power
Radian
R&D
Research and Development
RX
Receiver
SR
Receiver Sensitivity
SWIR
Short-wave infiated
THIGH
Time (output high)
TLOW
Time (output low)
TRX
Transceiver
TX
Transmitter
TTL
Transistor-Transistor Logic
TUV
Tuvalu(IS0 Country Code)
UL
Underwriter Laboratories
UV
Ultraviolet
VCC
Common-collector Voltage
VLWIR
Very-long wave infrared
'IR
Receiver Optics
'Is
Fraction of Transmitted Power Collected by the Receiver
'IT
Transmitter Optics
APPENDIX LIST
NO
TITLE
A
Infrared Emitting Diode datasheet
63
B
Micro Embedded Intiared Receiver Module datasheet
65
C
LM555 Timer IC datasheet
68
D
Relay datasheet
78
PAGE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1
INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT
Incidents of tall buildings collapsing do happen and the trend of going for high
rise buildings either for ofice or domestic spaces is on the rise as the major activities
happen in the upmarket areas where land is scarce. As such, tall buildings keep popping
up. Minus earthquake, a building does not collapse out of the blue. Due to
indiscriminate development and lack of stringent enforcement, a lot of unnoticed
happenings to the earth at the buildings and surrounding areas take place. This earth
movement weakens the foundation of the buildings and over time, buildings can
collapse especially those on the slopes without any warning.
This project is to study and come up with a system that can constantly monitor
the structure of a building is always upright. Any slight change of the building's
elevation, either leaning to the right, left, forward or backward can be detected early and
can alarm the authority to take the necessary precautions before a tragedy happens. In
this project, optical technique will be used. A prototype transmitter and receiver system
will be designed for the purpose.
1.2
PROJECT OaJECTIVES
The objectives of this project are to improve and generate new ideas based on the
optical technology. The main objective is to design a system that can determine the
upright of the building whether it is the same or a change is observed such as it is
leaning to the left, right, forward or backward. If the building is found to be no longer
upright, an alarm can be sent out to the building management or the occupants in the
buildings to vacate the premise. Basically, it is a system to monitor the stability of the
buildings especially for sky scrappers in the city. This project, if successfblly developed,
can be recommended to all tall buildings and probably can prevent loss of lives.
13
PROBLEM STATEMENT
The major problems that must be considered in order to achieve the objectives of
this project are the development and design of a system based on optical technology. A
sound understanding on the principles and application of optical techniques is of
paramount important. Once the data is received by the optical detector, it has to be
interpreted, computed and relayed to the control unit. The control unit can then activate
and send an alarm to notify all the occupants of the building. This automatic system will
be a much better system instead of depending on manual observation. It can operate
throughout the day, 24 hours a day without the help of guards.
1.4
SCOPE OF WORK
The scopes of this project will include:
1.
Development of a model to simulate as a tall building structure to
achieve the test the hnctionality of the project.
ii.
Sourcing for suitable and practical optical transmitter and receiver
circuits to be used for the project.
iii.
Conduct analysis, observations and data interpretation for the
information control unit.
iv.
Verify the fbnctionality of the system.
v.
In depth study on the subject matter such as theoretical engineering
principles and application.
vi.
Design and development of the complete system.
1.5
PROJECT METHODOLOGY
From the initial proposed idea to the final completion of the project, various
actions and processes have to be done. A specific schedule has to be drawn up as a guide
and check to ensure that the various scope of work is completed in time. The various
methods and processes include:
i.
Meet with the supervisor in order to understand the main idea of the
proposed project and to acquire suggestions and ideas on the
development and design of the project.
ii.
Gather information from different sources such as journal and the
established website.
iii.
Design Gantt chart for proper planning and execution of tasks to be
undertaken.
iv.
Literature review by reading up publications, thesis and articles by
distinguished writers in optical principles and applications.
v.
Design the prototype (Components and parts identification/specifications/
procurement)
vi.
Testing of prototype for functionality, diagnosis, and installation.
vii.
Preparation and presentation of technical report
I
Does literature reviews
1
Choosing the suitable circuit
I
Built circuit boards and
assembling of component parts
4
+
I
Test the circuit (receiver and
1
Diagnose and
transmitter)
Trouble-shootin@
A
No
IR LED is transmitting
I
Any of 4 position IRR detector
sense the transmitter
LED and buzzer get the response
I
I
I
Result taken
I
Submit technical report
I
Figure 1.1: Process Flow Chart
1.6
REPORT STRUCTURE
The report is divided into six chapters where the first chapter is about the overall
introduction of the project. It consists of the introduction of the project, objectives of
this project, problem statement and all the necessary scopes of work regarding the
project and methodology of the project which is put in practice throughout this project.
The second chapter is about literature review, initial findings, he study on the theory and
procedures that can be used in the project. The third chapter is mostly about the
methodology of the project that is about the process of the project, PCB development,
system composition and structures and methods of incorporation of the circuits and
system. The fourth chapter is concerning the hardware development, involving the
prototype circuit design and development. The fifth chapter covers the results and
analysis of the implemented system and to justify the functionality of every section to
meet the objectives. The last chapter deals on the conclusion of the project, suggestions
and future improvement on the project.